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Commercially available objective gait evaluation systems show good to excellent reliability in horses across hard-surface types and multiple operators. To evaluate the intrasystem reliability of an AI-based smartphone application Sleip (AI-SPA), the inertial measurement unit (IMU) system Equinosis Q Lameness Locator (LL), and the IMU system Equisym (ES) across 2 different hard surfaces and to assess the interoperator reliability for the 2 IMU systems. Unassigned: 8 mixed-breed research horses, aged 4 to 12 years, with varying degrees of gait asymmetries were utilized. To assess intrasystem reliability, horses were in-hand, straight-line trotted on either epoxy-coated concrete or rubber-coated concrete. Three trials were performed for LL and E...
Sedated dental procedures increase endogenous plasma ACTH concentration in horses in the fall. To measure the effect of sedation with detomidine and butorphanol and a routine dental procedure on endogenous plasma ACTH concentrations of healthy older horses and to determine how long this effect, if any, persists to improve testing recommendations for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). It was hypothesized that a sedated dental procedure would not significantly affect endogenous plasma ACTH concentrations as compared to baseline in healthy adult horses. Unassigned: This prospective crossover study included 12 healthy mares of various breeds, aged 8 to 20 years, from the universi...
Subcutaneous abscessation: An atypical presentation of Rhodococcus equi infection in a group of foals. Integumentary manifestations of Rhodococcus equi infection in foals are infrequently reported in the literature. Subcutaneous abscessation as the primary clinical presentation in temporally clustered cases of foal rhodococcosis in an equine farm has not, to the authors' knowledge, been previously described. Objective: To describe an outbreak of R. equi infection where foals presented with subcutaneous abscessation as the primary clinical sign. Methods: Clinical case series. Conclusions: Three Thoroughbred foals aged 6-11 weeks developed subcutaneous abscesses over a 3-week period in July 202...
Evaluation of linkage disequilibrium, haplotype block structure, and historical effective population size in the Iranian Turkmen horse. This study used the Illumina Equine SNP70 BeadChip to investigate whole-genome linkage disequilibrium (LD), haplotype block structure, and historical effective population size (Ne) of the Iranian Turkmen horse. Genotyping was performed on 70 samples, of which 62 passed quality control and were retained for analysis. We estimated the extent of LD using r and D' measures and characterized haplotype block structure and historical Ne. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses were performed to identify biological functions associated with genes within the detected haplotype blocks. Across...
In Vivo Metabolic Profiling of Suzetrigine in Thoroughbred Horses Following Oral Administration: Implications for Equine Anti-Doping Control. Suzetrigine (VX-548), a selective NaV1.8 sodium channel blocker recently approved for pain management, was investigated for its metabolic fate in Thoroughbred horses using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Equine urine and plasma samples were collected following administration and processed prior to analysis. Combining the present in vivo data with earlier reported in vitro liver incubations, a total of 12 metabolites (M1-M12) were identified and characterised, comprising nine Phase I and three Phase II biotransformation products. Five Phase I meta...
Investigating horse owners’ confidence, ability and knowledge-seeking behaviour in recognising equine lameness. Undiagnosed lameness is common in horses, but little is known about which aspects of lameness identification owners find difficult. Objective: To explore horse owners' confidence and ability to identify equine lameness, and their knowledge-seeking behaviour. Methods: In this cross-sectional online survey, 509 UK horse/pony owners identified lameness from videos of sound, forelimb, hindlimb and bilaterally lame horses, reported their knowledge of clinical signs and knowledge-seeking behaviour, and rated their confidence (1, not confident at all, to 5, very confident). Mixed-effects logistic reg...
Blood serotonin, ionized magnesium, cardiac troponin I, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide concentrations, and mitral valve billowing in horses with mitral valve regurgitation. Serotonin, ionized magnesium (iMg), cardiac biomarkers, and mitral valve prolapse are extensively investigated in humans and dogs with mitral valve regurgitation (MR), but not in horses. Objective: To investigate serotonin, iMg, cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentrations and degree of mitral valve billowing (MVB) in horses with MR. Methods: Eighty controls (no/trivial MR), 122 horses with MR (92 mild, 24 moderate, 6 severe). Methods: Prospective cross-sectional observational study. All horses underwent echocardiography with MVB distance a...
