FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Physiol Behav / A critical review of fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep,...
Physiology & behavior2007; 92(3); 340-374; doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.03.016

A critical review of fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry and horses.

Abstract: Fear is arguably the most commonly investigated emotion in domestic animals. In the current review we attempt to establish the level of repeatability and validity found for fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, poultry and horses. We focus the review on the three most common types of fear tests: the arena test (open field), the novel object test, and the restraint test. For some tests, e.g. tonic immobility in poultry, there is a good and broad literature on factors that affect the outcome of the test, the validity of the test and its age dependency. However, there are comparatively few of these well defined and validated tests and what is especially missing for most tests is information on the robustness, i.e., what aspects can be changed without affecting the validity of the tests. The relative absence of standardized tests hampers the development of applied ethology as a science.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2007-11-30 PubMed ID: 18046784DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.03.016Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research is a review of the effectiveness and repeatability of fear tests used on domestic farm animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry, and horses, focusing on three main types of tests: the arena test, the novelty object test, and the restraint test.

Introduction

  • The research article is a review of various fear tests used on a variety of domestic animals, including cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, poultry, and horses.
  • The aim of this review is to examine the level of repeatability and validity of these tests, focusing on the three most commonly employed tests: the arena (open field) test, the novel object test, and the restraint test.

Types of Fear Tests

  • The arena (open field) test involves observing the animal’s behaviour in an open space.
  • The novel object test introduces an unknown item to the animal to observe the reaction.
  • The restraint test involves restricting the animal’s movement and observing its response.

Evaluation of the Tests

  • The review indicates that certain tests, such as tonic immobility (a state of temporary paralysis) in poultry, have a broad and substantial body of literature discussing the factors that influence the outcome, validity, and age dependency of the test.
  • However, the researchers noted that these comprehensive and validated tests are not the norm, and there is insufficient data on most other fear tests.

Need for Robustness and Standardization

  • The article underlines the urgent need for an investigation into the robustness of these fear tests. Specifically, the researchers seek to understand which aspects of the tests could be modified without affecting their validity.
  • The lack of standardized tests negatively impacts the development of applied ethology, the scientific discipline that studies animal behaviour in the natural environment, according to the authors.

Cite This Article

APA
Forkman B, Boissy A, Meunier-Salaün MC, Canali E, Jones RB. (2007). A critical review of fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry and horses. Physiol Behav, 92(3), 340-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.03.016

Publication

Physiology & behavior
ISSN: 0031-9384
NlmUniqueID: 0151504
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 92
Issue: 3
Pages: 340-374

Researcher Affiliations

Forkman, B
  • Department of Large Animal Sciences, Roy Vet Agricult Univ, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark. bjf@kvl.dk
Boissy, A
    Meunier-Salaün, M-C
      Canali, E
        Jones, R B

          MeSH Terms

          • Animals
          • Animals, Domestic / psychology
          • Behavior, Animal
          • Cattle
          • Fear
          • Horses
          • Poultry
          • Psychological Tests
          • Reproducibility of Results
          • Sheep
          • Species Specificity
          • Swine

