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Home / Equine Research Bank / J Mass Spectrom / A mass spectrometric analysis of 4-hydroxy-2-(E)-nonenal mod...
Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS2011; 46(3); 290-297; doi: 10.1002/jms.1890

A mass spectrometric analysis of 4-hydroxy-2-(E)-nonenal modification of cytochrome c.

Abstract: Cytochrome c is a key mitochondrial respiratory protein that is particularly susceptible to modification during oxidative stress. The nature of this susceptibility is linked to the mitochondrial membrane being rich in esterified linoleic acid, which predisposes this organelle to the formation of lipid peroxidation products such as 4-hydroxy-2-(E)-nonenal (4-HNE). To better understand the nature of cytochrome c modification by 4-HNE, we initiated an in vitro study utilizing a combination of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, LC-ESI-MS/MS and isotope labeling to monitor 4-HNE modification of cytochrome c under various conditions. The overwhelming reaction observed is Michael addition by Lys side-chains in addition to the modification of His 33. While the Lys-4-HNE adducts were generally observed to be reversible, the 4-HNE-His 33 was observed to be stable with half of the formed adduct surviving the denaturation and proteolysis protocols used to generate proteolytic peptides for LC-ESI-MS/MS.
Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2011-03-12 PubMed ID: 21394845PubMed Central: PMC3903654DOI: 10.1002/jms.1890Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates how the substance 4-hydroxy-2-(E)-nonenal (4-HNE), created during oxidative stress, modifies the key mitochondrial protein cytochrome c, and explores how this modification behaves under various conditions.

Understanding Cytochrome c and 4-HNE

  • The mitochondria, internal cellular components, are responsible for cellular respiration, which is the process through which cells acquire energy from glucose and other nutrients. A key protein involved in this process is cytochrome c.
  • Under certain detrimental conditions such as oxidative stress, the mitochondria produce a substance called 4-hydroxy-2-(E)-nonenal (4-HNE). This substance is a product of lipid peroxidation, a process that harms cell structure.
  • Researchers have previously observed that 4-HNE can change cytochrome c’s structure, hence impairing mitochondrial functioning. This study aims to understand better how these modifications occur.

Conducting the Investigation

  • Scientists investigated these mechanisms using a combination of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time Of Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, Liquid Chromatography ElectroSpray Ionisation Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS), and isotope labeling.
  • These methods were used to carefully observe changes in cytochrome c after its exposure to 4-HNE under various conditions.

Findings from the Study

  • The researchers discovered that the primary reaction involved the Lys amino acids in cytochrome c undergoing a Michael addition with 4-HNE. This addition is a specific chemical reaction where elements add to a specific spot on a larger molecule, modifying it.
  • Additionally, the researchers identified that 4-HNE modified His33, an amino acid residue in cytochrome c.
  • While the changes involving Lys were observed to be reversible, those involving His33 were stable and survived the denaturation and proteolysis protocols used in the study.
  • Denaturation refers to the process where the protein’s structure is disrupted, usually by heat or chemicals. Proteolysis refers to the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids.
  • The results suggest that oxidative stress might lead to significant, potentially lasting modifications in the structure of cytochrome c. These modifications can impact the protein’s function and, by extension, the cell’s energy production.

Cite This Article

APA
Tang X, Sayre LM, Tochtrop GP. (2011). A mass spectrometric analysis of 4-hydroxy-2-(E)-nonenal modification of cytochrome c. J Mass Spectrom, 46(3), 290-297. https://doi.org/10.1002/jms.1890

Publication

Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS
ISSN: 1096-9888
NlmUniqueID: 9504818
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 46
Issue: 3
Pages: 290-297

Researcher Affiliations

Tang, Xiaoxia
  • Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
Sayre, Lawrence M
    Tochtrop, Gregory P

      MeSH Terms

      • Aldehydes / chemistry
      • Amino Acid Sequence
      • Animals
      • Chromatography, Liquid / methods
      • Cytochromes c / chemistry
      • Cytochromes c / metabolism
      • Horses
      • Peptide Fragments / chemistry
      • Peptide Fragments / metabolism
      • Protein Stability
      • Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
      • Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization / methods
      • Tandem Mass Spectrometry
      • Trypsin / metabolism

      Grant Funding

      • R01 AG014249 / NIA NIH HHS
      • P01 AG015885 / NIA NIH HHS
      • AG15885 / NIA NIH HHS
      • HL53315 / NHLBI NIH HHS
      • R01 CA157735 / NCI NIH HHS
      • AG14249 / NIA NIH HHS
      • R01 HL053315 / NHLBI NIH HHS

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