Abstract: This report describes a novel case of exostosis on the medial aspect of the sustentaculum tali, (ST) associated with tibiotarsal joint (TTJ) pathology, without involvement of the tarsal sheath or lateral digital flexor tendon. A 5-year-old Standardbred gelding was presented with right TTJ effusion and exercise-induced hind-limb lameness. Diagnostic imaging identified a columnar periosteal proliferation on the medial ST, accompanied by synovial effusion and joint capsule thickening; however, the tarsal sheath and lateral digital flexor tendon remained unremarkable. Although TTJ arthroscopy confirmed synovitis, it did not allow visualization of the exostosis. The lesion was successfully excised an ultrasound-guided extra-articular surgical approach. Postoperative management included a structured rehabilitation program, resulting in a return to full-speed training by Day 76 with no recurrence of lameness. Follow-up evaluations demonstrated improved performance and complete resolution of TTJ effusion and associated swelling. This case highlighted the importance of multimodal imaging in identifying extra-synovial lesions of the ST and supported ultrasound-guided extra-articular removal as an effective surgical option for ST exostosis. Although the underlying cause of the lesion was uncertain, subclinical trauma was considered a likely contributing factor. Key clinical message: The ST is a horizontal bony projection on the plantaromedial aspect of the calcaneus. Due to its minimal soft-tissue coverage, it is particularly vulnerable to external trauma and subsequent osseous proliferation. Exostosis of the ST may result in impingement of the plantaromedial pouch of the tarsocrural (tibiotarsal) joint, contributing to joint irritation and secondary pathology. Accurate diagnosis and effective case management rely on the combined use of radiography and ultrasonography, which together enable detailed assessment of both osseous changes and associated soft-tissue structures. Exostose du sustentaculum tali à l’origine d’une pathologie de l’articulation tibio-tarsienne chez un trotteur StandardbredCe rapport décrit un cas inédit d’exostose sur la face médiale du sustentaculum tali (ST), associée à une pathologie de l’articulation tibio-tarsienne (ATT), sans atteinte de la gaine tarsienne ni du tendon fléchisseur digital latéral. Un hongre Standardbred de 5 ans présentait un épanchement de l’ATT droite et une boiterie du membre postérieur à l’effort. L’imagerie diagnostique a mis en évidence une prolifération périostée colonnaire sur la face médiale du ST, accompagnée d’un épanchement synovial et d’un épaississement de la capsule articulaire; la gaine tarsienne et le tendon fléchisseur digital latéral étaient cependant normaux. Bien que l’arthroscopie de l’ATT ait confirmé la synovite, elle n’a pas permis de visualiser l’exostose. La lésion a été excisée avec succès par voie extra-articulaire sous contrôle échographique. La prise en charge postopératoire a inclus un programme de rééducation structuré, permettant un retour à l’entraînement à pleine vitesse dès le 76 jour, sans récidive de boiterie. Les évaluations de suivi ont démontré une amélioration des performances et la disparition complète de l’épanchement de l’ATT ainsi que de l’œdème associé. Ce cas a souligné l’importance de l’imagerie multimodale pour identifier les lésions extra-synoviales du ST et a confirmé l’efficacité de l’exérèse extra-articulaire guidée par échographie comme option chirurgicale pour l’exostose du ST. Bien que la cause sous-jacente de la lésion soit restée incertaine, un traumatisme sous-clinique a été considéré comme un facteur contributif probable.Message clinique clé :Le ST est une saillie osseuse horizontale située sur la face plantaire et médiale du calcanéum. Du fait de sa faible couverture de tissus mous, il est particulièrement vulnérable aux traumatismes externes et à la prolifération osseuse qui en résulte. L’exostose du ST peut entraîner un conflit avec la bourse plantaire et médiale de l’articulation tibio-tarsienne, contribuant à l’irritation articulaire et à des pathologies secondaires. Un diagnostic précis et une prise en charge efficace des cas reposent sur l’utilisation combinée de la radiographie et de l’échographie, qui permettent ensemble une évaluation détaillée des modifications osseuses et des structures des tissus mous associées.(Traduit par D Serge Messier).