          Citations

          This article has been cited 192 times.
          1. Van Poucke E, Suchánková H, Jensen P. Commercial hatchery processing may affect susceptibility to stress in laying hens.. PLoS One 2023;18(9):e0291324.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291324pubmed: 37695788google scholar: lookup
          2. Hüttner J, Clauß A, Klambeck L, Andersson R, Kemper N, Spindler B. Association with Different Housing and Welfare Parameters on Results of a Novel Object Test in Laying Hen Flocks on Farm.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Jul 5;13(13).
            doi: 10.3390/ani13132207pubmed: 37444005google scholar: lookup
          3. Lourenço-Silva MI, Ulans A, Campbell AM, Almeida Paz ICL, Jacobs L. Social-pair judgment bias testing in slow-growing broiler chickens raised in low- or high-complexity environments.. Sci Rep 2023 Jun 9;13(1):9393.
            doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-36275-1pubmed: 37296295google scholar: lookup
          4. Montalcini CM, Petelle MB, Toscano MJ. Commercial laying hens exhibit long-term consistent individual differences and behavioural syndromes in spatial traits.. R Soc Open Sci 2023 May;10(5):230043.
            doi: 10.1098/rsos.230043pubmed: 37234496google scholar: lookup
          5. Tatemoto P, Pértille F, Bernardino T, Zanella R, Guerrero-Bosagna C, Zanella AJ. An enriched maternal environment and stereotypies of sows differentially affect the neuro-epigenome of brain regions related to emotionality in their piglets.. Epigenetics 2023 Dec;18(1):2196656.
            doi: 10.1080/15592294.2023.2196656pubmed: 37192378google scholar: lookup
          6. Werner A, Blaeske A, Rauch E, Erhard M, Unterholzner J, Schmidt P, Gotthart M, Louton H. Behavior of broilers and impacts occurring to them during mechanical loading under field conditions.. Poult Sci 2023 Jul;102(7):102688.
            doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102688pubmed: 37141814google scholar: lookup
          7. Rentsch AK, Ellis JL, Widowski TM. Fearfulness in commercial laying hens: a meta-analysis comparing brown and white egg layers.. Poult Sci 2023 Jun;102(6):102664.
            doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102664pubmed: 37058921google scholar: lookup
          8. Tiemann I, Becker S, Fournier J, Damiran D, Büscher W, Hillemacher S. Differences among domestic chicken breeds in tonic immobility responses as a measure of fearfulness.. PeerJ 2023;11:e14703.
            doi: 10.7717/peerj.14703pubmed: 37033722google scholar: lookup
          9. Kumar P, Abubakar AA, Ahmed MA, Hayat MN, Ajat M, Kaka U, Goh YM, Sazili AQ. Electroencephalogram and Physiological Responses as Affected by Slaughter Empathy in Goats.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Mar 20;13(6).
            doi: 10.3390/ani13061100pubmed: 36978640google scholar: lookup
          10. Vitorino A, Stilwell G, Pais J, Carolino N. Evaluation of Chute Exit, Novelty and Human Approach Tests in Mertolenga Beef Cattle.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Mar 18;13(6).
            doi: 10.3390/ani13061087pubmed: 36978628google scholar: lookup
          11. Paneru B, Pent GJ, Nastasi S, Downing AK, Munsell JF, Fike JH, Jacobs L. Effect of silvopasture system on fearfulness and leg health in fast-growing broiler chickens.. PLoS One 2023;18(3):e0282923.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282923pubmed: 36952445google scholar: lookup
          12. Briard E, Serrand Y, Dahirel P, Janvier R, Noirot V, Etienne P, Coquery N, Eliat PA, Val-Laillet D. Exposure to a sensory functional ingredient in the pig model modulates the blood-oxygen-level dependent brain responses to food odor and acute stress during pharmacological MRI in the frontostriatal and limbic circuits.. Front Nutr 2023;10:1123162.
            doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1123162pubmed: 36925960google scholar: lookup
          13. Desire S, Calderón Díaz JA, Lewis CRG, Roehe R, Turner SP. Genetic associations between human-directed behavior and intraspecific social aggression in growing pigs.. J Anim Sci 2023 Jan 3;101.
            doi: 10.1093/jas/skad070pubmed: 36879400google scholar: lookup
          14. Tajonar K, Gonzalez-Ronquillo M, Relling A, Nordquist RE, Nawroth C, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E. Toward assessing the role of dietary fatty acids in lamb's neurological and cognitive development.. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1081141.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1081141pubmed: 36865439google scholar: lookup
          15. Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Schmidt CG, Herskin MS, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Tiemann I, de Jong I, Gebhardt-Henrich SG, Keeling L, Riber AB, Ashe S, Candiani D, García Matas R, Hempen M, Mosbach-Schulz O, Rojo Gimeno C, Van der Stede Y, Vitali M, Bailly-Caumette E, Michel V. Welfare of broilers on farm.. EFSA J 2023 Feb;21(2):e07788.
            doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7788pubmed: 36824680google scholar: lookup
          16. Edgar JL, Omi Y, Booth F, Mackie N, Richards G, Tarlton J. Fear, anxiety, and production in laying hens with healed keel bone fractures.. Poult Sci 2023 Apr;102(4):102514.
            doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102514pubmed: 36805403google scholar: lookup
          17. da Fonseca de Oliveira AC, Webber SH, Ramayo-Caldas Y, Dalmau A, Costa LB. Hierarchy Establishment in Growing Finishing Pigs: Impacts on Behavior, Growth Performance, and Physiological Parameters.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Jan 14;13(2).
            doi: 10.3390/ani13020292pubmed: 36670831google scholar: lookup
          18. Reyes-Illg G, Martin JE, Mani I, Reynolds J, Kipperman B. The Rise of Heatstroke as a Method of Depopulating Pigs and Poultry: Implications for the US Veterinary Profession.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Dec 29;13(1).
            doi: 10.3390/ani13010140pubmed: 36611748google scholar: lookup
          19. Uccheddu S, Miklósi Á, Gintner S, Gácsi M. Comparing Pears to Apples: Unlike Dogs, Cats Need Habituation before Lab Tests.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Nov 6;12(21).
            doi: 10.3390/ani12213046pubmed: 36359170google scholar: lookup
          20. Oyeniran VJ, Iyasere OS, Durosaro SO, Fasasi FB, Odetayo PO, Ogunfuyi SA, Odetunde PO, Akintayo TC, Daramola JO. An exploratory study on differences in maternal care between two ecotypes of Nigerian indigenous chicken hens.. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:980609.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.980609pubmed: 36246310google scholar: lookup
          21. Tatemoto P, Broom DM, Zanella AJ. Changes in Stereotypies: Effects over Time and over Generations.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Sep 20;12(19).
            doi: 10.3390/ani12192504pubmed: 36230246google scholar: lookup
          22. Merkies K, Sudarenko Y, Hodder AJ. Can Ponies (Equus Caballus) Distinguish Human Facial Expressions?. Animals (Basel) 2022 Sep 7;12(18).
            doi: 10.3390/ani12182331pubmed: 36139191google scholar: lookup
          23. Lippi ICC, Caldara FR, Almeida-Paz ICL, Morais HB, Odakura AM, Konkiewitz EC, Ferreira WS, Fraga TL, Burbarelli MFC, Felix GA, Garcia RG, Santos LSD. Effects of Music Therapy on Neuroplasticity, Welfare, and Performance of Piglets Exposed to Music Therapy in the Intra- and Extra-Uterine Phases.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Aug 28;12(17).
            doi: 10.3390/ani12172211pubmed: 36077933google scholar: lookup
          24. Brown AA, Sobotik EB, House GM, Nelson JR, Archer GS. Differences in fear response strategy and stress susceptibility amongst four different commercial layer strains reared cage free.. Front Physiol 2022;13:943471.
            doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.943471pubmed: 36051908google scholar: lookup
          25. Jardat P, Ringhofer M, Yamamoto S, Gouyet C, Degrande R, Parias C, Reigner F, Calandreau L, Lansade L. Horses form cross-modal representations of adults and children.. Anim Cogn 2023 Mar;26(2):369-377.
            doi: 10.1007/s10071-022-01667-9pubmed: 35962844google scholar: lookup
          26. Nazar FN, Skånberg L, McCrea K, Keeling LJ. Increasing Environmental Complexity by Providing Different Types of Litter and Perches during Early Rearing Boosts Coping Abilities in Domestic Fowl Chicks.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Aug 3;12(15).