A dietary nutraceutical “Succeed Digestive Conditioning ProgramTM” is more effective than omeprazole for managing equine glandular gastric disease. Equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) responds poorly to proton pump inhibitor therapy, highlighting the need for alternative treatments. Succeed Digestive Conditioning Program (SUC) contains oat-derived ingredients, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, L-glutamine, and L-threonine that may support gastric health. Objective: To compare effects of SUC and omeprazole (OME) on squamous and glandular gastric ulcers in horses. Methods: Fifty-nine horses with squamous gastric lesions (score ≥2/4) completed a 90-day trial. Horses received either OME (4 mg/kg BW/day; n=30) or SUC (27 g/day; n=29). Forty-four...
Clinical Outcomes and Safety of Tendon-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Equine Tendon and Ligament Injuries. Equine tendinopathies and desmopathies are common musculoskeletal disorders characterized by a limited regenerative capacity and a high risk of recurrence. Tendon-derived mesenchymal stem cells (TDSCs) represent a promising regenerative therapy due to their immunomodulatory and pro-regenerative properties. Objective: This preliminary prospective clinical study aimed to evaluate the safety and potential efficacy of allogeneic post-mortem TDSCs, for the treatment of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and suspensory ligament (SL) injuries in horses. Methods: Nine horses were monitored longi...
Inter-week Variation in Movement Asymmetry at Trot in Cavalry Horses in Training. The widespread use of objective motion analysis in lameness investigations has raised questions about whether movement asymmetries are caused by pain and when they are indicative of orthopaedic disease. The prevalence of motion asymmetries in horse populations in training is high, but longitudinal studies on variation in movement asymmetry are scarce. Objective: To investigate inter-week variation in movement symmetry during straight-line trot in horses in training over three weeks. Methods: Forty-nine cavalry horses in training were included in a longitudinal study. Horses were equipped with ...
Treatment of a concealed accessory pathway by radiofrequency catheter ablation in a horse. Accessory pathways (APs) are myocardial bundles directly connecting the atria and the ventricles, bypassing the atrioventricular node-His-Purkinje system. Retrograde AP conduction in horses can result in orthodromic atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia or bradycardia. Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) can provide a permanent treatment by eliminating the retrograde conducting AP, but was previously unsuccessful in one case. Objective: To report the use of three-dimensional electro-anatomical mapping (3D EAM) to identify a concealed AP and treatment by RFCA in a horse. Methods: Retrospect...
Impact of Suspensory Ligament Desmitis on Athletic Performance of Trotting Horses: A Retrospective Study. Suspensory ligament (SL) desmitis is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries affecting trotting horses being frequently associated with reduced athletic performance and premature retirement. However, the prognostic value of clinical and ultrasonographic findings remains incompletely understood. Objective: To evaluate the impact of proximal and/or body SL desmitis on athletic performance of French Trotters and determine whether horse related characteristics, ultrasonographic lesion severity, lesion location, or treatment modality influence prognosis. Methods: Medical records of 36 Frenc...
Differential expression of miRNAs in experimental metacarpal and lumbar wounds in horses. Distal limb wounds in horses exhibit delayed healing and a predisposition to exuberant granulation tissue (EGT) formation, associated with hypoxia and persistent inflammation. The involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in this process in this species remains poorly elucidated. Objective: To determine the differential expression of miRNAs in experimental metacarpal and lumbar wounds in horses, based on the hypothesis that distinct anatomical regions present specific post-transcriptional regulation profiles. Methods: A controlled experimental study involving four healthy adult horses. Standardized cu...
Research into Vitamin E Supplementation to Combat Oxidative Stress in Equines: A Mini-Review. Oxidative stress is a concern in performance horses because intense and prolonged exercise increases production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in contracting skeletal muscle. Low ROS concentrations support normal muscle function and adaptation, but excess ROS can damage lipids, proteins, and DNA. Vitamin E, particularly alpha tocopherol, is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that interrupts lipid peroxidation by donating a hydrogen atom to lipid peroxyl radicals. This mini-review summarizes recent equine research on vitamin E supplementation and exercise-induced oxidative stress. Results are variab...
