FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Viruses2023; 15(10); 2135; doi: 10.3390/v15102135

Assessment of Equine Influenza Virus Status in the Republic of Korea from 2020 to 2022.

Abstract: Equine influenza virus (EIV) causes acute respiratory disease in horses and belongs to the influenza A virus family , genus . This virus may have severe financial implications for the horse industry owing to its highly contagious nature and rapid transmission. In the Republic of Korea, vaccination against EIV has been practiced with the active involvement of the Korea Racing Authority since 1974. In this study, we monitored the viral RNA for EIV using PCR, as well as the antibody levels against 'A/equine/South Africa/4/03 (H3N8, clade 1)', from 2020 to 2022. EIV was not detected using RT-PCR. The seropositivity rates detected using a hemagglutination inhibition assay were 90.3% in 2020, 96.7% in 2021, and 91.8% in 2022. The geometric mean of antibody titer (GMT) was 83.4 in 2020, 135.7 in 2021, and 95.6 in 2022. Yearlings and two-year-olds in training exhibited lower positive rates (59.1% in 2020, 38.9% in 2021, and 44.1% in 2022) than the average. These younger horses may require more attention for vaccination and vaccine responses against EIV. Continuous surveillance of EIV should be performed to monitor the prevalence and spread of this disease.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2023-10-23 PubMed ID: 37896912PubMed Central: PMC10612032DOI: 10.3390/v15102135Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study assesses the presence and spread of Equine Influenza Virus (EIV) in The Republic of Korea between 2020 and 2022. The research indicates that while there was no detection of EIV using RT-PCR, a high rate of seropositivity was observed through other assays, suggesting the necessity for continued monitoring and vaccination.

Introduction to Equine Influenza Virus (EIV)

  • The study focuses on the Equine Influenza Virus (EIV), a highly contagious virus belonging to the Influenza A virus family. This virus causes acute respiratory disease in horses and swift-transmission, resulting in severe financial implications for the horse industry.
  • In the Republic of Korea, the Korea Racing Authority actively practices vaccination against EIV since 1974.

Research Methodology

  • The researchers conducted this study over a span of three years, from 2020 to 2022, to monitor the viral RNA for EIV using PCR. They tested the antibody levels against the virus strain ‘A/equine/South Africa/4/03 (H3N8, clade 1)’.
  • The seropositivity rates were detected using a hemagglutination inhibition assay, which is a standard serological test to detect antibodies in the plasma or serum.

Research Findings

  • No presence of EIV was detected using RT-PCR, a commonly used laboratory technique to detect viruses and other pathogens.
  • However, the seropositivity rates that were discovered using the hemagglutination inhibition assay were found to be high (90.3% in 2020, 96.7% in 2021, and 91.8% in 2022). This indicates that a significant number of horses had been exposed to EIV and produced antibodies against it.
  • The geometric mean of antibody titer (GMT), a measure of the average level of antibodies present in the serum, was found to be varying across the years (83.4 in 2020, 135.7 in 2021, and 95.6 in 2022).
  • Younger horses, specifically yearlings and two-year-olds in training, exhibited lower positive rates (59.1% in 2020, 38.9% in 2021, and 44.1% in 2022) compared to the average. This suggests a need for additional focus on vaccination and vaccine responses against EIV for these younger horses.

Conclusion and Recommendation

  • Based on the findings, the study suggests that continuous surveillance of EIV is a necessity to monitor the prevalence and spread of the disease.
  • As younger horses are found to be at greater risk, the gradient of their exposure should be carefully considered when devising and implementing vaccination programs.

