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Molecular characterization of Anaplasmataceae in Turkmen horses (Akhal-Teke breed) and ticks in racetracks, Iran. Due to the abundance of ticks on open grassy surfaces, racetracks may represent ideal scenarios for tick-borne pathogens. Therefore, in 2024/2025 Turkmen horses (Akhal-Teke breed) and ticks collected by dragging in paddocks of Iran were screened for Anaplasmataceae using Sanger sequencing on 16S rRNA, TRP36 and dsb genes. Amongst 200 horses, 11 (5.5%) tested positive without signs/symptoms, being 8 (4%) for Ehrlichia canis and 3 (1.5%) for Anaplasma ovis; no difference in prevalence was found by gender and age (p>0.05). All ticks were identified as Hyalomma asiaticum and Haemaphysalis sulca...
Cervical extradural mast cell tumour in a 2-year-old Irish Sport Horse colt. A 2-year-old Irish Sport Horse colt presented with acute, severe and rapidly progressive neurological signs, arriving recumbent to the hospital. Ante-mortem diagnostics did not reveal the cause of the recumbency, and the colt was euthanized after treatment and supportive care did not result in clinical improvement. A cranial cervical extradural mast cell tumour with eosinophilic granulomas and secondary compressive myelopathy with axonal degeneration was diagnosed on post-mortem evaluation. No other masses or clinically relevant findings were present, suggesting a primary neoplasm. Neoplasia a...
Equine genital and ocular squamous cell carcinomas: clinical, histopathological, molecular and viral characterization with proposed histopathological classification system. Equine squamous cell carcinomas (eSCCs) are common, and a proportion are likely induced by papillomavirus 2 (EcPV-2). Accurate prediction of clinical outcomes is challenging with no recognized prognostic criteria or consistent histopathological classification scheme for eSCC. The aims of this study were to histopathologically subtype a large case series of eSCCs (genital and ocular) and correlate them with p16 and HER-2 expression, equine papillomavirus infection status, and various clinical and histopathological parameters to predict tumour behavior and prognosis. One hundred and eighty-five...
Cardiac arrhythmias during intense exercise in Thoroughbred racehorses: frequency and association with subsequent race performance. The frequency, characteristics, and relationship with performance of arrhythmias occurring during high-intensity exercise in Thoroughbred racehorses remain poorly understood. Objective: Describe the frequency, characteristics, and association with subsequent race performance of arrhythmias occurring during intense exercise. Methods: Seventy-one racehorses competing in races sanctioned by the Hong Kong Jockey Club. Methods: Risk-based case-control study. Single-lead ECGs were recorded during high-intensity trials using wearable devices. Ectopic depolarizations identified during warm-up, maximal...
Preliminary Investigation of a Transcutaneous Ultrasound-Guided Technique for Pudendal Nerve Block in Six Horse Cadavers. Regional anaesthesia of the equine anogenital tract is limited to local infiltration, extradural, blind palpation and nerve stimulator-guided techniques which risk iatrogenic damage, recumbency and ataxia. This study aimed to describe and assess the feasibility of transcutaneous ultrasound-guided (USG) pudendal nerve staining in equine cadavers. An initial pilot phase used two fresh equine cadavers and one standing unsedated horse to image the intrapelvic anatomy using ultrasound. One fixed equine cadaver specimen was also dissected to identify the pudendal nerve and refine the dissection appr...
Imaging of the equine abdomen using point of care ultrasound (POCUS): Effects of sedation on intestinal motility in horses. Point of care ultrasonographic (POCUS) assessment of the equine abdomen is now readily available to the equine practitioner using hand-held ultrasound transducers. Commonly used medications may alter the sonographic appearance or function of the small intestine, caecum or colon. Objective: To demonstrate qualitative and quantitative effects of xylazine sedation on intestinal motility of healthy horses using hand-held, wi-fi ultrasound transducers and validate POCUS methodology by determination of intra- and interobserver agreement. Methods: Double-blind cross-over study of eight healthy horses...
Air pollution exceedances routinely occur at Thoroughbred racetracks in the contiguous United States. To characterize spatiotemporal patterns of criteria air pollutants surrounding Thoroughbred racetracks in the US. Unassigned: We identified all active Thoroughbred racetracks from 2011 through 2024, linking their location with daily air quality data from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Air Quality System. Mean daily and annual pollutant concentrations within a 50-km bounding box of each racetrack were summarized using descriptive statistics and evaluated for monthly and annual trends. Exceedances were defined as any observation in which pollutant concentration met or exceeded the ...