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Overview
This research article reports a novel case of exostosis (bone growth) on the sustentaculum tali (a bony projection on the calcaneus) in a Standardbred racehorse, causing pathology in the tibiotarsal joint (ankle joint) and exercise-induced lameness.
The study describes diagnostic challenges, imaging findings, surgical treatment via ultrasound-guided extra-articular excision, and successful recovery, highlighting multimodal imaging importance and surgical feasibility.
Background and Importance
The sustentaculum tali (ST): a horizontal bony projection located on the plantaromedial (bottom and inner) aspect of the calcaneus (heel bone) in horses.
ST has minimal soft tissue coverage, making it susceptible to external trauma that can lead to osseous (bone) proliferation or exostosis (bony outgrowth).
Exostosis in this region can impinge on the plantaromedial pouch of the tibiotarsal joint (TTJ), causing joint irritation and secondary joint pathology that affects horse movement and performance.
Case Description
Subject: A 5-year-old Standardbred gelding (male horse).
Clinical symptoms: Right TTJ effusion (fluid accumulation in the joint) and hind-limb lameness triggered by exercise.
Initial diagnostic imaging (radiography and ultrasonography) revealed:
Columnar periosteal proliferation (a structured bone growth) on the medial aspect of the sustentaculum tali.
Accompanying synovial effusion (fluid in the joint lining) and thickening of the joint capsule.
Notably, the tarsal sheath and lateral digital flexor tendon were normal without signs of pathology.
Arthroscopy of the TTJ confirmed synovitis (inflammation of joint lining) but did not reveal visualization of the exostosis due to its extra-articular (outside the joint space) location.
Diagnostic and Imaging Approach
Combination of imaging modalities was critical:
Radiography helped identify the bony proliferation.
Ultrasonography allowed evaluation of soft tissues, the joint capsule, and guidance during surgical intervention.
Conventional arthroscopy was insufficient to visualize and treat the lesion due to its location outside the synovial joint.
Treatment and Surgical Intervention
Exostosis was surgically excised using an ultrasound-guided extra-articular approach:
Ultrasound was employed intraoperatively to precisely locate the lesion and avoid damage to nearby soft tissue structures.
A minimally invasive technique outside the joint capsule reduced complications and allowed direct removal of the lesion.
Postoperative management:
Included a structured rehabilitation program tailored to the horse.
Led to a full return to high-speed training by day 76 post-surgery.
No recurrence of lameness was reported in follow-up assessments.
Outcomes and Follow-up
Follow-up imaging and clinical evaluations showed:
Complete resolution of TTJ effusion and swelling.
Improved athletic performance and absence of pain or lameness.
Clinical Significance and Implications
This case underscores the importance of multimodal imaging — combining radiography and ultrasonography — to detect extra-synovial lesions like ST exostosis that may not be visible through arthroscopy alone.
It introduces ultrasound-guided extra-articular surgical excision as an effective and less invasive treatment option for exostoses in this anatomically challenging location.
Highlights that even lesions without overt clinical trauma history might arise from subclinical or repetitive trauma due to the anatomical vulnerability of the ST.
Summary
The sustentaculum tali, due to limited soft tissue protection, can develop traumatic exostosis leading to tibiotarsal joint pathology in racehorses.
Diagnosis requires thorough evaluation using radiographs and ultrasound to assess bone and soft tissue conditions.
Surgical removal guided by ultrasonography outside of the joint capsule offers a promising approach to treating this uncommon lesion and restoring athletic function.
Cite This Article
APA
Muñoz AM, Martínez MF, Cerca L, Koenig J.
(2026).
Exostosis of the sustentaculum tali causing tibiotarsal joint pathology in a Standardbred racehorse trotter.
Can Vet J, 67(11), 1165-1169.
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