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International journal of environmental research and public health2025; 22(10); 1557; doi: 10.3390/ijerph22101557

A Multi-Site Observational Evaluation of the Equine Assisted Growth and Learning Association Model of Equine-Assisted Psychotherapy for Veteran Trauma Survivors.

Abstract: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and preliminary outcomes of the Equine Assisted Growth and Learning Association (Eagala) model of equine-assisted psychotherapy for active-duty military and veteran trauma survivors. This was a retrospective multi-site observational study. Study participants completed four psychological instruments pre- and post-intervention. These were the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, the Patient Health Questionnaire, the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Sheehan Disability Scale. The Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 was also completed post-intervention. Paired-sample -tests were conducted to assess for changes in the primary outcome variables pre- and post-intervention. The RAPID qualitative approach was used to analyze the qualitative data and develop subthemes. Subjects were 107 participants at 12 sites. Participants ranged in age from 22 to 78 and were predominately male. Findings revealed that the Eagala model intervention can be implemented for this population across multiple sites. Further, treatment engagement may be better than found with conventional psychotherapy interventions for this population. Pre-to-post-intervention changes in scores on the psychological instruments revealed significant decreases in PTSD symptoms, depression, and disability as well as increases in satisfaction with life. Future randomized controlled trails of this intervention are warranted.
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Publication Date: 2025-10-13 PubMed ID: 41154961PubMed Central: PMC12564326DOI: 10.3390/ijerph22101557Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Observational Study
  • Multicenter Study

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Research Overview

  • This study evaluated the feasibility, safety, and initial effectiveness of the Equine Assisted Growth and Learning Association (Eagala) equine-assisted psychotherapy model for active-duty military members and veteran trauma survivors.
  • The investigation involved multiple sites and analyzed changes in psychological symptoms before and after the intervention.

Study Design and Participants

  • Type: Retrospective multi-site observational study.
  • Sample Size: 107 participants treated at 12 different locations.
  • Demographics: Participants’ ages ranged from 22 to 78 years; predominantly male.
  • Population: Active-duty military personnel and veteran trauma survivors.

Intervention: Eagala Model of Equine-Assisted Psychotherapy

  • The Eagala model incorporates horses into psychotherapeutic practices to support growth and healing through experiential interactions.
  • This intervention is tailored to trauma survivors and facilitated across multiple clinical sites.

Outcome Measures

  • Psychological assessments administered both before and after the intervention included:
    • PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) – evaluates symptoms of PTSD.
    • Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) – measures levels of depression.
    • Satisfaction with Life Scale – assesses overall life satisfaction.
    • Sheehan Disability Scale – rates levels of functional disability.
  • Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 was completed only post-intervention to gauge participant satisfaction.

Data Analysis

  • Paired-sample t-tests compared pre-intervention and post-intervention scores to identify statistically significant changes.
  • The RAPID qualitative analysis method was applied to qualitative data to identify underlying themes and codes related to participant experiences.

Key Findings

  • Feasibility and Safety:
    • The Eagala model was successfully implemented across multiple sites, demonstrating the intervention’s feasibility.
    • No safety concerns or adverse effects were reported, supporting the safety of this therapeutic approach for trauma survivors.
  • Treatment Engagement:
    • Participants showed potentially higher engagement levels compared to conventional psychotherapy methods commonly used with similar populations.
  • Psychological Outcomes:
    • Significant reductions in PTSD symptoms as measured by the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5.
    • Decreased levels of depression based on Patient Health Questionnaire scores.
    • Lower reported disability per Sheehan Disability Scale results.
    • Improved life satisfaction indicated by higher scores on the Satisfaction with Life Scale.

Conclusions and Future Directions

  • The study provides preliminary evidence supporting the Eagala model as a feasible, safe, and effective treatment for trauma-related symptoms in military and veteran populations.
  • Findings suggest the model may encourage better treatment engagement than conventional approaches.
  • The authors recommend conducting future randomized controlled trials to more rigorously evaluate efficacy and explore mechanisms of change within this intervention.

Cite This Article

APA
Kowalski H, Van Buiten H, Hopkins P, Baldwin C, Nazarenko E, Marchand WR. (2025). A Multi-Site Observational Evaluation of the Equine Assisted Growth and Learning Association Model of Equine-Assisted Psychotherapy for Veteran Trauma Survivors. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 22(10), 1557. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22101557

Publication

International journal of environmental research and public health
ISSN: 1660-4601
NlmUniqueID: 101238455
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 22
Issue: 10
PII: 1557

Researcher Affiliations

Kowalski, Halina
  • Independent Researcher, Bend, OR 97702, USA.
Van Buiten, Hannah
  • Independent Researcher, Kailua, HI 96734, USA.
Hopkins, Patricia
  • Psychology Department, Augsburg University, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
Baldwin, Connie
  • Equine Assisted Growth and Learning Association, Woodinville, WA 98072, USA.
Nazarenko, Elena
  • Whole Health Service, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA.
Marchand, William R
  • Whole Health Service, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA.
  • Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
  • Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Male
  • Humans
  • Adult
  • Female
  • Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / therapy
  • Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / psychology
  • Equine-Assisted Therapy / methods
  • Middle Aged
  • Veterans / psychology
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Aged
  • Young Adult
  • Psychotherapy / methods

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors H.V.B., C.B., and H.K. have been affiliated with, and/or employed by, the Eagala organization. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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