Ultrasound-guided intralesional tendon and ligament injections in the horse. To describe principles of ultrasound-guided injection techniques for intralesional delivery of regenerative orthobiologics into equine tendon and ligament core lesions. Unassigned: A university-owned horse and equine cadaver forelimbs. Unassigned: A reproducible protocol for ultrasound-guided injection is demonstrated with the superficial digital flexor tendon used as an example. Following diagnosis of the lesion, the horse should be sedated and the affected limb desensitized with perineural anesthesia. The lesion is identified ultrasonographically in transverse and longitudinal planes, marked...
Effects of Exercise Intensity and Duration on Acute-Phase Proteins in Thoroughbred Racehorses. Physical exercise represents a physiological stressor capable of activating the acute-phase response (APR) in horses. However, the relative contribution of exercise intensity duration to acute-phase protein (APP) dynamics remains incompletely defined. This study compared the effects of short, high-intensity gallop exercise (2400 m flat race; = 12) and prolonged, low-intensity endurance exercise (40 km; = 13) on serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), and ceruloplasmin (Cp) in Thoroughbred racehorses. Blood samples were collected before exercise and at defined post-exercise time points. Bet...
An investigation into the impact of the inclusion of a commercial fiber-based feed, designed for both hydration and nutrition, on the equine hindgut microbiomes. It is more evident that horse health is linked to the gastrointestinal tract and microbial community structure (MCS) as affected by diet. There are many marketed feeds available to enhance nutrition for horses, however the effects of these feeds on hindgut MCS are largely unknown. Objective: The aim was to test the effect of a complementary forage feed (FF) on the fermentation profile and MCS in contrasting basal diets. Methods: A 2×2 factorial design was used to assess the effect of basal diet, forage only (FOR) or forage/concentrate (MIX), and presence/absence of FF on fermentation paramete...
Successful resolution of natural Werneckiella equi infestation in two horses using pour-on Fipronil: A clinical observation. Werneckiella equi is an ectoparasite of equids, and control can be challenging because of the limited availability of licensed products. This case report describes the clinical observation of 1% fipronil pour-on against W. equi infestation in horses admitted to a veterinary hospital. Two horses were treated and observed between 2022 and 2023. Both exhibited pruritus, especially in the head, withers, and croup regions, and were diagnosed with severe W. equi infestation. The treatment consisted of a single topical application of 1% fipronil pour-on (1 mg/kg). Parasite reduction was assessed by c...
Objective, Longitudinal Computed Tomographic Evaluation of the Metacarpal Condyles in Non-Lame Thoroughbred Racehorses. There are limited data on sequential computed tomographic (CT) evaluation and objective CT assessment of the metacarpal condyles in Thoroughbred racehorses. This longitudinal study aimed to document changes in attenuation of the metacarpal condyles during the first two years of training and racing. Fan-beam CT examination of the metacarpophalangeal regions was performed on 40 non-lame Thoroughbred yearlings, and repeated four more times, approximately six months apart. Mean Hounsfield Unit (HU) measurements were obtained on sagittal reconstructions of the dorsal and palmar halves of the medial...
Pedigree-Based Assessment of Genetic Structure and Disease-Associated Variants in Friesian Horses in Brazil. Friesian horses are recognized for severe genetic restriction due to intensive selection. Still, the genetic diversity, founder representation, and prevalence of inherited disorders in the Brazilian Friesian population, which is comprised of fewer than 500 individuals, have not been previously investigated AIMS/OBJECTIVES: characterize the genetic diversity, inbreeding, founder representation using pedigree-based tools, and frequency of known pathogenic, behavioral, and white spotting alleles in Friesian horses registered in Brazil METHODS: Pedigree data from 411 Friesian horses (2003-2024) we...
Impacts of flavor and aromatic palatants on consumption behavior in nursing foals. Palatability research in horses has primarily been conducted in mature, non-lactating horses and has typically investigated gustatory rather than aromatic preference. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the gustatory and aromatic preferences of nursing foals. Methods: Stock-type mare (13.25 ± 4.40 years) and foal (6 ± 3 weeks) pairings (n = 4) were utilized in multi-preference testing for treatments including apple, anise, peppermint and control (no palatant). Mares and foals were placed in assigned split stalls for 1800 seconds and provided unrestricted access to a...
