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Antigenic differences between equine influenza virus vaccine strains and Florida sublineage clade 1 strains isolated in Europe in 2019.
Abstract: From late 2018 to 2019, equine influenza virus (EIV) strains of Florida sublineage clade 1 (Fc1), which had until then been circulating mainly in the United States, suddenly spread across Europe causing many outbreaks, and Florida sublineage clade 2 (Fc2) strains, which had been circulating mainly in Europe, have not been detected in Europe since 2018. Since 2010, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) has recommended that EIV vaccines contain an Fc1 strain that is like A/equine/South Africa/4/2003 or A/equine/Ohio/2003. Accordingly, Japanese vaccines contain A/equine/Ibaraki/1/2007 as the Fc1 strain. To evaluate the effectiveness of these vaccines against the Fc1 strains detected in Europe in 2019, we performed virus neutralization tests using horse antisera. Challenge viruses used were Irish strain A/equine/Tipperary/1/2019 and two recombinant viruses generated by reverse genetics. Recombinant viruses possessing hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) derived from A/equine/Tipperary/1/2019 (rA/equine/Tipperary/1/2019) or British strain A/equine/Essex/1/2019 (rA/equine/Essex/1/2019) were generated. Equine antisera against A/equine/South Africa/2003 and A/equine/Ibaraki/2007 were produced by experimental infection. Antibody titers against A/equine/Tipperary/1/2019, rA/equine/Tipperary/1/2019, and rA/equine/Essex/1/2019 were 2.5- to 6.3-fold lower than those against the homologous vaccine strains A/equine/South Africa/4/2003 or A/equine/Ibaraki/2007. These results suggest that the ongoing evolution of the Fc1 viruses may impact on antigenicity and although antibodies against current vaccine strains neutralize the 2019 strains, ongoing surveillance is essential for optimum choice of candidate vaccine strains.
Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2021-04-14 PubMed ID: 33941332DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105674Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
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The research studied the antigenic differences between equine influenza virus (EIV) vaccine strains and new EIV strains that recently started circulating in Europe. The results suggested differences and therefore potential decreased effectiveness in immunity, underlining the importance of continuous surveillance for the best vaccine choice.
Background
- This research was carried out because of changes in the spread of equine influenza virus (EIV) strains. Until 2018, the Florida sublineage clade 1 (Fc1) strains were mostly found in the United States but later spread across Europe in 2019. Meanwhile, Florida sublineage clade 2 (Fc2) strains, commonly found in Europe, have not been detected since 2018.
- The World Organisation for Animal Health has, since 2010, advocated for the use of EIV vaccines that contain Fc1 strains similar to certain identified ones. Japanese vaccines, for example, contain a particular Fc1 strain.
Methodology
- The researchers used virus neutralization tests with horse antisera. They used some viruses identified in Europe as challenge viruses.
- Two recombinant viruses created by reverse genetics were also used in this study. These recombinant viruses have hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) from an Irish virus strain and a British virus strain.
- By experimentally infecting horses, equine antisera against two traditional vaccine strains were produced.
Findings
- Antibody titers or the density of antibodies against new EIV strains were found to be 2.5 to 6.3 times lower than those against the traditional vaccine strains.
- This suggests that changes in the Fc1 viruses may impact their antigenicity – their ability to evoke an immune response in the horse’s body.
- Though antibodies against the current vaccine strains can still neutralize these new 2019 strains, the response is not as strong as it is against the traditional vaccine strains.
Conclusions
- The research concluded that due to the ongoing evolution of the EIV strains, consistent surveillance is vital for ensuring the best vaccine strain selection. Still, despite the observed antigenic differences, antibodies against current vaccine strains can neutralize the new EIV strains, although potentially at a reduced effectiveness.
Cite This Article
APA
Nemoto M, Ohta M, Yamanaka T, Kambayashi Y, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamayoshi S, Kawaoka Y, Cullinane A.
(2021).
Antigenic differences between equine influenza virus vaccine strains and Florida sublineage clade 1 strains isolated in Europe in 2019.
Vet J, 272, 105674.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105674 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan. Electronic address: nemoto_manabu@equinst.go.jp.
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
- Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Naas, Co. Kildare, W91 RH93 Johnstown, Ireland.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral / immunology
- Disease Outbreaks / veterinary
- Florida
- Horse Diseases / virology
- Horses
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / immunology
- Influenza A virus / immunology
- Influenza Vaccines / immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / epidemiology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology
- Vaccination / veterinary
Citations
This article has been cited 9 times.- Nemoto M, Reedy SE, Yano T, Suzuki K, Fukuda S, Garvey M, Kambayashi Y, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Cullinane A, Chambers TM. Antigenic comparison of H3N8 equine influenza viruses belonging to Florida sublineage clade 1 between vaccine strains and North American strains isolated in 2021-2022. Arch Virol 2023 Feb 19;168(3):94.
- Ahmed BM, Bayoumi MM, Farrag MA, Elgamal MA, Daly JM, Amer HM. Emergence of equine influenza virus H3Nx Florida clade 2 in Arabian racehorses in Egypt. Virol J 2022 Nov 12;19(1):185.
- Rozario C, Martínez-Sobrido L, McSorley HJ, Chauché C. Could Interleukin-33 (IL-33) Govern the Outcome of an Equine Influenza Virus Infection? Learning from Other Species. Viruses 2021 Dec 15;13(12).
- Oladunni FS, Oseni SO, Martinez-Sobrido L, Chambers TM. Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines. Viruses 2021 Aug 20;13(8).
- Bażanów B, Pawęska JT, Pogorzelska A, Florek M, Frącka A, Gębarowski T, Chwirot W, Stygar D. Serological Evidence of Common Equine Viral Infections in a Semi-Isolated, Unvaccinated Population of Hucul Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jul 30;11(8).
- Mojsiejczuk L, Whitlock F, Chen H, Magill C, Aranday-Cortes E, Bone J, Tong L, Da Silva Filipe A, Bryant N, Newton JR, Chambers TM, Reedy SE, Nemoto M, Yamanaka T, Hughes J, Murcia PR. Multiple introductions of equine influenza virus into the United Kingdom resulted in widespread outbreaks and lineage replacement. PLoS Pathog 2025 Jun;21(6):e1013227.
- Kleij L, Bruder E, Raoux-Barbot D, Lejal N, Nevers Q, Deloizy C, Da Costa B, Legrand L, Barrey E, Chenal A, Pronost S, Delmas B, Dhorne-Pollet S. Genomic characterization of equine influenza A subtype H3N8 viruses by long read sequencing and functional analyses of the PB1-F2 virulence factor of A/equine/Paris/1/2018. Vet Res 2024 Mar 22;55(1):36.
- Ricci I, Tofani S, Lelli D, Vincifori G, Rosone F, Carvelli A, Diaconu EL, La Rocca D, Manna G, Sabatini S, Costantini D, Conti R, Pacchiarotti G, Scicluna MT. First Reported Circulation of Equine Influenza H3N8 Florida Clade 1 Virus in Horses in Italy. Animals (Basel) 2024 Feb 12;14(4).
- Wasik BR, Rothschild E, Voorhees IEH, Reedy SE, Murcia PR, Pusterla N, Chambers TM, Goodman LB, Holmes EC, Kile JC, Parrish CR. Understanding the divergent evolution and epidemiology of H3N8 influenza viruses in dogs and horses. Virus Evol 2023;9(2):vead052.
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