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Equine herpesvirus 1 myeloencephalopathy incidence and case fatality rates in the USA. Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) myeloencephalopathy (EHM) has substantial animal welfare and economic consequences. Despite extensive research, population-level estimates of EHM incidence and case fatality rates remain poorly characterized. Objective: Describe the burden of EHM and estimate EHM attack and case fatality rates in the United States. Methods: None. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted using surveillance data collected by the Equine Disease Communication Center (EDCC) in the United States during 2019-2023. Regression models were used to estimate the mean annual E...
Effect of canagliflozin on insulin sensitivity in insulin-dysregulated horses as assessed by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Insulin resistance, enhanced β-cell responsiveness, and lower insulin clearance contribute to hyperinsulinemia in horses with insulin dysregulation. Canagliflozin (CAN) reduces hyperinsulinemia in horses, but its effect on insulin sensitivity (IS) remains unclear. Objective: Evaluate the effects of CAN on IS and insulin clearance using a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp (EHC) and on β-cell responsiveness using a graded glucose infusion test (GGI) in insulin-dysregulated (ID) horses. Methods: Twenty privately owned ID mares. Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study...
Anatomical and computed tomographic study of equine cervical spinal nerves and intervertebral foramina. Osseous enlargement of the cervical articular process joints due to osteoarthropathy or developmental hypertrophy can narrow the intervertebral foramen (IF), resulting in compression and neuritis of the exiting spinal nerves. Associated clinical signs may include neck pain, forelimb lameness or muscle atrophy. Computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard for IF evaluation; however, to date, visualisation of the equine spinal nerves based on CT imaging is insufficient. Objective: To improve the diagnostic accuracy of foraminal stenosis and cervical spinal nerve (CSN) compression based on CT, t...
Pharmacokinetics of Detomidine and Vatinoxan in Horses. The pharmacokinetics of detomidine, vatinoxan, and their combination have not been previously characterized in detail in horses. Detomidine (20 μg/kg), vatinoxan (200 μg/kg), or their combination was administered intravenously to six horses according to a Latin square design. Blood was sampled at various times up to 480 min following administration. Plasma concentrations of detomidine, OH-detomidine, COOH-detomidine, and vatinoxan were measured using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Compartmental models were fitted to the time-concentration data using nonlinear mixed-eff...
Feed protein partitioning impacts horse fecal nitrogen profiles: A retrospective pilot study. Feeding horses excess crude protein (CP) leads to increased nitrogen excretion in urine and feces. However, evidence is lacking in how CP partitioning in the diet impacts nitrogen profiles in equine feces for potential fertilizer use. Objective: Thus, our retrospective pilot study objective was to determine if daily CP and neutral detergent soluble CP (NDSCP) intakes affected equine fecal nitrogen profiles. Methods: Three Quarter Horse geldings were fed 15 g dry matter (DM)/kg body weight (BW)/d of coastal Bermudagrass hay for 14 d (GRASS) then 15 g DM/kg BW/d of a 50:50 mixture of coastal Ber...
Evaluation of the sterility and clinical use of a disposable spray cap for ophthalmic medication delivery in equine patients. To evaluate the sterility of a commercially available disposable spray cap in an equine barn environment and assess its clinical use. Unassigned: This pilot study included an ex vivo microbiological study and an in vivo usability study. Ex vivo study: diclofenac 0.1% ophthalmic solution and neomycin-polymyxin B-dexamethasone 0.1% ophthalmic suspension were evaluated using either a traditional dropper or spray cap treatment method. Bottles were stored in an equine veterinary hospital barn and dispensed every 12 hours. Samples collected on day 0 and the final study day were analyzed for microbia...
Feasibility of Enucleation in Standing Sedated Horses With Retrobulbar Anesthesia and Auriculopalpebral Nerve Block: Impact of Ultrasound Guidance in a Case Series. Examining the feasibility of enucleation in standing sedated horses with dorsal retrobulbar anesthesia (RBA) and auriculopalpebral (AP) nerve block and the impact of ultrasound (US) guidance on RBA success. Methods: Thirty horses. Methods: In a prospective clinical case series, horses (n = 15/group) received standardized sedation, dorsal RBA (12 mL mepivacaine) and AP nerve block (4 mL lidocaine). Group 1 received US-assisted RBA (10 MHz linear probe), Group 2 underwent blind RBA subsequently. Needle positioning time was recorded. Eyelid sensitivity was measured before (t) and 20 m...