Association of facial expression, biochemistry, and microRNAs with lameness in endurance horses. Lameness is common in endurance horses. Conventional gait-based assessment may not fully capture its various aspects. Facial expression scales can provide complementary, non-locomotor indicators of lameness-related pain. Objective: To evaluate the performance of facial expression scales Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) and Equine Utrecht University Scale for Facial Assessment of Pain (EQUUS-FAP) for assessing pain-related lameness in endurance horses and their associations with the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) lameness grading system, biochemical, and molecular markers. Methods...
Uncovering cardiac molecular remodelling in racing Thoroughbreds with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in both humans and horses, with a comparable prevalence of ~2%. In horses, AF is a major cause of poor athletic performance and linked to sudden cardiac death, yet its underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Objective: To investigate transcriptomic remodelling associated with spontaneous paroxysmal AF (PAF). Methods: Case-control study. Methods: We performed RNA sequencing on left atrial (LA) tissue from three Thoroughbred racehorses with PAF and four matched controls. All horses were euthanised due to musculoskeletal rea...
Managing equine asthma: Owner adherence, practical constraints and environmental protocol evaluation. Adherence to recommendations for environmental management is central to equine asthma (EA) treatment. Reasons for non-adherence warrant further investigation. Objective: To: (1) evaluate adherence to recommendations for environmental changes, identify reasons for incomplete implementation, assess changes in clinical signs and medication use; (2) evaluate owner acceptability, practicality and perceived usefulness of a structured stable-side protocol. Methods: (1) Retrospective online survey and (2) prospective onsite testing with owners of EA-affected horses. Methods: (1) Online survey on imple...
Telocytes are associated with uterine remodeling during pregnancy in Kyrgyz mares. The relationship between telocytes and the changes occurring in the morphometric structure of the uterus during pregnancy has not yet been sufficiently clarified. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between pregnancy-related morphometric changes in the uteri of Kyrgyz mares and telocyte counts. A total of 53 mares, both pregnant and non-pregnant, aged 2-6 months, were examined; uterine tissues were analyzed using light microscopy and immunohistochemical methods. In general, a positive relationship was found between gland density and telocyte count, while in non-pregnant mares...
Infection and abduction loss predict equine laryngoplasty failure. Prosthetic laryngoplasty (PL) is the most common surgical treatment for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) in horses. Post-operative complications may compromise outcomes, and the influence of breed and anaesthetic approach remains unclear. Objective: To evaluate factors associated with surgical outcome at 3 months following PL, focusing on post-operative complications, anaesthetic modality and breed (particularly Iberian baroque breeds). Methods: Multicentre retrospective cohort study. Methods: Medical records from 181 horses across 7 equine hospitals using the same standardised surgical ...
Colonic adenocarcinoma with osseous metaplasia and systemic metastasis in a horse. A 12-year-old thoroughbred mare was presented with colic and diarrhea. Clinical examination revealed mild tachycardia with injected mucous membranes. Abdominal ultrasonography identified thickened colon walls, an irregular, mottled liver, and free fluid. The mare had elevated liver enzymes and electrolyte abnormalities that continued to worsen during hospitalization and included hypoalbuminemia. Despite intensive and varied medical treatments, the mare's condition deteriorated and she was humanely euthanized. Postmortem examination revealed a large adenocarcinoma with osseous metaplasia in the...
Exostosis of the sustentaculum tali causing tibiotarsal joint pathology in a Standardbred racehorse trotter. This report describes a novel case of exostosis on the medial aspect of the sustentaculum tali, (ST) associated with tibiotarsal joint (TTJ) pathology, without involvement of the tarsal sheath or lateral digital flexor tendon. A 5-year-old Standardbred gelding was presented with right TTJ effusion and exercise-induced hind-limb lameness. Diagnostic imaging identified a columnar periosteal proliferation on the medial ST, accompanied by synovial effusion and joint capsule thickening; however, the tarsal sheath and lateral digital flexor tendon remained unremarkable. Although TTJ arthroscopy conf...
Multimodal Analysis of Child-Horse Therapeutic Interactions Using Vision-Language Models in an Australian Aboriginal Equine-Assisted Learning Program for Social and Emotional Well-Being: Development and Evaluation Study. The human-horse bond has played a role in human development throughout history and has more recently been applied to mental health promotion through equine-assisted learning (EAL) programs. In EAL settings, therapeutic documentation and assessment commonly rely on practitioner observations documented through behavioral checklists, structured interviews, and progress notes, which can pose challenges due to time demands, subjectivity, and inconsistent standardization across practitioners and contexts. Objective: This study aimed to address these challenges in the context of mental health promoti...