            doi: 10.3390/ani12151969pubmed: 35953957google scholar: lookup
          27. Ramankevich A, Wengerska K, Rokicka K, Drabik K, Kasperek K, Ziemiańska A, Batkowska J. Environmental Enrichment as Part of the Improvement of the Welfare of Japanese Quails.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Aug 2;12(15).
            doi: 10.3390/ani12151963pubmed: 35953952google scholar: lookup
          28. Lu Y, Shi C, Jin X, He J, Yin Z. Domestication of farmed fish via the attenuation of stress responses mediated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-inter-renal endocrine axis.. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022;13:923475.
            doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.923475pubmed: 35937837google scholar: lookup
          29. Finkemeier MA, Krause A, Tuchscherer A, Puppe B, Langbein J. Personality traits affect learning performance in dwarf goats (Capra hircus).. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:916459.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.916459pubmed: 35909682google scholar: lookup
          30. Campbell AM, Johnson AM, Persia ME, Jacobs L. Effects of Housing System on Anxiety, Chronic Stress, Fear, and Immune Function in Bovan Brown Laying Hens.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Jul 14;12(14).
            doi: 10.3390/ani12141803pubmed: 35883350google scholar: lookup
          31. Debeljak N, Košmerlj A, Altimiras J, Šemrov MZ. Relationship between anatomical characteristics and personality traits in Lipizzan horses.. Sci Rep 2022 Jul 23;12(1):12618.
            doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-16627-zpubmed: 35871229google scholar: lookup
          32. Choudhury R, Middelkoop A, Bolhuis JE, Kleerebezem M. Exploring the association between microbiota and behaviour in suckling piglets.. Sci Rep 2022 Jul 19;12(1):12322.
            doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-16259-3pubmed: 35854042google scholar: lookup
          33. Schulz M, Zieglowski L, Kopaczka M, Tolba RH. The Open Field Test as a Tool for Behaviour Analysis in Pigs: Recommendations for Set-Up Standardization - A Systematic Review.. Eur Surg Res 2023;64(1):7-26.
            doi: 10.1159/000525680pubmed: 35732140google scholar: lookup
          34. Riva MG, Dai F, Huhtinen M, Minero M, Barbieri S, Dalla Costa E. The Impact of Noise Anxiety on Behavior and Welfare of Horses from UK and US Owner's Perspective.. Animals (Basel) 2022 May 21;12(10).
            doi: 10.3390/ani12101319pubmed: 35625165google scholar: lookup
          35. Zhang J, Yu L, Yin G. Evaluation of Behavior and Affective State of Different-Parity Sows with Strong/Weak Pupil Light Reflex.. Animals (Basel) 2022 May 5;12(9).
            doi: 10.3390/ani12091184pubmed: 35565610google scholar: lookup
          36. Mindus C, van Staaveren N, Fuchs D, Gostner JM, Kjaer JB, Kunze W, Mian MF, Shoveller AK, Forsythe P, Harlander-Matauschek A. Regulatory T Cell Modulation by Lactobacillus rhamnosus Improves Feather Damage in Chickens.. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:855261.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.855261pubmed: 35478602google scholar: lookup
          37. Garnham LC, Clarke C, Løvlie H. How Inhibitory Control Relates to Positive and Negative Affective States in Red Junglefowl.. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:872487.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.872487pubmed: 35464350google scholar: lookup
          38. Lima YF, Tatemoto P, Reeves E, Burden FA, Santurtun E. Donkey Skin Trade and Its Non-compliance With Legislative Framework.. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:849193.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.849193pubmed: 35372545google scholar: lookup
          39. Rosenberger K, Simmler M, Langbein J, Nawroth C, Keil N. Responsiveness of domesticated goats towards various stressors following long-term cognitive test exposure.. PeerJ 2022;10:e12893.
            doi: 10.7717/peerj.12893pubmed: 35368331google scholar: lookup
          40. Jardat P, Calandreau L, Ferreira V, Gouyet C, Parias C, Reigner F, Lansade L. Pet-directed speech improves horses' attention toward humans.. Sci Rep 2022 Mar 11;12(1):4297.
            doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-08109-zpubmed: 35277552google scholar: lookup
          41. Wei H, Feng Y, Ding S, Nian H, Yu H, Zhao Q, Bao J, Zhang R. Keel bone damage affects behavioral and physiological responses related to stress and fear in two strains of laying hens.. J Anim Sci 2022 Apr 1;100(4).
            doi: 10.1093/jas/skac076pubmed: 35275597google scholar: lookup
          42. Ipema AF, Gerrits WJJ, Bokkers EAM, van Marwijk MA, Laurenssen BFA, Kemp B, Bolhuis JE. Assessing the Effectiveness of Providing Live Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) to Ease the Weaning Transition of Piglets.. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:838018.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.838018pubmed: 35252425google scholar: lookup
          43. Stingo-Hirmas D, Cunha F, Cardoso RF, Carra LG, Rönnegård L, Wright D, Henriksen R. Proportional Cerebellum Size Predicts Fear Habituation in Chickens.. Front Physiol 2022;13:826178.
            doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.826178pubmed: 35250629google scholar: lookup
          44. Gjøen J, Jensen P. Selection for Reduced Fear of Humans Changes Intra-Specific Social Behavior in Red Junglefowl-Implications for Chicken Domestication.. Genes (Basel) 2021 Dec 24;13(1).
            doi: 10.3390/genes13010043pubmed: 35052386google scholar: lookup
          45. Zhao S, Xu C, Zhang R, Li X, Li J, Bao J. Effect of prenatal different auditory environment on learning ability and fearfulness in chicks.. Anim Biosci 2022 Sep;35(9):1454-1460.
            doi: 10.5713/ab.21.0470pubmed: 34991195google scholar: lookup
          46. Wiśniewska A, Janczarek I, Wilk I, Tkaczyk E, Mierzicka M, Stanley CR, Górecka-Bruzda A. Heterospecific Fear and Avoidance Behaviour in Domestic Horses (Equus caballus).. Animals (Basel) 2021 Oct 28;11(11).
            doi: 10.3390/ani11113081pubmed: 34827813google scholar: lookup
          47. Møller AP, Si X. Personality of hosts and their brood parasites.. Curr Zool 2021 Dec;67(6):625-630.
            doi: 10.1093/cz/zoab031pubmed: 34805539google scholar: lookup
          48. Raghazli R, Othman AH, Kaka U, Abubakar AA, Imlan JC, Hamzah H, Sazili AQ, Goh YM. Physiological and electroencephalogram responses in goats subjected to pre-and during slaughter stress.. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021 Nov;28(11):6396-6407.
            doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.013pubmed: 34764757google scholar: lookup
          49. Mota-Rojas D, Napolitano F, Strappini A, Orihuela A, Martínez-Burnes J, Hernández-Ávalos I, Mora-Medina P, Velarde A. Quality of Death in Fighting Bulls during Bullfights: Neurobiology and Physiological Responses.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Sep 27;11(10).
            doi: 10.3390/ani11102820pubmed: 34679841google scholar: lookup
          50. Neethirajan S. The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Assessing Affective States in Livestock.. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:715261.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.715261pubmed: 34409091google scholar: lookup
          51. Baragli P, Scopa C, Felici M, Reddon AR. Horses show individual level lateralisation when inspecting an unfamiliar and unexpected stimulus.. PLoS One 2021;16(8):e0255688.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255688pubmed: 34351986google scholar: lookup
          52. Boratyński Z, Mousseau TA, Møller AP. Individual quality and phenology mediate the effect of radioactive contamination on body temperature in Chernobyl barn swallows.. Ecol Evol 2021 Jul;11(13):9039-9048.
            doi: 10.1002/ece3.7742pubmed: 34257943google scholar: lookup
          53. Soriano VS, Phillips CJC, Taconeli CA, Fragoso AAH, Molento CFM. Mind the Gap: Animal Protection Law and Opinion of Sheep Farmers and Lay Citizens Regarding Animal Maltreatment in Sheep Farming in Southern Brazil.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jun 26;11(7).
            doi: 10.3390/ani11071903pubmed: 34206770google scholar: lookup
          54. Parada Sarmiento M, Bernardino T, Tatemoto P, Polo G, Zanella AJ. The in-utero experience of piglets born from sows with lameness shapes their life trajectory.. Sci Rep 2021 Jun 22;11(1):13052.
            doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-92507-2pubmed: 34158529google scholar: lookup
          55. Trindade PHE, Taffarel MO, Luna SPL. Spontaneous Behaviors of Post-Orchiectomy Pain in Horses Regardless of the Effects of Time of Day, Anesthesia, and Analgesia.. Animals (Basel) 2021 May 31;11(6).
            doi: 10.3390/ani11061629pubmed: 34072875google scholar: lookup
          56. Verbeek E, Dicksved J, Keeling L. Supplementation of Lactobacillus early in life alters attention bias to threat in piglets.. Sci Rep 2021 May 12;11(1):10130.
            doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89560-2pubmed: 33980959google scholar: lookup
          57. Damián JP, Vázquez Alberdi L, Canclini L, Rosso G, Bravo SO, Martínez M, Uriarte N, Ruiz P, Calero M, Di Tomaso MV, Kun A. Central Alteration in Peripheral Neuropathy of Trembler-J Mice: Hippocampal pmp22 Expression and Behavioral Profile in Anxiety Tests.. Biomolecules 2021 Apr 19;11(4).
            doi: 10.3390/biom11040601pubmed: 33921657google scholar: lookup
          58. Jastrzębska E, Sadowska J, Wnuk-Pawlak E, Różańska-Boczula M, Janczarek I. Exploratory Behaviours of Primitive Horses Based on Konik: A Preliminary Study.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Mar 12;11(3).
            doi: 10.3390/ani11030796pubmed: 33809257google scholar: lookup
          59. Meuser V, Weinhold L, Hillemacher S, Tiemann I. Welfare-Related Behaviors in Chickens: Characterization of Fear and Exploration in Local and Commercial Chicken Strains.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Mar 4;11(3).
            doi: 10.3390/ani11030679pubmed: 33806293google scholar: lookup
          60. Creamer M, Horback K. Researching Human-Cattle Interaction on Rangelands: Challenges and Potential Solutions.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Mar 7;11(3).
            doi: 10.3390/ani11030725pubmed: 33799955google scholar: lookup
          61. Fallahshahroudi A, Johnsson M, Sorato E, Ubhayasekera SJKA, Bergquist J, Altimiras J, Jensen P. Effects of the domestic thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) variant on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and behavior in chicken.. Genetics 2021 Mar 3;217(1):1-9.
            doi: 10.1093/genetics/iyaa050pubmed: 33683367google scholar: lookup
          62. Winblad von Walter L, Forkman B, Högberg M, Hydbring-Sandberg E. The Effect of Mother Goat Presence during Rearing on Kids' Response to Isolation and to an Arena Test.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Feb 23;11(2).
            doi: 10.3390/ani11020575pubmed: 33672154google scholar: lookup
          63. Xiang H, Chen S, Zhang H, Zhu X, Wang D, Liu H, Wang J, Yin T, Liu L, Kong M, Zhang J, Li H, Turner S, Zhao X. Removal of roosters alters the domestic phenotype and microbial and genetic profile of hens.. Sci China Life Sci 2021 Nov;64(11):1964-1976.
            doi: 10.1007/s11427-020-1770-1pubmed: 33587265google scholar: lookup
          64. Giersberg MF, Molenaar R, de Jong IC, Souza da Silva C, van den Brand H, Kemp B, Rodenburg TB. Effects of hatching system on the welfare of broiler chickens in early and later life.. Poult Sci 2021 Mar;100(3):100946.
            doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.043pubmed: 33518336google scholar: lookup
          65. Guzmán DA, Kembro JM, Marin RH. Japanese quail classified by their permanence in proximity to a high or low density of conspecifics: a search for underpinning variables.. Poult Sci 2021 Mar;100(3):100950.
            doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.047pubmed: 33518317google scholar: lookup
          66. Bari MS, Allen SS, Mesken J, Cohen-Barnhouse AM, Campbell DLM. Relationship between Range Use and Fearfulness in Free-Range Hens from Different Rearing Enrichments.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jan 25;11(2).
            doi: 10.3390/ani11020300pubmed: 33503915google scholar: lookup
          67. Estévez-Moreno LX, Miranda-de la Lama GC, Villarroel M, García L, Abecia JA, Santolaria P, María GA. Revisiting Cattle Temperament in Beef Cow-Calf Systems: Insights from Farmers' Perceptions about an Autochthonous Breed.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jan 5;11(1).
            doi: 10.3390/ani11010082pubmed: 33466326google scholar: lookup
          68. Christensen JW, Ahrendt LP, Malmkvist J, Nicol C. Exploratory behaviour towards novel objects is associated with enhanced learning in young horses.. Sci Rep 2021 Jan 14;11(1):1428.
            doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80833-wpubmed: 33446827google scholar: lookup
          69. Luna D, González C, Byrd CJ, Palomo R, Huenul E, Figueroa J. Do Domestic Pigs Acquire a Positive Perception of Humans through Observational Social Learning?. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jan 8;11(1).
            doi: 10.3390/ani11010127pubmed: 33430048google scholar: lookup
          70. Terlouw EMC, Picard B, Deiss V, Berri C, Hocquette JF, Lebret B, Lefèvre F, Hamill R, Gagaoua M. Understanding the Determination of Meat Quality Using Biochemical Characteristics of the Muscle: Stress at Slaughter and Other Missing Keys.. Foods 2021 Jan 4;10(1).
            doi: 10.3390/foods10010084pubmed: 33406632google scholar: lookup
          71. Rokavec N, Zupan Šemrov M. Psychological and Physiological Stress in Hens With Bone Damage.. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:589274.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.589274pubmed: 33385015google scholar: lookup
          72. Hedlund L, Jensen P. Incubation and hatching conditions of laying hen chicks explain a large part of the stress effects from commercial large-scale hatcheries.. Poult Sci 2021 Jan;100(1):1-8.
            doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.015pubmed: 33357671google scholar: lookup
          73. Scopa C, Greco A, Contalbrigo L, Fratini E, Lanatà A, Scilingo EP, Baragli P. Inside the Interaction: Contact With Familiar Humans Modulates Heart Rate Variability in Horses.. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:582759.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.582759pubmed: 33330706google scholar: lookup
          74. Giersberg MF, Molenaar R, Pieters R, Boyer W, Rodenburg TB. Effects of drop height, conveyor belt speed, and acceleration on the welfare of broiler chickens in early and later life.. Poult Sci 2020 Dec;99(12):6293-6299.
            doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.066pubmed: 33248544google scholar: lookup
          75. Dai F, Rausk J, Aspegren J, Huhtinen M, Cannas S, Minero M. Use of Detomidine Oromucosal Gel for Alleviation of Acute Anxiety and Fear in Horses: A Pilot Study.. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:573309.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.573309pubmed: 33195566google scholar: lookup
          76. Haigh A, Chou JY, O'Driscoll K. Variations in the Behavior of Pigs During an Open Field and Novel Object Test.. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:607.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00607pubmed: 33102553google scholar: lookup
          77. Ipema AF, Bokkers EAM, Gerrits WJJ, Kemp B, Bolhuis JE. Long-term access to live black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) stimulates activity and reduces fearfulness of broilers, without affecting health.. Sci Rep 2020 Oct 15;10(1):17428.
            doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-74514-xpubmed: 33060745google scholar: lookup
          78. Katajamaa R, Jensen P. Tameness correlates with domestication related traits in a Red Junglefowl intercross.. Genes Brain Behav 2021 Mar;20(3):e12704.
            doi: 10.1111/gbb.12704pubmed: 32969588google scholar: lookup
          79. Kolakshyapati M, Taylor PS, Hamlin A, Sibanda TZ, Vilela JS, Ruhnke I. Frequent Visits to an Outdoor Range and Lower Areas of an Aviary System Is Related to Curiosity in Commercial Free-Range Laying Hens.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Sep 21;10(9).
            doi: 10.3390/ani10091706pubmed: 32967104google scholar: lookup
          80. Wegner B, Spiekermeier I, Nienhoff H, Große-Kleimann J, Rohn K, Meyer H, Plate H, Gerhardy H, Kreienbrock L, Beilage EG, Kemper N. Application of the voluntary human approach test on commercial pig fattening farms: a meaningful tool?. Porcine Health Manag 2020;6:19.
            doi: 10.1186/s40813-020-00158-ypubmed: 32832096google scholar: lookup
          81. Monk JE, Lee C, Dickson E, Campbell DLM. Attention Bias Test Measures Negative But Not Positive Affect in Sheep: A Replication Study.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Jul 30;10(8).
