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Exercise-Induced Acid-Base, Electrolyte, and Metabolic Responses in Colombian Creole Horses Across Different Gait Modalities. Exercise physiology in Colombian Creole Horses remains poorly characterized despite the breed's extensive use in athletic activities. The objective of this study was to evaluate exercise-induced changes in blood biochemical and gas parameters and to determine whether these responses differed according to sex, geographic origin, or gait modality. An analytical observational study with repeated measures was conducted in 76 athletic CCHs. Blood samples were obtained from the jugular vein at rest and immediately after exercise to measure acid-base indicators (pH, carbon dioxide pressure, bicarbona...
Effects of two different fluid rates on tissue oxygenation and haemodynamic stability in anaesthetised horses. Perianaesthetic fluid therapy can influence oxygen delivery and tissue oxygenation, yet the optimal fluid rate in horses remains undefined. Objective: To compare two fluid strategies on peripheral tissue oxygenation (StO) and cardiorespiratory variables in isoflurane-anaesthetised horses. Methods: Randomised, controlled, experimental design with two independent groups. Methods: Sixteen euvolemic adult horses undergoing coeliotomy were anaesthetised with xylazine, ketamine, and midazolam, maintained on isoflurane with lidocaine infusion, and randomised to lactated Ringer's solution at 2.5 mL/...
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Standing Needle Arthroscopy of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint in 36 Horses. The objective of this study is to describe the technique, complications, and outcomes of standing needle arthroscopy of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) in horses. Unassigned: This is a retrospective study. Unassigned: Five cadaver forelimbs; 36 client-owned horses. Unassigned: A 1.9-mm needle arthroscope was used to evaluate the DIPJ in cadaver limbs and clinical cases. Horses underwent diagnostic and/or therapeutic arthroscopy under standing sedation and local anaesthesia. Data collected included signalment, diagnostic imaging findings, intraoperative findings, complications, and outc...
Anatomy and Ultrasound-Guided Injection of the Deep Branch of the Lateral Palmar Nerve in the Horse: A Cadaveric Study. Proximal suspensory ligament (PSL) injuries are a common cause of lameness in horses. Localization of pain in the proximal metacarpal and carpal region remains challenging. Current diagnostic analgesic techniques are not PSL-specific. The aim of this study was to investigate the nerve supply of the PSL, with particular focus on the deep branch of the lateral palmar nerve (DBLPaN), and to develop a landmark-based, ultrasound-guided injection technique targeting this nerve. Unassigned: Eighteen limbs from euthanized horses were dissected to describe the anatomy of the DBLPaN and branches, measur...
Use of wooden shoes for the treatment of chronic laminitis in an American quarter horse. An 11-year-old American quarter horse mare with bilateral forelimb lameness was examined at a mixed-animal veterinary clinic. Radiographs revealed rotation and distal displacement of the 3rd phalanx in each front foot, confirming chronic laminitis. Wooden shoes (Steward Clogs) were used successfully to manage the lameness. The findings from this case support the use of wooden shoes as part of the treatment of chronic laminitis in a general veterinary practice setting. Utilisation de sabots pour le traitement de la fourbure chronique chez un quarter horse américainUne jument quarter horse amé...
Pulmonary cryptococcosis with an endobronchial cryptococcoma in a Warmblood mare. This report describes pulmonary cryptococcosis with a large endobronchial cryptococcoma in an 8-year-old Warmblood mare. The mare was presented initially with fever and lethargy, and clinical signs typical of bacterial pneumonia. Markedly elevated serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations indicated a severe systemic inflammatory response. Over a period of 6 wk, the condition progressively worsened and was refractory to multiple courses of broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy as administered in a field setting. Diagnostic imaging following referral revealed extensive consolidation of the left lung a...
Equine neuroborreliosis in Scandinavia: cerebrospinal fluid PCR confirmation and successful treatment in a mare. Lyme borreliosis (LB), caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, is an emerging concern in human medicine, and is a controversial topic in equine medicine. Neuroborreliosis (NB), a neurologic manifestation of LB, remains challenging to diagnose due to nonspecific clinical signs and the lack of definitive diagnostic methods. This report describes the first documented case of equine NB in Scandinavia. Methods: An 11-year-old mare presented with progressive weight loss, ataxia, muscle atrophy, and hyperesthesia. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed neutrophilic pleocytosis, elevated prote...