A Subclinical Biomechanical Phenotype Detected By AI-Assisted Video Gait Analysis in Horses Heterozygous for the Fragile Foal Syndrome Allele in PLOD1. The domestic horse has unmatched within-species polymorphism in locomotor patterns and provides an advantageous model of genetic influence on locomotion. Fragile Foal Syndrome (FFS) results from a missense mutation in the Procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1 (PLOD1), resulting in reduced collagen crosslinking with potential biomechanical consequences. Objective: To further understand the effect of the carrier genotype on locomotor phenotypes, we examined kinematic variation using a matched case-control design within a large sport horse cohort genotyped for the FFS variant. Methods...
Use of 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel mitigates joint capsule stiffness and cartilage degradation in experimental equine osteoarthritis. To evaluate the symptom- and disease-modifying effects of injectable 2.5% polyacrylamide gel (iPAAG) in an experimental model of equine osteoarthritis (OA). Unassigned: 16 horses underwent osteochondral fragment creation (day 0) in 1 randomly-selected middle carpal joint (MCJ). On day 14, the MCJ was injected with 2 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (n = 8) or 2.5% iPAAG (8); high-speed treadmill exercise commenced on day 16 to induce OA. Clinical parameters (lameness, joint effusion, range of motion, flexion response) and synovial fluid were collected weekly and biweekly, respectively. Radiogra...
Catastrophic distal sesamoidean ligament rupture in 72 racehorses in California. Rupture of major distal sesamoidean ligaments (DSLs) in racehorses results in suspensory apparatus failure. Our objective was to describe postmortem findings and exercise histories for Thoroughbred (TB) and Quarter Horse racehorses that had DSL rupture as the sole cause of catastrophic musculoskeletal and suspensory apparatus failure. We described horse signalment, activity at the time of injury, and postmortem findings and compared the exercise histories with those of event-matched control horses. In 72 racehorses, predominantly ≥4-y-old, catastrophic rupture of forelimb DSLs (41 left, 29 r...
Thirteen years of environmental surveillance of ESKAPE organisms and Escherichia coli in an equine hospital: Informing infection control. Bacteria from the ESKAPE group (i.e., Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter species) and Escherichia coli are frequently multidrug-resistant and can be associated with healthcare-associated infections, an increasing concern for veterinary settings. Objective: To determine the environmental prevalence of ESKAPE and E. coli on surfaces which can act as reservoirs of infection in clinical areas in equine hospitals. Methods: Observational study. Methods: Routine environmental sampling was performed in on...
Transrectal ultrasonographic assessment of the equine fetal distal limb beyond the first phalanx for predicting fetal age and bone development in Quarter Horses. In Quarter Horses (QH), fetal age can be predicted within 2 weeks prior to 200- days of gestation ultrasonographically; however, as pregnancy advances, accuracy decreases. Recently, fetal ultrasonographic measurement of the first phalanx length (P1L) was introduced as a novel biometric parameter during late gestation, and the timing of appearance and closure of P1 epiphyses has been identified as potential markers of bone development. The overall aim of this study is to describe distal limb bone development beyond the first phalanx. Ten healthy pregnant mares (9 QH and 1 Thoroughbred carrying ...
Harnessing the Horse for Human Osteoarthritis: microRNA-181a-5p Antisense Oligonucleotides in Clinically Normal Equine Fetlock Joints Are Safe and Well Tolerated. Horses serve as a translational model for human osteoarthritis (OA) due to their comparable joint size, cartilage thickness, and incidence of naturally occurring disease. Overexpression of microRNA-181a-5p has been implicated in cartilage degradation in OA, and its inhibition using locked nucleic acid antisense oligonucleotides (LNA-miR-181a-5p ASOs) represents a potential therapeutic strategy. This study evaluated the safety of intraarticular (IA) LNA-miR-181a-5p ASO injection in clinically normal horse fetlock joints. Twelve horses were randomized to receive two IA injections, 28 days apart,...
Trazodone administration does not affect platelet concentration or function in horses. To determine the effect of a clinically relevant dose of trazodone on platelet count and function in healthy horses. Methods: Prospective, controlled, cross-over study. Methods: Ten healthy horses. Methods: Horses were administered either 7 mg/kg trazodone orally in corn syrup or an equal amount of corn syrup (control), every 12 h for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks, horses underwent at least a 2-week washout period before being administered the alternate treatment (trazodone or control). Blood was collected before the first treatment administration (day 0) and after 2 weeks of treatment for ...
Risk factors and long-term prognosis of catheter-associated thrombophlebitis in neonatal foals. Thrombophlebitis is a possible complication of the use of indwelling catheters in hospitalized neonatal foals. Limited data are available concerning associated risk factors, and long-term prognosis regarding vein patency is currently unknown. Objective: Identify risk factors for catheter-associated thrombophlebitis in neonatal foals and assess long-term prognosis in a small subset. Methods: Two hundred twenty-three foals < 31 days of age, hospitalized in Utrecht University Equine Hospital between 2019 and 2024. Methods: Retrospective review of medical records. Foals that received an indw...