            doi: 10.3390/ani10081314pubmed: 32751689google scholar: lookup
          82. Mohamed RA, Abou-Ismail UA, Shukry M, Elmoslemany A, Abdel-Maged M. Effects of blindfolding and tail bending of Egyptian water buffaloes on their behavioural reactivity and physiological responses to pain induction.. Vet Anim Sci 2018 Jun;5:38-43.
            doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2018.06.001pubmed: 32734044google scholar: lookup
          83. Sakaguchi M, Ishikawa A. Tonic Immobility and Open Field Responses in Nagoya, White Leghorn, and White Plymouth Rock Chicks.. J Poult Sci 2020 Jul 25;57(3):183-191.
            doi: 10.2141/jpsa.0190085pubmed: 32733151google scholar: lookup
          84. Joung S, Fil JE, Heckmann AB, Kvistgaard AS, Dilger RN. Early-Life Supplementation of Bovine Milk Osteopontin Supports Neurodevelopment and Influences Exploratory Behavior.. Nutrients 2020 Jul 24;12(8).
            doi: 10.3390/nለ2206pubmed: 32722080google scholar: lookup
          85. Saxmose Nielsen S, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Depner K, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Roberts HC, Sihvonen LH, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde Calvo A, Viltrop A, Buijs S, Edwards S, Candiani D, Mosbach-Schulz O, Van der Stede Y, Winckler C. Health and welfare of rabbits farmed in different production systems.. EFSA J 2020 Jan;18(1):e05944.
            doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5944pubmed: 32626497google scholar: lookup
          86. Saxmose Nielsen S, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Depner K, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Roberts HC, Sihvonen LH, Stahl K, Velarde Calvo A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Candiani D, Fabris C, Mosbach-Schulz O, Van der Stede Y, Spoolder H. Scientific opinion concerning the killing of rabbits for purposes other than slaughter.. EFSA J 2020 Jan;18(1):e05943.
            doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5943pubmed: 32626496google scholar: lookup
          87. Saxmose Nielsen S, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Depner K, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Roberts HC, Sihvonen LH, Stahl K, Velarde Calvo A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Candiani D, Fabris C, Mosbach-Schulz O, Van der Stede Y, Spoolder H. Stunning methods and slaughter of rabbits for human consumption.. EFSA J 2020 Jan;18(1):e05927.
            doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5927pubmed: 32626482google scholar: lookup
          88. Wei H, Bi Y, Xin H, Pan L, Liu R, Li X, Li J, Zhang R, Bao J. Keel fracture changed the behavior and reduced the welfare, production performance, and egg quality in laying hens housed individually in furnished cages.. Poult Sci 2020 Jul;99(7):3334-3342.
            doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.04.001pubmed: 32616227google scholar: lookup
          89. Chen S, Yan C, Xiang H, Xiao J, Liu J, Zhang H, Wang J, Liu H, Zhang X, Ou M, Chen Z, Li W, Turner SP, Zhao X. Transcriptome changes underlie alterations in behavioral traits in different types of chicken.. J Anim Sci 2020 Jun 1;98(6).
            doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa167pubmed: 32432320google scholar: lookup
          90. Costa JHC, Neave HW, Weary DM, von Keyserlingk MAG. Use of a food neophobia test to characterize personality traits of dairy calves.. Sci Rep 2020 Apr 28;10(1):7111.
            doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-63930-8pubmed: 32346003google scholar: lookup
          91. Peixoto MRLV, Karrow NA, Newman A, Widowski TM. Effects of Maternal Stress on Measures of Anxiety and Fearfulness in Different Strains of Laying Hens.. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:128.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00128pubmed: 32292791google scholar: lookup
          92. Polgár Z, Blackwell EJ, Rooney NJ. Assessing the welfare of kennelled dogs-A review of animal-based measures.. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2019 Apr;213:1-13.
            doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2019.02.013pubmed: 32287573google scholar: lookup
          93. Neave HW, Costa JHC, Weary DM, von Keyserlingk MAG. Long-term consistency of personality traits of cattle.. R Soc Open Sci 2020 Feb;7(2):191849.
            doi: 10.1098/rsos.191849pubmed: 32257341google scholar: lookup
          94. Tatemoto P, Bernardino T, Morrone B, Queiroz MR, Zanella AJ. Stereotypic Behavior in Sows Is Related to Emotionality Changes in the Offspring.. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:79.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00079pubmed: 32226792google scholar: lookup
          95. Aierqing S, Nakagawa A, Bungo T. Association between temperament and polymorphisms of CRH and leptin in Japanese Black Cattle.. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020 Mar;7(1):1-5.
            doi: 10.5455/javar.2020.g386pubmed: 32219103google scholar: lookup
          96. Vullo C, Barbieri S, Catone G, Graïc JM, Magaletti M, Di Rosa A, Motta A, Tremolada C, Canali E, Dalla Costa E. Is the Piglet Grimace Scale (PGS) a Useful Welfare Indicator to Assess Pain after Cryptorchidectomy in Growing Pigs?. Animals (Basel) 2020 Mar 2;10(3).
            doi: 10.3390/ani10030412pubmed: 32131424google scholar: lookup
          97. Wang C, Chen Y, Bi Y, Zhao P, Sun H, Li J, Liu H, Zhang R, Li X, Bao J. Effects of Long-Term Gentle Handling on Behavioral Responses, Production Performance, and Meat Quality of Pigs.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Feb 19;10(2).
            doi: 10.3390/ani10020330pubmed: 32092930google scholar: lookup
          98. van der Eijk JAJ, Rodenburg TB, de Vries H, Kjaer JB, Smidt H, Naguib M, Kemp B, Lammers A. Early-life microbiota transplantation affects behavioural responses, serotonin and immune characteristics in chicken lines divergently selected on feather pecking.. Sci Rep 2020 Feb 17;10(1):2750.
            doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59125-wpubmed: 32066789google scholar: lookup
          99. Košťál Ľ, Skalná Z, Pichová K. Use of cognitive bias as a welfare tool in poultry.. J Anim Sci 2020 Aug 18;98(Supplement_1):S63-S79.
            doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa039pubmed: 32016360google scholar: lookup
          100. Krugmann KL, Mieloch FJ, Krieter J, Czycholl I. Investigation of influence of growing pigs' positive affective state on behavioral and physiological parameters using structural equation modeling.. J Anim Sci 2020 Feb 1;98(2).
            doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa028pubmed: 31999319google scholar: lookup
          101. Taylor PS, Hamlin AS, Crowley TM. Anticipatory Behavior for a Mealworm Reward in Laying Hens Is Reduced by Opioid Receptor Antagonism but Not Standard Feed Intake.. Front Behav Neurosci 2019;13:290.
            doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00290pubmed: 31992974google scholar: lookup
          102. Tarazona AM, Ceballos MC, Broom DM. Human Relationships with Domestic and Other Animals: One Health, One Welfare, One Biology.. Animals (Basel) 2019 Dec 24;10(1).
            doi: 10.3390/ani10010043pubmed: 31878310google scholar: lookup
          103. Tatemoto P, Bernardino T, Alves L, Zanella AJ. Sham-Chewing in Sows Is Associated With Decreased Fear Responses in Their Offspring.. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:390.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00390pubmed: 31803762google scholar: lookup
          104. Caliva JM, Alcala RS, Guzmán DA, Marin RH, Kembro JM. High-resolution behavioral time series of Japanese quail within their social environment.. Sci Data 2019 Dec 3;6(1):300.
            doi: 10.1038/s41597-019-0299-8pubmed: 31796742google scholar: lookup
          105. Campbell DLM, Dickson EJ, Lee C. Application of open field, tonic immobility, and attention bias tests to hens with different ranging patterns.. PeerJ 2019;7:e8122.
            doi: 10.7717/peerj.8122pubmed: 31788364google scholar: lookup
          106. Steiner AR, Flammer SA, Beausoleil NJ, Berg C, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R, Pinillos RG, Golledge HDW, Marahrens M, Meyer R, Schnitzer T, Toscano MJ, Turner PV, Weary DM, Gent TC. Humanely Ending the Life of Animals: Research Priorities to Identify Alternatives to Carbon Dioxide.. Animals (Basel) 2019 Nov 2;9(11).