Electrocardiographic recording in horses at rest: a concordance analysis of two methods. Cardiac arrhythmias are frequently detected during routine auscultation in athletic horses. Assessment of their clinical significance requires electrocardiography (ECG) to analyze waveforms and intervals. In recent years, portable ECG devices have been introduced to simplify electrocardiographic examination, offering advantages such as ease of use and the ability to review results via a smartphone. This study evaluated the utility and accuracy of a portable ECG device compared with a standard electrocardiograph. Simultaneous ECG recordings were obtained from 28 healthy adult horses at rest usi...
Pilot Study on the Development and Assessment of a Novel Sensor for Measuring Rein Tension. Effective horse-rider communication is essential in equestrian sports, both for performance and animal welfare. Rein tension, which is often applied through negative reinforcement (i.e., the release of pressure to reward a desired response), plays a central role in this interaction. However, high or inconsistent tension can lead to discomfort or injury, particularly in the mouth cavity. While previous studies have analyzed rein tension in basic gaits such as walk, trot, and canter, limited research exists on more complex maneuvers like jumping or abrupt stops. This pilot study introduces a cus...
Diagnostic utility of trigeminocervical reflex and quantitative sensory testing in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking. Assessment of trigeminal nerve (TN) function in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking (TMHS) using trigeminocervical reflex (TCR) and quantitative sensory testing (QST) has not been investigated. Objective: Horses with TMHS show lower TCR and QST thresholds than controls. A subset shows left-to-right differences. Methods: Privately owned horses with TMHS (n = 12) and secondary headshaking (sHS; n = 4), from a referral hospital. Headshaking-free controls (n = 14), from the hospital's teaching herd or privately owned. Methods: Prospective case-control-study. In unsedated horses, TCR ...
Synthesis and Characterization of 2-(1-Hydroxyethyl)Promazine Sulfoxide-d4 HCl as an Internal Standard for the Accurate Quantitation of 2-(1-Hydroxyethyl)Promazine Sulfoxide in Equine Urine. Acetylpromazine, 1-{10-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-10H-phenothiazin-2-yl}ethenone, CHNOS, 326.46 g·mol is a phenothiazine derivative at one time used in human medicine as an antipsychotic medication but now predominantly used in veterinary medicine as a sedative/tranquilizer and referred to as acepromazine. In performance horses its use is regulated by using a 10 ng/mL threshold for the major urinary metabolite 2-(1-hydroxyethyl) promazine-sulfoxide (HEPS) in equine urine. To enable accurate quantitation of HEPS in equine urine we have synthesized and purified hydroxyethylpromazine sulfoxid...
Serial Postoperative Blood and Peritoneal Fluid Analysis and Ultrasonographic Assessment in Client-Owned Horses Undergoing Ventral Midline Exploratory Celiotomy for Colic. Postoperative monitoring, including evaluation of peritoneal fluid, is used to aid in the diagnosis and treatment plan for complications after colic surgery. The primary objective of this study was to determine serial venous and peritoneal postoperative variables, including L-lactate values in horses after ventral midline exploratory celiotomy. A secondary objective was to evaluate postoperative abdominal ultrasonography as a predictor of complications. A total of 36 client-owned horses with signs of colic undergoing ventral midline exploratory celiotomy were prospectively enrolled in the stud...
[Cutaneous vascular hamartoma in a foal]. Vascular hamartomas are rare malformations in foals that typically present as painless masses of the skin or subcutaneous tissue. This case report describes a newborn foal with a vascular mass over the right shoulder. Complete surgical excision was performed at seven days of age. Histologically, the lesion was found to be a well-defined dermal vascular proliferation consistent with a vascular hamartoma. The healing process was uneventful, and no recurrence occurred six months postoperatively. This case adds a rare location on the scapula to the literature and confirms surgical removal as an ef...
Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction. Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is one of the most common equine endocrine disorders. It is caused by oxidative damage to dopaminergic neurons in the hypothalamus and results in loss of inhibition of the pituitary pars intermedia. This leads to increased circulating concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and related peptides. Diagnosis is based on increased resting and/or thyrotropin releasing hormone-stimulated ACTH concentrations. Assessment of insulin regulation is also important, as insulin dysregulation occurs in at least one-third of PPID cases and is associate...