When Vibrio is not Vibrio: misidentified Aeromonas sp. associated with equine abortions and neonatal death, revealed by MALDI-TOF and 16S rRNA sequencing. A retrospective review of equine necropsies performed at the Normandy Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for food, environmental and occupational health and safety (1996-2022) unexpectedly reported Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in equine samples using API 20NE, prompting a re-evaluation of bacterial identification. Of 27 strains, 25 were cultivable, and re-examined using API 20NE, API 20E, MALDI-TOF, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and Vibrio-specific PCR assays. API 20NE confirmed the original (erroneous) identifications; all Vibrio-specific PCR assays ...
Small Genome-wide association study of insect bite hypersensitivity in Hucul horses. Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is a prevalent allergic skin disease in horses that significantly affects animal welfare and shows evidence of genetic predisposition. Objective: Understanding the genetic basis of IBH can improve management and breeding strategies. The Equine80K BeadChip microarray was used to identify genomic regions associated with the occurrence of IBH in Hucul horses. Methods: Hair samples were collected from 127 Hucul horses, including both affected individuals and controls. DNA was extracted and genotyped. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed to identif...
Clinical pregnancy outcomes after transfer of fresh and vitrified-warmed conventional IVF equine embryos. In vitro fertilization (IVF) in horses has emerged as a valuable assisted reproductive technology, yet the impact of embryo cryopreservation on pregnancy outcomes when utilizing this technique remains unclear. This study reports pregnancy outcomes following transfer of conventional equine IVF embryos, with both fresh and vitrified-warmed embryos. Conventional IVF (cIVF) was used to produce 40 embryos, which were transferred to recipient mares, pregnancy diagnosis was performed at 6 days post-transfer followed by embryonic heartbeat detection between day 25 and 30 of gestation. Observed pregnan...
Plasma Concentrations Following Oral Administration of Two Different Forms of Resveratrol in Horses. Resveratrol is a compound found in multiple plants and there is evidence for its use as a supplement in horses, particularly through protection of chondrocytes. Previous studies on the clinical efficacy of resveratrol supplementation in horses have reported limited benefits. To date, there is no pharmacokinetic data of resveratrol in horses but the bioavailability of resveratrol in other species is poor. In this crossover study, the plasma concentrations of two forms of resveratrol were examined. Each horse received via nasogastric tube, either a single dose of resveratrol phospholipid or a st...
Intra-articular hydrogel therapeutics exhibit anti-inflammatory effects on cytokine-stimulated equine cartilage and synovial membrane explants. To investigate whether IA hydrogel therapeutics alter the inflammatory and/or degradative responses of articular cartilage (AC) and synovial membrane (SM) to cytokine stimulation. Unassigned: AC and SM tissue explants were stimulated with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and simultaneously treated with triamcinolone acetonide, hyaluronic acid, collagen-elastin hydrogel microparticles (CEHM), or 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel (2.5% iPAAG) at 3 doses. Synovial membrane (n = 9 explants, 3 horses) was stimulated/treated for 18 hours, whereas AC (12 explants, 6 horses) wa...
Conditional Antioxidant Protection of Stallion Spermatozoa by Butylated Hydroxytoluene Under Induced Oxidative Stress. Despite advances in the method, equine semen cryopreservation still leads to a marked decline in sperm quality, partly attributed to oxidative stress, which motivates the search for lipophilic antioxidants capable of stabilizing the plasma membrane during cooling and freezing. This study performed three experiments to evaluate butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as an additive to commercial skim milk-based (Botu-Sêmen) and egg yolk-based (Botu-Crio) extenders. In Experiment 1, a dose-response curve (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mM) was performed using stallion semen to assess toxicity and establish a safe ...
New Diagnostic Score for Sepsis in Adult Horses with Acute Gastrointestinal Disease. Colic is a leading cause of mortality in horses, particularly when associated with systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction. In human medicine, these complications are associated with sepsis, defined as organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated, life-threatening host response to infection. However, no consensus sepsis score exists for adult horses. This retrospective study aimed to develop a diagnostic sepsis score for adult horses. Medical records from 295 horses admitted for colic to the Oniris equine emergency department (Nantes, France) between July 2011 and November 2021 were analyzed...