            doi: 10.3390/ani9110911pubmed: 31684044google scholar: lookup
          107. Lecorps B, Kappel S, Weary DM, von Keyserlingk MAG. Social proximity in dairy calves is affected by differences in pessimism.. PLoS One 2019;14(10):e0223746.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223746pubmed: 31665176google scholar: lookup
          108. Zidar J, Balogh ACV, Leimar O, Løvlie H. Generalization of learned preferences covaries with behavioral flexibility in red junglefowl chicks.. Behav Ecol 2019 Sep-Oct;30(5):1375-1381.
            doi: 10.1093/beheco/arz088pubmed: 31579147google scholar: lookup
          109. Kanitz E, Tuchscherer M, Otten W, Tuchscherer A, Zebunke M, Puppe B. Coping Style of Pigs Is Associated With Different Behavioral, Neurobiological and Immune Responses to Stressful Challenges.. Front Behav Neurosci 2019;13:173.
            doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00173pubmed: 31417378google scholar: lookup
          110. Monk JE, Belson S, Lee C. Pharmacologically-induced stress has minimal impact on judgement and attention biases in sheep.. Sci Rep 2019 Aug 7;9(1):11446.
            doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47691-7pubmed: 31391491google scholar: lookup
          111. Campbell DLM, Taylor PS, Hernandez CE, Stewart M, Belson S, Lee C. An attention bias test to assess anxiety states in laying hens.. PeerJ 2019;7:e7303.
            doi: 10.7717/peerj.7303pubmed: 31333910google scholar: lookup
          112. Hewlett SE, Nordquist RE. Effects of Maternal Care During Rearing in White Leghorn and Brown Nick Layer Hens on Cognition, Sociality and Fear.. Animals (Basel) 2019 Jul 18;9(7).
            doi: 10.3390/ani9070454pubmed: 31323729google scholar: lookup
          113. de Oliveira Santos D, de Araujo Neto FR, de Abreu Santos DJ, Dos Santos FR, Aspilcueta-Borquis RR, de Queiroz SA, Tonhati H. Genetic parameters for tonic immobility, body weight, and morphological traits of the red-winged tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens).. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020 Jan;52(1):243-247.
            doi: 10.1007/s11250-019-02008-8pubmed: 31313019google scholar: lookup
          114. Friedrich L, Krieter J, Kemper N, Czycholl I. Test-Retest Reliability of the 'Welfare Quality(®) Animal Welfare Assessment Protocol for Sows and Piglets'. Part 1. Assessment of the Welfare Principle of 'Appropriate Behavior'.. Animals (Basel) 2019 Jun 29;9(7).
            doi: 10.3390/ani9070398pubmed: 31261972google scholar: lookup
          115. Rosselot P, Mendonça T, González I, Tadich T. Behavioral and Physiological Differences between Working Horses and Chilean Rodeo Horses in a Handling Test.. Animals (Basel) 2019 Jun 29;9(7).
            doi: 10.3390/ani9070397pubmed: 31261934google scholar: lookup
          116. van der Eijk JAJ, de Vries H, Kjaer JB, Naguib M, Kemp B, Smidt H, Rodenburg TB, Lammers A. Differences in gut microbiota composition of laying hen lines divergently selected on feather pecking.. Poult Sci 2019 Dec 1;98(12):7009-7021.
            doi: 10.3382/ps/pez336pubmed: 31226709google scholar: lookup
          117. Monk JE, Lee C, Belson S, Colditz IG, Campbell DLM. The influence of pharmacologically-induced affective states on attention bias in sheep.. PeerJ 2019;7:e7033.
            doi: 10.7717/peerj.7033pubmed: 31211015google scholar: lookup
          118. Krugmann K, Warnken F, Krieter J, Czycholl I. Are Behavioral Tests Capable of Measuring Positive Affective States in Growing Pigs?. Animals (Basel) 2019 May 24;9(5).
            doi: 10.3390/ani9050274pubmed: 31137646google scholar: lookup
          119. Guilloteau LA, Collin A, Koch A, Leterrier C. Spontaneous Intake and Long-Term Effects of Essential Oils After a Negative Postnatal Experience in Chicks.. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:72.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00072pubmed: 30931317google scholar: lookup
          120. Sutherland M, Dowling S, Shaw R, Hickey J, Fraser D, Cameron C, Sutherland I. Stress-Induced Immunomodulation in Low and High Reactive Sheep.. Animals (Basel) 2019 Mar 20;9(3).
            doi: 10.3390/ani9030104pubmed: 30897844google scholar: lookup
          121. Hedlund L, Whittle R, Jensen P. Effects of commercial hatchery processing on short- and long-term stress responses in laying hens.. Sci Rep 2019 Feb 20;9(1):2367.
            doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-38817-ypubmed: 30787406google scholar: lookup
          122. Sutherland M, Worth G, Cameron C, Verbeek E. Effect of Morphine Administration on Social andNon-Social Play Behaviour in Calves.. Animals (Basel) 2019 Feb 12;9(2).
            doi: 10.3390/ani9020056pubmed: 30759872google scholar: lookup
          123. Kozak A, Kasperek K, Zięba G, Rozempolska-Rucińska I. Variability of laying hen behaviour depending on the breed.. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2019 Jul;32(7):1062-1068.
            doi: 10.5713/ajas.18.0645pubmed: 30744371google scholar: lookup
          124. König von Borstel U, Tönepöhl B, Appel AK, Voß B, Brandt H, Naderi S, Gauly M. Suitability of traits related to aggression and handleability for integration into pig breeding programmes: Genetic parameters and comparison between Gaussian and binary trait specifications.. PLoS One 2018;13(12):e0204211.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204211pubmed: 30592711google scholar: lookup
          125. Monk JE, Belson S, Colditz IG, Lee C. Attention Bias Test Differentiates Anxiety and Depression in Sheep.. Front Behav Neurosci 2018;12:246.
            doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00246pubmed: 30405371google scholar: lookup
          126. Lecorps B, Kappel S, Weary DM, von Keyserlingk MAG. Dairy calves' personality traits predict social proximity and response to an emotional challenge.. Sci Rep 2018 Nov 5;8(1):16350.
            doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34281-2pubmed: 30397225google scholar: lookup
          127. Zidar J, Balogh A, Favati A, Jensen P, Leimar O, Sorato E, Løvlie H. The relationship between learning speed and personality is age- and task-dependent in red junglefowl.. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018;72(10):168.
            doi: 10.1007/s00265-018-2579-2pubmed: 30369707google scholar: lookup
          128. Lansade L, Nowak R, Lainé AL, Leterrier C, Bonneau C, Parias C, Bertin A. Facial expression and oxytocin as possible markers of positive emotions in horses.. Sci Rep 2018 Oct 2;8(1):14680.
            doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32993-zpubmed: 30279565google scholar: lookup
          129. Foris B, Zebunke M, Langbein J, Melzer N. Evaluating the temporal and situational consistency of personality traits in adult dairy cattle.. PLoS One 2018;13(10):e0204619.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204619pubmed: 30273367google scholar: lookup
          130. Cannas S, Palestrini C, Canali E, Cozzi B, Ferri N, Heinzl E, Minero M, Chincarini M, Vignola G, Dalla Costa E. Thermography as a Non-Invasive Measure of Stress and Fear of Humans in Sheep.. Animals (Basel) 2018 Aug 21;8(9).
            doi: 10.3390/ani8090146pubmed: 30134557google scholar: lookup
          131. Henzen A, Gygax L. Weak General but No Specific Habituation in Anticipating Stimuli of Presumed Negative and Positive Valence by Weaned Piglets.. Animals (Basel) 2018 Aug 22;8(9).
            doi: 10.3390/ani8090149pubmed: 30131458google scholar: lookup
          132. Campbell DLM, de Haas EN, Lee C. A review of environmental enrichment for laying hens during rearing in relation to their behavioral and physiological development.. Poult Sci 2019 Jan 1;98(1):9-28.
            doi: 10.3382/ps/pey319pubmed: 30107615google scholar: lookup
          133. Crump A, Arnott G, Bethell EJ. Affect-Driven Attention Biases as Animal Welfare Indicators: Review and Methods.. Animals (Basel) 2018 Aug 7;8(8).
            doi: 10.3390/ani8080136pubmed: 30087230google scholar: lookup
          134. Dzviti M, Mapfumo L, Muchenje V. Relationship between saliva and blood cortisol in handled cows.. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2019 May;32(5):734-741.
            doi: 10.5713/ajas.18.0151pubmed: 30056671google scholar: lookup
          135. Finkemeier MA, Langbein J, Puppe B. Personality Research in Mammalian Farm Animals: Concepts, Measures, and Relationship to Welfare.. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:131.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00131pubmed: 30003083google scholar: lookup