The influence of a systemic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug on growth factors and cytokines in equine plasma, solid platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), and liquid PRF. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a second-generation platelet concentrate that contains growth factors and cytokines within a fibrin matrix, allowing prolonged release and supporting its use as a regenerative therapy for corneal wound healing. Horses with ulcerative keratitis are commonly treated with systemic NSAIDs; therefore, it is clinically important to determine whether prolonged flunixin meglumine alters the composition of PRF or plasma. Objective: To evaluate the effects of systemic NSAID administration on bio-analyte concentrations in equine plasma, solid PRF, and liquid PRF, and to comp...
Equine herpesvirus 1 myeloencephalopathy incidence and case fatality rates in the USA. Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) myeloencephalopathy (EHM) has substantial animal welfare and economic consequences. Despite extensive research, population-level estimates of EHM incidence and case fatality rates remain poorly characterized. Objective: Describe the burden of EHM and estimate EHM attack and case fatality rates in the United States. Methods: None. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted using surveillance data collected by the Equine Disease Communication Center (EDCC) in the United States during 2019-2023. Regression models were used to estimate the mean annual E...
Inter- and intra-rater reliability of two grading systems for equine gastric glandular disease. The recommended combined descriptive terminology scoring system for equine gastric glandular disease has poor reliability whereas a published numerical scoring system has substantial reliability. Descriptive terminology appears more affected by clinical experience than numerical scoring. Individual descriptive terminologies have previously correlated with descriptions of severity. Objective: To compare the reliability of two scoring systems across varied clinical experience and between numerical scores and descriptive terms. The hypothesis was that the numerical scoring system would have bette...
Pharmacokinetics of Detomidine and Vatinoxan in Horses. The pharmacokinetics of detomidine, vatinoxan, and their combination have not been previously characterized in detail in horses. Detomidine (20 μg/kg), vatinoxan (200 μg/kg), or their combination was administered intravenously to six horses according to a Latin square design. Blood was sampled at various times up to 480 min following administration. Plasma concentrations of detomidine, OH-detomidine, COOH-detomidine, and vatinoxan were measured using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Compartmental models were fitted to the time-concentration data using nonlinear mixed-eff...
Anatomical and computed tomographic study of equine cervical spinal nerves and intervertebral foramina. Osseous enlargement of the cervical articular process joints due to osteoarthropathy or developmental hypertrophy can narrow the intervertebral foramen (IF), resulting in compression and neuritis of the exiting spinal nerves. Associated clinical signs may include neck pain, forelimb lameness or muscle atrophy. Computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard for IF evaluation; however, to date, visualisation of the equine spinal nerves based on CT imaging is insufficient. Objective: To improve the diagnostic accuracy of foraminal stenosis and cervical spinal nerve (CSN) compression based on CT, t...
Effect of canagliflozin on insulin sensitivity in insulin-dysregulated horses as assessed by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Insulin resistance, enhanced β-cell responsiveness, and lower insulin clearance contribute to hyperinsulinemia in horses with insulin dysregulation. Canagliflozin (CAN) reduces hyperinsulinemia in horses, but its effect on insulin sensitivity (IS) remains unclear. Objective: Evaluate the effects of CAN on IS and insulin clearance using a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp (EHC) and on β-cell responsiveness using a graded glucose infusion test (GGI) in insulin-dysregulated (ID) horses. Methods: Twenty privately owned ID mares. Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study...
Feed protein partitioning impacts horse fecal nitrogen profiles: A retrospective pilot study. Feeding horses excess crude protein (CP) leads to increased nitrogen excretion in urine and feces. However, evidence is lacking in how CP partitioning in the diet impacts nitrogen profiles in equine feces for potential fertilizer use. Objective: Thus, our retrospective pilot study objective was to determine if daily CP and neutral detergent soluble CP (NDSCP) intakes affected equine fecal nitrogen profiles. Methods: Three Quarter Horse geldings were fed 15 g dry matter (DM)/kg body weight (BW)/d of coastal Bermudagrass hay for 14 d (GRASS) then 15 g DM/kg BW/d of a 50:50 mixture of coastal Ber...
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