Investigating the TASK1 potassium channel in equine atrial myocardium as a potential treatment target for atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinically relevant arrhythmia in horses, with limited pharmacological treatment options in both veterinary and human medicine. TASK1 potassium channels represent a promising atrial-selective antiarrhythmic target, but their relevance in horses has not been established. To characterize equine TASK1 (eqTASK1) channels regarding structural conservation, electrophysiological function, pharmacological sensitivity, cardiac expression pattern and in vivo electrophysiological effects of TASK1 inhibition. Methods: Sixteen horses killed for non-cardiovascular...
In vitro anthelmintic activity of the monoterpene linalool, alone and combined with the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans, in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in horses. This study evaluated, in vitro, the anthelmintic activity of the monoterpene linalool, alone and in association with the fungus Duddingtonia flagrans, against gastrointestinal nematodes of horses. Nematodes from the superfamily Strongyloidea, obtained from naturally infected horses, were used. The ovicidal activity of linalool was evaluated using the Egg Hatch Test (EHT). The larvicidal activity was evaluated using the Larval Motility Inhibition Test (LMIT), in which infective larvae (L3) were assigned to experimental groups treated with linalool alone (0.15, 0.3, 0.6, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40...
Infracyanine green photodynamic therapy provides short-term disease control, but recurrence is common in equine immune-mediated keratitis. To evaluate long-term clinical outcomes, recurrence rates, and complications following photodynamic therapy (PDT) in horses with immune-mediated keratitis. Unassigned: Medical records of horses treated with PDT at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Equine Clinic from May 2018 through October 2025 were reviewed retrospectively. Eyes with a clinical diagnosis of recurrent immune-mediated keratitis that had responded to immunosuppressive therapy and been subjected to PDT therapy were included. Infracyanine green was injected intrastromally, followed by irradiation with an 810-nm diod...
Large-scale energy infrastructure projects and thoroughbred stud farms: equine welfare, evidence gaps and planning considerations. Industrial-scale renewable energy developments i.e. solar photovoltaic (PV) installations and wind energy facilities, form a central component of Ireland's national decarbonisation strategy. As these infrastructures expand, they are increasingly being proposed or developed within rural regions that also contain high densities of Thoroughbred breeding establishments. This creates a potential interface between national energy policy, rural land use, equine welfare and the operational requirements of the Thoroughbred industry which is of national and international importance.Direct empirical evid...
Auscultation for pre-exercise screening in the horse. To describe the highlights of cardiac auscultation of the equine athlete in the context of pre-exercise screening for cardiac adverse event prevention. Unassigned: Horses. Unassigned: Tutorial description. Unassigned: Description of the highlights of cardiac auscultation of the equine athlete in the context of pre-exercise screening for cardiac adverse event and exercise-associated sudden death prevention. Unassigned: Cardiac adverse events and exercise-associated deaths are problems that affect horses' health, riders' safety, and the public perception of welfare during equestrian sports. Scre...
Left Ventricular Volume Indexing in Athletic Brazilian Sport Horses Using Body Weight. Left ventricular (LV) volume assessment evaluates cardiac size and remodelling in horses. Single-plane Simpson method of discs (SMOD) provides volumetric measurements requiring body size normalization. Objective: We described LV volumes using SMOD in healthy Brazilian Sport Horses (BH) and evaluated thoracic-girth-estimated body weight (BWe) versus scale-measured weight (BWs) for indexing. Methods: Thirty BH horses (15 males, 15 females; 4-16 years) underwent echocardiography. LV end-diastolic (LVEDV), end-systolic volumes (LVESV), and ejection fraction (EF%) were obtained using SMOD. Body wei...
Fluorescent tagging for assessment of environmental cleaning in an equine hospital. Healthcare-associated infections increase morbidity, mortality, and treatment costs in both human and veterinary medicine, and environmental contamination can contribute to their occurrence. Monitoring of environmental cleaning is an important component of multimodal infection control strategies. Fluorescent tagging is a low-cost, practical approach that correlates with reduced environmental contamination in human and small animal hospitals. Its applicability in equine hospitals, where surface characteristics and contamination risks differ, has not yet been evaluated. Objective: To evaluate fl...