          136. Maigrot AL, Hillmann E, Briefer EF. Encoding of Emotional Valence in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Calls.. Animals (Basel) 2018 Jun 5;8(6).
            doi: 10.3390/ani8060085pubmed: 29874830google scholar: lookup
          137. Hall BA, Melfi V, Burns A, McGill DM, Doyle RE. Curious creatures: a multi-taxa investigation of responses to novelty in a zoo environment.. PeerJ 2018;6:e4454.
            doi: 10.7717/peerj.4454pubmed: 29568703google scholar: lookup
          138. Lecorps B, Weary DM, von Keyserlingk MAG. Pessimism and fearfulness in dairy calves.. Sci Rep 2018 Jan 23;8(1):1421.
            doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17214-3pubmed: 29362460google scholar: lookup
          139. Richmond SE, Wemelsfelder F, de Heredia IB, Ruiz R, Canali E, Dwyer CM. Evaluation of Animal-Based Indicators to Be Used in a Welfare Assessment Protocol for Sheep.. Front Vet Sci 2017;4:210.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00210pubmed: 29322048google scholar: lookup
          140. Munoz C, Campbell A, Barber S, Hemsworth P, Doyle R. Using Longitudinal Assessment on Extensively Managed Ewes to Quantify Welfare Compromise and Risks.. Animals (Basel) 2018 Jan 8;8(1).
            doi: 10.3390/ani8010008pubmed: 29316704google scholar: lookup
          141. Czycholl I, Büttner K, Klingbeil P, Krieter J. An Indication of Reliability of the Two-Level Approach of the AWIN Welfare Assessment Protocol for Horses.. Animals (Basel) 2018 Jan 5;8(1).
            doi: 10.3390/ani8010007pubmed: 29303962google scholar: lookup
          142. Munoz C, Campbell A, Hemsworth P, Doyle R. Animal-Based Measures to Assess the Welfare of Extensively Managed Ewes.. Animals (Basel) 2017 Dec 24;8(1).
            doi: 10.3390/ani8010002pubmed: 29295551google scholar: lookup
          143. Baragli P, Vitale V, Sighieri C, Lanata A, Palagi E, Reddon AR. Consistency and flexibility in solving spatial tasks: different horses show different cognitive styles.. Sci Rep 2017 Nov 29;7(1):16557.
            doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16729-zpubmed: 29185468google scholar: lookup
          144. Kappel S, Mendl MT, Barrett DC, Murrell JC, Whay HR. Lateralized behaviour as indicator of affective state in dairy cows.. PLoS One 2017;12(9):e0184933.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184933pubmed: 28910416google scholar: lookup
          145. Maigrot AL, Hillmann E, Anne C, Briefer EF. Vocal expression of emotional valence in Przewalski's horses (Equus przewalskii).. Sci Rep 2017 Aug 18;7(1):8779.
            doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09437-1pubmed: 28821880google scholar: lookup
          146. de Haas EN, Lee C, Rodenburg TB. Learning and Judgment Can Be Affected by Predisposed Fearfulness in Laying Hens.. Front Vet Sci 2017;4:113.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00113pubmed: 28798918google scholar: lookup
          147. Rozempolska-Rucińska I, Zięba G, Kibała L, Próchniak T, Łukaszewicz M. Genetic correlations between behavioural responses and performance traits in laying hens.. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2017 Dec;30(12):1674-1678.
            doi: 10.5713/ajas.16.0436pubmed: 28231704google scholar: lookup
          148. Leroux S, Gourichon D, Leterrier C, Labrune Y, Coustham V, Rivière S, Zerjal T, Coville JL, Morisson M, Minvielle F, Pitel F. Embryonic environment and transgenerational effects in quail.. Genet Sel Evol 2017 Jan 26;49(1):14.
            doi: 10.1186/s12711-017-0292-7pubmed: 28125975google scholar: lookup
          149. Marino L. Thinking chickens: a review of cognition, emotion, and behavior in the domestic chicken.. Anim Cogn 2017 Mar;20(2):127-147.
            doi: 10.1007/s10071-016-1064-4pubmed: 28044197google scholar: lookup
          150. Di Giminiani P, Brierley VL, Scollo A, Gottardo F, Malcolm EM, Edwards SA, Leach MC. The Assessment of Facial Expressions in Piglets Undergoing Tail Docking and Castration: Toward the Development of the Piglet Grimace Scale.. Front Vet Sci 2016;3:100.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00100pubmed: 27896270google scholar: lookup
          151. Agnvall B, Jensen P. Effects of Divergent Selection for Fear of Humans on Behaviour in Red Junglefowl.. PLoS One 2016;11(11):e0166075.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166075pubmed: 27851792google scholar: lookup
          152. Friel M, Kunc HP, Griffin K, Asher L, Collins LM. Acoustic signalling reflects personality in a social mammal.. R Soc Open Sci 2016 Jun;3(6):160178.
            doi: 10.1098/rsos.160178pubmed: 27429775google scholar: lookup
          153. Di Giminiani P, Sandercock DA, Malcolm EM, Leach MC, Herskin MS, Edwards SA. Application of a handheld Pressure Application Measurement device for the characterisation of mechanical nociceptive thresholds in intact pig tails.. Physiol Behav 2016 Oct 15;165:119-26.
            doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.07.006pubmed: 27422675google scholar: lookup
          154. Ericsson M, Henriksen R, Bélteky J, Sundman AS, Shionoya K, Jensen P. Long-Term and Transgenerational Effects of Stress Experienced during Different Life Phases in Chickens (Gallus gallus).. PLoS One 2016;11(4):e0153879.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153879pubmed: 27105229google scholar: lookup
          155. Brantsæter M, Nordgreen J, Rodenburg TB, Tahamtani FM, Popova A, Janczak AM. Exposure to Increased Environmental Complexity during Rearing Reduces Fearfulness and Increases Use of Three-Dimensional Space in Laying Hens (Gallus gallus domesticus).. Front Vet Sci 2016;3:14.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00014pubmed: 26973843google scholar: lookup
          156. Brantsæter M, Tahamtani FM, Moe RO, Hansen TB, Orritt R, Nicol C, Janczak AM. Rearing Laying Hens in Aviaries Reduces Fearfulness following Transfer to Furnished Cages.. Front Vet Sci 2016;3:13.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00013pubmed: 26955634google scholar: lookup
          157. Riber AB, Guzman DA. Effects of Dark Brooders on Behavior and Fearfulness in Layers.. Animals (Basel) 2016 Jan 7;6(1).
            doi: 10.3390/ani6010003pubmed: 26751482google scholar: lookup
          158. Johnsson M, Williams MJ, Jensen P, Wright D. Genetical Genomics of Behavior: A Novel Chicken Genomic Model for Anxiety Behavior.. Genetics 2016 Jan;202(1):327-40.
            doi: 10.1534/genetics.115.179010pubmed: 26733665google scholar: lookup
          159. Doyle RE, Lee C, McGill DM, Mendl M. Evaluating pharmacological models of high and low anxiety in sheep.. PeerJ 2015;3:e1510.
            doi: 10.7717/peerj.1510pubmed: 26713255google scholar: lookup
          160. MacKay JR, Haskell MJ. Consistent Individual Behavioral Variation: The Difference between Temperament, Personality and Behavioral Syndromes.. Animals (Basel) 2015 Jul 8;5(3):455-78.
            doi: 10.3390/ani5030366pubmed: 26479368google scholar: lookup
          161. Garcia-Longoria L, Møller AP, Balbontín J, de Lope F, Marzal A. Do malaria parasites manipulate the escape behaviour of their avian hosts? An experimental study.. Parasitol Res 2015 Dec;114(12):4493-501.
            doi: 10.1007/s00436-015-4693-7pubmed: 26337268google scholar: lookup
          162. Kovács L, Kézér FL, Tőzsér J, Szenci O, Póti P, Pajor F. Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Dairy Cows with Different Temperament and Behavioural Reactivity to Humans.. PLoS One 2015;10(8):e0136294.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136294pubmed: 26291979google scholar: lookup
          163. Meagher RK, Daros RR, Costa JH, von Keyserlingk MA, Hötzel MJ, Weary DM. Effects of Degree and Timing of Social Housing on Reversal Learning and Response to Novel Objects in Dairy Calves.. PLoS One 2015;10(8):e0132828.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132828pubmed: 26274583google scholar: lookup
          164. Brajon S, Laforest JP, Schmitt O, Devillers N. The Way Humans Behave Modulates the Emotional State of Piglets.. PLoS One 2015;10(8):e0133408.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133408pubmed: 26244335google scholar: lookup
          165. Noer CL, Needham EK, Wiese AS, Balsby TJ, Dabelsteen T. Context Matters: Multiple Novelty Tests Reveal Different Aspects of Shyness-Boldness in Farmed American Mink (Neovison vison).. PLoS One 2015;10(6):e0130474.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130474pubmed: 26087277google scholar: lookup