Ortholog-specific Spatial Expression of Vanins in the Respiratory Tract of Horses. Equine asthma (EA) is the most prevalent chronic respiratory disease in horses, but molecules thought to be relevant in its pathogenesis are not yet fully understood. Recently, increased Vanin-1 (VNN1) levels were found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from horses with severe EA. Human VNN1 is known as a pantetheinase, which is associated with respiratory diseases such as asthma, but the equine vanins (eVNNs) are uncharacterized. We identified the domain architecture of eVNN in silico and analyzed its tissue expression in healthy horses using RT-PCR (=5) and in situ hybridization (=3). Recombin...
hCG promotes secondary ovulation and supplementary corpus luteum formation during early pregnancy in mares. This study evaluated whether the administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during early pregnancy accelerates ovulatory dynamics and alters serum progesterone concentrations in mares with dominant follicles. Thirty pregnant embryo-recipient mares with follicles ≥35 mm during early gestation were randomly assigned to receive either 1500 IU hCG IV (hCG group; n = 17) or saline solution IV (control group; n = 13). Mares were monitored by serial ultrasonography to determine the ovulatory response and the interval to secondary ovulation. Serum progesterone concentrations were...
Molecular Survey and Genetic Characterization of Tetratrichomonas buttreyi and Pentatrichomonas hominis in Horses in Shanxi Province, Northern China. Trichomonads include species of veterinary and zoonotic importance, yet infections with trichomonads in horses remain uncharacterized in Shanxi Province, Northern China. In the present study, we conducted a molecular survey of and using 631 horse fecal samples collected from Datong, Taiyuan, and Yuncheng cities in Shanxi Province between March and June 2023. Nested PCR assays targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene were used to detect the two trichomonad species. The overall molecular prevalences were 3.7% (23/631; 95% CI, 2.5-5.5%) for and 0.8% (5/631; 95% CI, 0.3-1.9%) f...
Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Horses From Northern and Eastern China: Investigation of Associated Risk Factors and Assessment of Zoonotic Potential. Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic microsporidian threatening public health, yet epidemiological data on equine infections in China are scarce despite frequent human-horse contact. In this study, 412 fresh horse fecal samples were collected from four Chinese regions covering four rearing systems and were screened for E. bieneusi internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences via nested PCR, with risk factor and phylogenetic analyses conducted. The overall infection prevalence reached 15.0% (62/412), varying geographically from 9.7% (Wenzhou) to 29.3% (Qiqihar). Foals <1 year and male horses ex...
Equine piroplasmosis in China, 2000 to 2025: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and risk factors. Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease of equids caused by Theileria equi, Babesia caballi, and Theileria haneyi. We conducted a PRISMA-guided systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate pooled prevalence in China and identify associated risk factors. PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP were searched through 15 August 2025. Of 2,626 records identified, 80 studies met the inclusion criteria. Random-effects models were used to pool prevalence estimates, and prespecified subgroup analyses and univariate meta-regression were used to explore heterogeneity an...
Centrifugation of peritoneal fluid improves visual assessment of strangulating lesions in equine colic. Early and accurate recognition of a strangulating lesion is essential to expedite surgical intervention in horses presenting with colic. Objective: To evaluate the use of a colour grading scale in the visual assessment of peritoneal fluid, before and after centrifugation, and assess its ability to predict the presence of a strangulating lesion. Methods: Prospective clinical study. Methods: Peritoneal fluid samples from 231 equids presenting with colic were visually analysed immediately after collection and assigned a numerical value based on a developed colour scale. Peritoneal fluid was centr...
Agreement between invasive and oscillometric blood pressure measurements during controlled haemorrhage in anaesthetised horses. Defining the reliability of oscillometry (NIBP) for measuring mean arterial pressure (MAP) during normotension and hypovolaemic hypotension could help with cardiovascular monitoring and management in horses anaesthetised in dorsal recumbency. Objective: To assess agreement between NIBP and invasive MAP during normotension and hypovolaemic hypotension in dorsally-recumbent, anaesthetised horses. Methods: Prospective experimental study using 11 horses. Methods: Under isoflurane anaesthesia, blood was removed at 5 mL/kg bwt increments up to 25 mL/kg bwt and returned in a similar fashion. Pair...