Influence of chiropractic care on sleep-related behavior of athletic Mangalarga Marchador horses. Sleep is a fundamental biological process for homeostasis in mammals. Chiropractic is a manual therapeutic approach that aims to restore joint mobility, correct biomechanical dysfunctions, and optimize welfare. Objective: The present study examined the influence of chiropractic sessions on resting behavior patterns of Mangalarga Marchador horses raised in an intensive system. Methods: Nine Mangalarga Marchador horses, with an average age of 4.2 ± 1.2 years, were evaluated for their sleep-related behavior over 72 hours, followed by a chiropractic session, and reassessed over the next 72 hours ...
Incidence of omphalitis in foals with different umbilical disinfection protocols. Omphalitis, a common umbilical disorder in foals, can lead to complications and systemic diseases. An adequate disinfection protocol of the umbilical stump after birth is recommended to prevent infection. Objective: Comparison of different disinfection solutions and their efficacy in preventing omphalitis in foals. Methods: A total of 288 clinically healthy foals were included in this prospective, blinded cohort study during the foaling seasons of 2023 and 2024 on one stud farm. Foals were randomly allocated to one of six disinfection groups. The umbilical stump was examined clinically during ...
Serum and uterine fluid extracellular vesicles and prostaglandin E metabolite concentrations during diestrus and early pregnancy in mares. Prostaglandins produced by endometrial and conceptus tissues have an established role in maintaining luteal function in early pregnancy and initiating luteolysis during diestrus in mares. The cellular mechanisms controlling the secretion and delivery of prostaglandins have not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that nanosized lipid bilayer extracellular vesicles (EV) that carry a variety of biological molecules would be involved in these key regulatory processes. Serum and uterine fluid samples were collected from diestrus and pregnant mares on day (D) 10 and D14 post-ovulation, and concep...
Experts recommend management strategies for horses during poor air quality. To adapt the existing air quality index (AQI) framework to communicate equine health risk and develop practical recommendations for horse care, training, and competitions at increasing levels of air pollution. Unassigned: A 3-round modified Delphi study. Unassigned: 15 expert equine veterinarians contributed, with 11 experts completing 3 rounds. First, experts agreed that both healthy horses and those with underlying health conditions may experience short- and long-term health effects. Second, experts adapted the AQI public health messaging to communicate equine-specific health risk. Third, ex...
Outcome following lag screw fixation of non-C3 carpal slab fractures in horses. To describe clinical features and short- and long-term outcomes of horses treated with lag screw fixation of slab fractures of the radial carpal (Cr), intermediate carpal (Ci), ulnar carpal (Cu), second (C2) or fourth (C4) carpal bones. Methods: Retrospective case study. Methods: Horses (n = 19) treated with lag screw fixation for slab fractures of Cr, Ci, Cu, C2 or C4. Methods: Medical records of patients with carpal slab fractures were reviewed, and those undergoing internal fixation of slab fractures involving Cr, Ci, Cu, C2, or C4 carpal bones from January 2008 to January 2026 were inc...
Retrospective serological evidence of exposure to selected equine viruses in horses from Indigenous communities of Costa Rica, 2011. Horses are essential for transportation and livelihoods in Indigenous communities of Costa Rica. However, information on their exposure to viral pathogens remains scarce. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional serosurvey using samples collected from horses from four Indigenous communities (Alto Pacuare, Amubre, Paso Marcos, and Vereh) sampled between March and October 2011 (n = 278). Sera were tested in 2014 using commercial immunodiffusion or ELISA assays for antibodies against West Nile virus (WNV), equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4), influenza A virus, equine arteritis...
Low-dose histrelin for ovulation induction in mares: a partially randomized crossover pilot study. This partially randomized crossover pilot study evaluated reduced doses of histrelin for ovulation induction in mares and compared intramuscular (IM) administration with pharmacopuncture at the Bai-hui and Yan-chi acupoints. Eleven mares were enrolled, of which nine completed all eight protocols and were included in the analyses. The protocols comprised 250 µg histrelin IM (standard dose), 75 µg IM, 25 µg IM, no intervention, saline at Bai-hui, saline at Yan-chi, 25 µg histrelin at Bai-hui, and 25 µg histrelin at Yan-chi. Ovulation was assessed by transrectal ultrasonography at sched...
Barriers to Australian veterinary students choosing an equine career. The equine veterinary profession is experiencing a global recruitment and retention crisis with fewer graduates entering equine practice. We aimed to investigate perceived and actual barriers to Australian veterinary students' considering an equine veterinary career. Methods: A mixed methods design was used. The study population consisted of veterinary students from seven universities in Australia. An online survey was distributed that comprised demographic, Likert-scale and open-ended questions and covered themes of equine experience, perceptions of clients, salary, Higher Education Contribut...
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