          166. Elfwing M, Nätt D, Goerlich-Jansson VC, Persson M, Hjelm J, Jensen P. Early stress causes sex-specific, life-long changes in behaviour, levels of gonadal hormones, and gene expression in chickens.. PLoS One 2015;10(5):e0125808.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125808pubmed: 25978318google scholar: lookup
          167. Brand B, Hadlich F, Brandt B, Schauer N, Graunke KL, Langbein J, Repsilber D, Ponsuksili S, Schwerin M. Temperament type specific metabolite profiles of the prefrontal cortex and serum in cattle.. PLoS One 2015;10(4):e0125044.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125044pubmed: 25927228google scholar: lookup
          168. Briefer EF, Maigrot AL, Mandel R, Freymond SB, Bachmann I, Hillmann E. Segregation of information about emotional arousal and valence in horse whinnies.. Sci Rep 2015 Apr 21;4:9989.
            doi: 10.1038/srep09989pubmed: 25897781google scholar: lookup
          169. Coulon M, Nowak R, Peyrat J, Chandèze H, Boissy A, Boivin X. Do lambs perceive regular human stroking as pleasant? Behavior and heart rate variability analyses.. PLoS One 2015;10(2):e0118617.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118617pubmed: 25714604google scholar: lookup
          170. Recoquillay J, Pitel F, Arnould C, Leroux S, Dehais P, Moréno C, Calandreau L, Bertin A, Gourichon D, Bouchez O, Vignal A, Fariello MI, Minvielle F, Beaumont C, Leterrier C, Le Bihan-Duval E. A medium density genetic map and QTL for behavioral and production traits in Japanese quail.. BMC Genomics 2015 Jan 22;16(1):10.
            doi: 10.1186/s12864-014-1210-9pubmed: 25609057google scholar: lookup
          171. Hazard D, Moreno C, Foulquié D, Delval E, François D, Bouix J, Sallé G, Boissy A. Identification of QTLs for behavioral reactivity to social separation and humans in sheep using the OvineSNP50 BeadChip.. BMC Genomics 2014 Sep 9;15(1):778.
            doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-778pubmed: 25204347google scholar: lookup
          172. Ursinus WW, Van Reenen CG, Reimert I, Bolhuis JE. Tail biting in pigs: blood serotonin and fearfulness as pieces of the puzzle?. PLoS One 2014;9(9):e107040.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107040pubmed: 25188502google scholar: lookup
          173. Elfwing M, Fallahshahroudi A, Lindgren I, Jensen P, Altimiras J. The strong selective sweep candidate gene ADRA2C does not explain domestication related changes in the stress response of chickens.. PLoS One 2014;9(8):e103218.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103218pubmed: 25111139google scholar: lookup
          174. Løtvedt P, Jensen P. Effects of hatching time on behavior and weight development of chickens.. PLoS One 2014;9(7):e103040.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103040pubmed: 25058654google scholar: lookup
          175. Recoquillay J, Leterrier C, Calandreau L, Bertin A, Pitel F, Gourichon D, Vignal A, Beaumont C, Le Bihan-Duval E, Arnould C. Evidence of phenotypic and genetic relationships between sociality, emotional reactivity and production traits in Japanese quail.. PLoS One 2013;8(12):e82157.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082157pubmed: 24324761google scholar: lookup
          176. Graunke KL, Nürnberg G, Repsilber D, Puppe B, Langbein J. Describing temperament in an ungulate: a multidimensional approach.. PLoS One 2013;8(9):e74579.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074579pubmed: 24040289google scholar: lookup
          177. Feenders G, Bateson M. Hand rearing affects emotional responses but not basic cognitive performance in European starlings.. Anim Behav 2013 Jul;86(1):127-138.
            doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.05.002pubmed: 23888084google scholar: lookup
          178. Guibert F, Lumineau S, Kotrschal K, Möstl E, Richard-Yris MA, Houdelier C. Trans-generational effects of prenatal stress in quail.. Proc Biol Sci 2013 Feb 22;280(1753):20122368.
            doi: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2368pubmed: 23256192google scholar: lookup
          179. Laurence A, Houdelier C, Petton C, Calandreau L, Arnould C, Favreau-Peigné A, Leterrier C, Boissy A, Richard-Yris MA, Lumineau S. Japanese quail's genetic background modulates effects of chronic stress on emotional reactivity but not spatial learning.. PLoS One 2012;7(10):e47475.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047475pubmed: 23071811google scholar: lookup
          180. Frésard L, Leroux S, Dehais P, Servin B, Gilbert H, Bouchez O, Klopp C, Cabau C, Vignoles F, Feve K, Ricros A, Gourichon D, Diot C, Richard S, Leterrier C, Beaumont C, Vignal A, Minvielle F, Pitel F. Fine mapping of complex traits in non-model species: using next generation sequencing and advanced intercross lines in Japanese quail.. BMC Genomics 2012 Oct 15;13:551.
            doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-551pubmed: 23066875google scholar: lookup
          181. Rutherford KM, Donald RD, Lawrence AB, Wemelsfelder F. Qualitative Behavioural Assessment of emotionality in pigs.. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2012 Jul;139(3-4):218-224.
            doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.04.004pubmed: 22915833google scholar: lookup
          182. Pittet F, Coignard M, Houdelier C, Richard-Yris MA, Lumineau S. Age affects the expression of maternal care and subsequent behavioural development of offspring in a precocial bird.. PLoS One 2012;7(5):e36835.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036835pubmed: 22701515google scholar: lookup
          183. Agnvall B, Jöngren M, Strandberg E, Jensen P. Heritability and genetic correlations of fear-related behaviour in Red Junglefowl--possible implications for early domestication.. PLoS One 2012;7(4):e35162.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035162pubmed: 22536354google scholar: lookup
          184. Nätt D, Rubin CJ, Wright D, Johnsson M, Beltéky J, Andersson L, Jensen P. Heritable genome-wide variation of gene expression and promoter methylation between wild and domesticated chickens.. BMC Genomics 2012 Feb 4;13:59.
            doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-59pubmed: 22305654google scholar: lookup
          185. Chervet N, Zöttl M, Schürch R, Taborsky M, Heg D. Repeatability and heritability of behavioural types in a social cichlid.. Int J Evol Biol 2011;2011:321729.
            doi: 10.4061/2011/321729pubmed: 21716729google scholar: lookup
          186. Feenders G, Klaus K, Bateson M. Fear and exploration in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris): a comparison of hand-reared and wild-caught birds.. PLoS One 2011 Apr 15;6(4):e19074.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019074pubmed: 21526000google scholar: lookup
          187. Morton AJ, Avanzo L. Executive decision-making in the domestic sheep.. PLoS One 2011 Jan 31;6(1):e15752.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015752pubmed: 21305061google scholar: lookup
          188. Houdelier C, Lumineau S, Bertin A, Guibert F, De Margerie E, Augery M, Richard-Yris MA. Development of fearfulness in birds: genetic factors modulate non-genetic maternal influences.. PLoS One 2011 Jan 27;6(1):e14604.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014604pubmed: 21298038google scholar: lookup
          189. Guibert F, Richard-Yris MA, Lumineau S, Kotrschal K, Guémené D, Bertin A, Möstl E, Houdelier C. Social instability in laying quail: consequences on yolk steroids and offspring's phenotype.. PLoS One 2010 Nov 22;5(11):e14069.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014069pubmed: 21124926google scholar: lookup
          190. Smith SM, Flentke GR, Kragtorp KA, Tessmer L. Ethanol exposure during the early first trimester equivalent impairs reflexive motor activity and heightens fearfulness in an avian model.. Alcohol 2011 Feb;45(1):57-63.
            doi: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2010.06.001pubmed: 20705421google scholar: lookup
          191. Laporte I, Muhly TB, Pitt JA, Alexander M, Musiani M. Effects of wolves on elk and cattle behaviors: implications for livestock production and wolf conservation.. PLoS One 2010 Aug 4;5(8):e11954.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011954pubmed: 20694139google scholar: lookup
          192. Mendl M, Burman OH, Paul ES. An integrative and functional framework for the study of animal emotion and mood.. Proc Biol Sci 2010 Oct 7;277(1696):2895-904.
            doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0303pubmed: 20685706google scholar: lookup
          Subscribe to our newsletter
          Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.