Cite This Article

APA
Lim SI, Kim MJ, Kim MJ, Lee SK, Yang HS, Kwon M, Lim EH, Ouh IO, Kim EJ, Hyun BH, Lee YH. (2023). Assessment of Equine Influenza Virus Status in the Republic of Korea from 2020 to 2022. Viruses, 15(10), 2135. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102135

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 10
PII: 2135

Researcher Affiliations

Lim, Seong-In
  • Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
Kim, Min Ji
  • Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
Kim, Min-Ji
  • Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
Lee, Sang-Kyu
  • Veterinary Center, Korea Racing Authority, Gwacheon 13822, Republic of Korea.
Yang, Hyoung-Seok
  • Animal Health Diagnosis Division, Jeju Self-Governing Provincial Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju 63344, Republic of Korea.
Kwon, MiJung
  • Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
Lim, Eui Hyeon
  • Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
Ouh, In-Ohk
  • Division of Vaccine Development Coordination, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea.
Kim, Eun-Jung
  • Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
Hyun, Bang-Hun
  • Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
Lee, Yoon-Hee
  • Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / epidemiology
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype
  • Influenza Vaccines
  • Republic of Korea / epidemiology
  • Vaccination / veterinary
  • Antibodies, Viral
  • Horse Diseases

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 37 references
  1. Hemida M.G., Perera R.A.P., Chu D.K.W., Alnaeem A.A., Peiris M.. Evidence of equine influenza A (H3N8) activity in horses from Eastern and Central Saudi Arabia: 2013–2015.. Equine Vet. J. 2019;51:218–221.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13001pubmed: 30074632google scholar: lookup
  2. Whitlock F., Murcia P.R., Newton J.R.. A review on equine influenza from a human influenza perspective.. Viruses 2022;14:1312.
    doi: 10.3390/v14061312pmc: PMC9229935pubmed: 35746783google scholar: lookup
  3. Pusterla N., Kass P.H., Mapes S., Wademan C., Akana N., Barnett C., MacKenzie C., Vaala W.. Voluntary surveillance program for equine influenza virus in the United States from 2010 to 2013.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2015;29:417–422.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.12519pmc: PMC4858095pubmed: 25586234google scholar: lookup
  4. Chambers T.M.. Equine influenza.. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2022;4:a038331.
    doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038331pmc: PMC8725621pubmed: 32152243google scholar: lookup
  5. Sovinova O., Tumova B., Pouska F., Nemec J.. Isolation of a virus causing respiratory disease in horses.. Acta Virol. 1958;2:52–61.
    pubmed: 13533033
  6. Paillot R., Hannant D., Kydd J.H., Daly J.M.. Vaccination against equine influenza: Quid novi?. Vaccine 2006;24:4047–4061.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.02.030pubmed: 16545507google scholar: lookup
  7. Oladunni F.S., Oseni S.O., Martinez-Sobrido L., Chambers T.M.. Equine influenza virus and vaccines.. Viruses 2021;13:1657.
    doi: 10.3390/v13081657pmc: PMC8402878pubmed: 34452521google scholar: lookup
  8. Waddell G.H., Teigland M.B., Sigel M.M.. A new influenza virus associated with equine respiratory disease.. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1963;143:587–590.
    pubmed: 14077956
  9. Kim E.J., Kim B.H., Yang S., Choi E.J., Shin Y.J., Song J.Y., Shin Y.K.. Antibody responses after vaccination against influenza in the Republic of Korea in 2013.. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2015;77:1517–1521.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.15-0192pmc: PMC4667675pubmed: 26062436google scholar: lookup
  10. Mino S., Mojsiejczuk L., Guo W., Zhang H., Qi T., Du C., Zhang X., Wang J., Campos R., Wang X.. Equine influenza virus in Asia: Phlogeographic pattern and molecular features reveal circulation of an autochthonous lineage.. J. Virol. 2019;93:e00116-19.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00116-19pmc: PMC6580976pubmed: 31019053google scholar: lookup