Race Performance Following Arthroscopic Surgery for Femoropatellar and Tarsocrural Osteochondrosis in Juvenile Thoroughbreds. The objective of this study is to evaluate racing performance of Thoroughbred yearlings following arthroscopic surgery for osteochondrosis (OC) of the femoropatellar (FP) and tarsocrural (TC) joints. Unassigned: This is a retrospective study of Thoroughbreds 0.05). In both groups, no significant performance differences were found between unilateral and bilateral cases ( > 0.05). Unassigned: Racing performance after FP or TC OC surgery was comparable to that of unaffected controls. Bilateral cases performed as successfully as unilateral.
Successful outcome of open distal interphalangeal joint luxation in equids treated by surgical debridement without internal implants. The distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) plays a crucial role in the function of the hoof and digit. Dislocations and subluxations in this region are rare and primarily of traumatic origin. Methods: This case report aims to describe two unusual cases of open DIPJ dislocation, including clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, treatment, and long-term follow-up. Both animals presented with open traumatic distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) luxation. In Case 1, the animal received initial care on the property 5 h post-trauma and presented with joint exposure and articular surface contact with th...
Hidden Tarsal Lesions: The Role of Flexed and Oblique Radiographs in Young Horses. Radiographically apparent tarsal lesions associated with developmental orthopedic disease and joint sepsis are common in young horses. Standard radiographic projections are routinely used to identify osseous changes but may fail to detect lesions due to superimposition and complex anatomy. This retrospective case series describes plantar trochlear ridge lesions in young horses that were not identified on standard four projection radiograph series but were detected using flexed lateromedial and flexed oblique projections. Cases were selected based on persistent clinical signs localizing to the ...
Proof of concept for low dose and delayed release of tigilanol tiglate in the treatment of equine sarcoids. Intra-tumoural administration of tigilanol tiglate has been shown effective in local treatment of cutaneous equine neoplasias. The drug causes rapid oncolysis and tumour slough, but may also be associated with comorbidities in sensitive and/or intricate anatomical sites due to its initial pro-inflammatory mode of action. Here we describe two approaches to optimise and further de-risk treatment of equine sarcoids with tigilanol tiglate, especially in difficult locations. Firstly, we provide preliminary clinical and observational data on the efficacy of low dose administration of tigilanol tigla...
An exploratory comparative analysis of kinematic characteristics in two elite Chinese show jumping riders. Three-dimensional rider kinematics across jumping phases and obstacle heights remain sparsely documented in elite Chinese show jumping. This exploratory case study examined angle-related kinematic characteristics in two elite Chinese riders under field-based jumping conditions. Unassigned: Three-dimensional video-based kinematic analysis was performed using the Simi Motion 3D system with direct linear transformation (DLT)-based camera calibration and three-dimensional reconstruction of selected anatomical landmarks. Two elite male riders rode the same experienced horse over the second vertical...
Veterinarian and breeder perspectives surrounding ovum pick-up and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in mares: A survey study. There is an ethical debate about the application of ovum pick-up (OPU) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in mares. Objective: To survey the opinions of equine veterinarians and breeders of sport horses on the ethics of using OPU-ICSI in mares. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Methods: Three surveys were distributed. The first targeted breeders ('Breeder Survey') who were actively involved in sport horse breeding. The second targeted veterinarians performing OPU ('OPU-Reprovets Survey'). The third targeted general equine practitioners ('Practitioner Survey'). There were six...
Airway Lipid Mediators in Horses: Baseline Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Profiles and Effects of EPA and DHA-rich Microalgae Oil Supplementation. We investigated how dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) affect airway inflammation, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) lipid mediators and red blood cell fatty acids in horses. Increased BALF neutrophils are a hallmark of airway inflammation, commonly associated with equine asthma. The long-chain n-3 PUFAs EPA and DHA are essential nutrients and precursors of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) that regulate inflammatory responses. In this prospective field trial, we assigned horses to three diets, including...
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