Main causes of death in aged horses in a retirement facility in California can be attributed to the digestive and musculoskeletal systems. To determine the main causes of death in aged horses residing at a retirement facility in California. Unassigned: A retrospective cross-sectional study design was utilized to evaluate signalment, medical history, and necropsy reports of horses aged 20 years or older at death and housed at a single retirement facility. All cases underwent a standard post mortem evaluation from 2010 through 2020 by the University of California-Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. Euthanasia decisions were made by the retirement facility staff in consultation with a veterinarian. The m...
Differential Expression of MITF, WNT3A, SLC7A11, and EDN3 in the Shoulder ‘Bider Marking’ of Dun Mongolian Horses. (1) Background: The "Bider marking" on the shoulder of the Dun Mongolian horse represents a unique pigmentation pattern, the molecular formation mechanism of which remains incompletely understood. This study investigates the differential expression and protein localization of pigment-related genes-specifically the core transcription factor , as well as , , and -in the skin. The analysis focuses on three distinct regions: the dark-colored area of the 'Bider marking' shoulder (BIDC), the light-colored area of the 'Bider marking' shoulder (BILC), and the non-Bider-marked shoulder area (NBIS). The...
Proteomic Insights into the Mechanism by Which Ferulic Acid Promotes Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type Conversion in Mongolian Horses. Ferulic acid is a bioactive phenolic compound with potential benefits for skeletal muscle health. In this study, Mongolian horses were used as experimental subjects and were orally administered ferulic acid at doses of 5, 10, or 15 g per horse per day for 40 consecutive days. Muscle biopsy samples were analyzed using proteomics to assess fiber type composition and regulatory protein expression. Ferulic acid supplementation increased the proportion of fast-twitch fibers and upregulated key differentiation factors such as MUSTN1, while modulating glycolysis, ECM remodeling, and calcium signaling...
Global distribution of Neorickettsia risticii, the causative agent of potomac horse fever: a systematic review. Potomac Horse Fever (PHF), also known as equine neorickettsiosis (EN) or equine monocytic ehrlichiosis is an acute, potentially fatal infectious disease in horses caused by the monocytotropic rickettsia bacterium Neorickettsia risticii. This obligate intracellular bacterium is maintained throughout the life cycle of digenetic trematodes which utilize multiple intermediate and definitive hosts. Research on N. risticii is scattered across multiple continents, with most studies originating from North and South America. Therefore, a systematic review is needed to consolidate global evidence, clari...
Embryonic vesicle diameter at first pregnancy diagnosis in in vivo- and in vitro-derived pregnancies and its relationship with pregnancy loss in the mare. This retrospective study compared the relationship between embryonic vesicle diameter at first pregnancy diagnosis and early embryonic loss (EEL) across three pregnancy types: artificially inseminated broodmares (AI; n = 263), recipients carrying in vivo-derived flushed embryos (IVD-F; n = 312), and recipients carrying in vitro-produced embryos by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVP-ICSI; n = 161). Vesicle diameter was recorded at Day 12 post-ovulation in AI, Day 4 post-embryo transfer (ET) for IVD-F, and Day 7 post-ET for IVP-ICSI pregnancies. Mean (±SD) vesicle diameters and E...
Horses Prefer Their Rider: A Strange Situation Test Adaptation Shows Behavioural Evidence for Partner-Specific Bonding. The relationship between horses and humans is often described as cooperative and affective, yet empirical studies on horse-rider bond remain scarce. Previous findings on horse-human relationships yielded conflicting results on whether and how horses show bonding like behaviour toward their owners. Objective: We tested whether horses show partner-specific approach and proximity toward their primary rider compared with an unfamiliar experimenter in an adapted Strange Situation Test, and whether the rider's presence was associated with behavioural patterns indicative of safe haven and secure base...
Synthesis and Characterization of Deuterated Detomidine for Use in Equine Medication Regulation. Detomidine, 5-[(2,3-dimethylphenyl)methyl]-1H-imidazole, is a tranquilizer/sedative/analgesic widely used in equine medicine and regulated by several different analyte concentrations of detomidine and its hydroxydetomidine and carboxydetomidine metabolites in plasma and urine. Accurate regulatory quantitation of detomidine at low picogram/mL concentrations requires the availability of a stable isotope internal standard of detomidine; however, to the best of our knowledge, no certified deuterated internal standard of detomidine is commercially available and its synthesis has not been reported. ...
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