  11. Na W., Yeom M., Yuk H., Moon H., Kang B.K., Song D.. Influenza virus vaccine for neglected hosts: Horses and dogs.. Clin. Exp. Vaccine Res. 2016;5:117–124.
    doi: 10.7774/cevr.2016.5.2.117pmc: PMC4969275pubmed: 27489801google scholar: lookup
  12. WOAH WOAH Expert Surveillance Panel on Equine Influenza Vaccine Composition. 2022. [(accessed on 10 October 2020)]. Available online: http://www.woah.int/ourscientific-expertise/specific-information-and44recommendations/equine-influenza/
  13. Cullinane A., Elton D., Mumford J.. Equine influenza surveillance and control.. Influenza Other Respir. Viruses 2010;4:339–344.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00176.xpmc: PMC4634605pubmed: 20958927google scholar: lookup
  14. Choi E.J., Lee C.H., Song J.Y., Shin Y.K., Moon J.S., Choi Y.G., Kim H.P.. Serological survey on equine influenza viruses in Korea.. Korean J. Vet. Med. 2010;34:45–51.
  15. Cho M.S., Lee J.Y., Lee S.K., Song J.Y., Lee J., Hyun B.H., Cho S.D., Ouh I.O.. Antibody responses after vaccination against equine influenza in Korea in 2016–2018.. Korean J. Vet. Res. 2019;59:151–155.
    doi: 10.14405/kjvr.2019.59.3.151google scholar: lookup
  16. Ouh I.O., Kim M.J., Choi H., Yang H.S., Lee S.K., Moon S.Y., Yun S., Hyun B.H., Cho S.D., Lee Y.H.. Antibody responses after vaccination against equine influenza virus in the Republic of Korea in 2019.. J. Prev. Vet. Med. 2020;44:132–135.
    doi: 10.13041/jpvm.2020.44.3.132google scholar: lookup
  17. Na W., Kang B., Kim H.I., Hong M., Park S.J., Jeoung H.Y., An D.J., Moon H., Kim J.K., Song D.. Isolation and genetic characterization of naturally NS-truncated H3N8 equine influenza virus in South Korea.. Epidemiol. Infect. 2014;142:759–766.
    doi: 10.1017/S095026881300143Xpmc: PMC9151127pubmed: 23800580google scholar: lookup
  18. Statistics Korea Korean Statistical Information Service. [(accessed on 26 July 2023)]; Available online: http://kosis.kr.
  19. Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Livestock Product Safety Management System. [(accessed on 26 July 2023)]; Available online: http://www.lpsms.go.kr.
  20. Lee E., Kim E.J., Kim B.H., Song J.Y., Cho I.S., Shin Y.K.. Multiplex RT-PCR detection of H3N2 influenza A virus in dogs.. Mol. Cell. Probes. 2016;30:56–60.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mcp.2015.12.002pubmed: 26738688google scholar: lookup
  21. Shigh R.K., Dhama K., Karthik K., Khandia R., Munjal A., Khurana S.K., Chakraborty S., Malik Y.S., Virmani N., Singh R.. A comprehensive review of equine influenza virus: Etiology, epidemiology, pathobiology, and advances in diagnostics, vaccines, and control strategies.. Front. Microbiol. 2018;9:1941.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01941pmc: PMC6135912pubmed: 30237788google scholar: lookup
  22. Cowled B., Ward M.P., Hamilton S., Garner G.. The equine influenza epidemic in Australia: Spatial and temporal descriptive analyses of a large propagating epidemic.. Prev. Vet. Med. 2009;92:60–70.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.08.006pubmed: 19748691google scholar: lookup
  23. Daly J.M., Lai A.C.K., Binns M.M., Chambers T.M., Barrandeguy M.. Antigenic and genetic evolution of equine H3N8 influenza A viruses.. J. Gen. Virol. 1996;77:661–671.
    doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-77-4-661pubmed: 8627254google scholar: lookup
  24. Timoney P.J.. Factors influencing the international spread of equine diseases.. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 2000;16:537–551.
    doi: 10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30094-9pubmed: 11219348google scholar: lookup
  25. Shittu I., Meseko C.A., Sulaiman L.P., Inuwa B., Mustapha M., Zakariya P.S., Muhammad A.A., Muhammad U., Atuman Y.J., Barde I.J.. Fatal multiple outbreaks of equine influenza H3N8 in Nigeria, 2019: The first introduction of Florida clade 1 to West Africa.. Vet. Microbiol. 2020;248:108820.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108820pubmed: 32891950google scholar: lookup
  26. Yang H., Xiao Y., Meng F., Sun F., Chen M., Cheng Z., Chen Y., Liu S., Chen H.. Emergence of H3N8 equine influenza virus in donkeys in China in 2017.. Vet. Microbiol. 2018;214:1–6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.11.033pubmed: 29408020google scholar: lookup
  27. Barbic L., Madic J., Turk N., Daly J.. Vaccine failure caused an outbreak of equine influenza in Croatia.. Vet. Micobiol. 2009;133:164–171.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.06.009pubmed: 18632226google scholar: lookup
  28. Martella V., Elia G., Decaro N., Trani L.D., Lorusso E., Campolo M., Desario C., Parisi A., Cavaliere N., Buonavoglia C.. An outbreak of equine influenza virus in vaccinated horses in Italy is due to an H3N8 strain related to recent North American representatives of the Florida sub-lineage.. Vet. Microbiol. 2007;121:56–563.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.11.017pubmed: 17197135google scholar: lookup
  29. Yamanaka T., Niwa H., Tsujimura K., Kondo T., Matsumura T.. Epidemic of equine influenza among vaccinated racehorses in Japan in 2007.. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2008;70:623–625.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.70.623pubmed: 18628606google scholar: lookup
  30. Gildea S., Garvey M., Lyons P., Lyons R., Gahan J., Walsh C., Cullinane A.. Multifocal equine influenza outbreak with vaccination breakdown in thoroughbred racehorses.. Pathogens 2018;7:43.
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens7020043pmc: PMC6027538pubmed: 29673169google scholar: lookup
  31. Favaro P.F., Fernandes W.R., Reischak D., Brandao P.E., Silva S.O.S., Richtzenhain L.J.. Evolution of equine influenza viruses (H3N8) during a Brazilian outbreak, 2015.. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2018;49:336–346.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.07.003pmc: PMC5913825pubmed: 29100932google scholar: lookup
  32. Park A.W., Wood J.L.N., Daly J.M., Newton J.R., Glass K., Henley W., Mumford J.A., Grenfell B.T.. The effects of strain heterology on the epidemiology of equine influenza in a vaccinated population.. Proc. Biol. Sci. 2004;271:1547–1555.
    doi: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2766pmc: PMC1691760pubmed: 15306299google scholar: lookup
  33. Alaql F.A., Alhafufi A.N., Kasem S., Alhammad Y.M.O., Albaqshi H., Alyousaf A., Alsubaie F.M., Alghamdi A.N., Abdel-Moneim A.S., Alharbi S.A.. Full-length genome of the equine influenza A virus Subtype H3N8 from 2019 outbreak in Saudi Arabia.. Animals 2022;12:2720.
    doi: 10.3390/ani12192720pmc: PMC9558945pubmed: 36230462google scholar: lookup
  34. Horsepia. [(accessed on 26 July 2023)]. Available online: http://horsepia.com.
  35. Nemoto M., Reedy S.E., Yano T., Suzuki K., Fukuda S., Garvey M., Kambayashi Y., Bannai H., Tsujimura K., Yamanaka T.. Antigenic comparison of H3N8 equine influenza viruses belonging to Florida sublineage clade 1 between vaccine strains and North American strains isolated in 2021–2022.. Arch. Virol. 2023;168:94.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-023-05720-xpubmed: 36806782google scholar: lookup
  36. . Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. Chapter 2.5.7 Equine influenza.. OIE 2014.
  37. Abdelwhab E.M., Mettenleither T.C.. Zoonotic Animal Influenza Virus and Potential Mixing Vessel Hosts.. Viruses 2023;15:980.
    doi: 10.3390/v15040980pmc: PMC10145017pubmed: 37112960google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Gonzalez-Obando J, Zuluaga-Cabrera A, Moreno I, Úsuga J, Ciuderis K, Forero JE, Diaz A, Rojas-Arbeláez C, Hernández-Ortiz JP, Ruiz-Saenz J. First Molecular Detection and Epidemiological Analysis of Equine Influenza Virus in Two Regions of Colombia, 2020-2023. Viruses 2024 May 24;16(6).
    doi: 10.3390/v16060839pubmed: 38932133google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,780 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.