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CoDAS2025; 37(3); e20240083; doi: 10.1590/2317-1782/e20240083pt

Benefits of horseback riding for neurotypical children and adolescents: a scoping review.

Abstract: To investigate evidence of horse riding in the development of language, cognition, social, emotional, and behavioral aspects in neurotypical children and adolescents. Methods: Search in the databases of LILACS, MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, and grey literature, without date or language restrictions. Registration in the Open Science Framework (OSF), under number DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/32ETZ. For search strategies: "Equine-Assisted Therapy", "Child or Adolescent Development", Cognition, Socialization, and "Child Behavior". Methods: Randomized clinical trials and non-randomized experimental before-and-after studies, case series, and prospective observational studies of neurotypically developing people up to 18 years old. Studies with people with disabilities and neurodevelopmental disorders were excluded. Interventions researched: horse riding and animal-assisted therapy. Methods: Two judges identified primary studies independently by reading the titles and abstracts, considering the inclusion criteria; a third judge was consulted to resolve divergences. The risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I and ROBINS 2 tools. Results: Altogether, 131 studies were obtained, and duplicates (27) were removed. Subsequently, 104 studies were analyzed and 77 were excluded. Of the 27 studies evaluated in full text, 21 were excluded. Six studies were eligible for this review - four non-randomized clinical studies and two randomized clinical trials. Conclusions: The non-randomized studies showed significant improvements in cognitive functions and behavioral and emotional aspects. The randomized studies, on the other hand, found significant gains in social competence. Objective: investigar evidências da equitação no desenvolvimento de linguagem, cognição, aspectos sociais, emocionais e comportamentais em crianças e adolescentes neurotípicos. Unassigned: Consulta nas bases de dados da Lilacs, MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus e literatura cinzenta, sem restrições de data ou idioma. Registro na plataforma Open Science Framework (OSF), sob número: DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/32ETZ. Para estratégias de busca: “Equine-Assisted Therapy”, “Child or Adolescent Development", Cognition, Socialization e "Child Behavior”. Unassigned: Ensaios clínicos randomizados e estudos experimentais não randomizados de antes e depois, série de casos e observacionais prospectivos de pessoas com desenvolvimento neurotípico com até 18 anos de idade. Excluídos os estudos com pessoas com deficiência e transtornos do neurodesenvolvimento. Unassigned: Equitação e terapia assistida por animais. Análise dos dados: A identificação de estudos primários foi realizada por dois juízes de forma independente, por meio de leitura dos títulos e resumos baseada nos critérios de inclusão e um terceiro juiz era consultado para caso de desempate. O risco de viés foi avaliado pelas ferramentas ROBINS-I e a ROBINS-2. Results: Foram obtidos 131 estudos, sendo removidos os duplicados (27). Em seguida, 104 estudos foram analisados e 77 excluídos. Dos 27 estudos avaliados integralmente, 21 foram excluídos. Seis estudos foram elegíveis para esta revisão, sendo quatro estudos clínicos não randomizados e dois ensaios clínicos randomizados. Unassigned: Os estudos não randomizados apontaram melhoras significativas quanto às funções cognitivas, aspectos comportamentais e emocionais. Já os estudos randomizados, encontraram ganhos significativos quanto à competência social. investigar evidências da equitação no desenvolvimento de linguagem, cognição, aspectos sociais, emocionais e comportamentais em crianças e adolescentes neurotípicos. Consulta nas bases de dados da Lilacs, MEDLINE, , EMBASE, e literatura cinzenta, sem restrições de data ou idioma. Registro na plataforma Open Science Framework (OSF), sob número: DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/32ETZ. Para estratégias de busca: “”, “", e "”. Ensaios clínicos randomizados e estudos experimentais não randomizados de antes e depois, série de casos e observacionais prospectivos de pessoas com desenvolvimento neurotípico com até 18 anos de idade. Excluídos os estudos com pessoas com deficiência e transtornos do neurodesenvolvimento. Equitação e terapia assistida por animais. Análise dos dados: A identificação de estudos primários foi realizada por dois juízes de forma independente, por meio de leitura dos títulos e resumos baseada nos critérios de inclusão e um terceiro juiz era consultado para caso de desempate. O risco de viés foi avaliado pelas ferramentas ROBINS-I e a ROBINS-2. Foram obtidos 131 estudos, sendo removidos os duplicados (27). Em seguida, 104 estudos foram analisados e 77 excluídos. Dos 27 estudos avaliados integralmente, 21 foram excluídos. Seis estudos foram elegíveis para esta revisão, sendo quatro estudos clínicos não randomizados e dois ensaios clínicos randomizados. Os estudos não randomizados apontaram melhoras significativas quanto às funções cognitivas, aspectos comportamentais e emocionais. Já os estudos randomizados, encontraram ganhos significativos quanto à competência social.
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Publication Date: 2025-03-31 PubMed ID: 40172376PubMed Central: PMC11963882DOI: 10.1590/2317-1782/e20240083ptGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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  • Scoping Review
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study reviews existing research on the benefits of horseback riding for neurotypical children and adolescents, specifically its impact on language, cognition, social skills, emotional wellbeing, and behavior.

Research Objective

  • To investigate evidence on how horseback riding affects development in key areas for neurotypical children and adolescents, including language, cognition, social interaction, emotional health, and behavior.

Methodology

  • Data Sources: Comprehensive search across multiple databases such as LILACS, MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, and grey literature, with no restrictions on date or language.
  • Registration: The research protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF) under DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/32ETZ.
  • Search Terms: Included “Equine-Assisted Therapy,” “Child or Adolescent Development,” Cognition, Socialization, and “Child Behavior.”
  • Study Inclusion Criteria:
    • Randomized clinical trials (RCTs), non-randomized before-and-after studies, case series, and prospective observational studies focusing on neurotypical individuals up to age 18.
    • Excluded studies involving participants with disabilities or neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • Intervention Types: Horseback riding and animal-assisted therapy involving horses.
  • Study Selection Process:
    • Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts based on inclusion criteria.
    • Disagreements were resolved by consulting a third reviewer.
  • Risk of Bias: Assessed using the ROBINS-I (Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies – of Interventions) and ROBINS-2 tools for randomized trials.

Study Selection and Results

  • A total of 131 studies were initially identified.
  • After removing 27 duplicates, 104 studies were screened.
  • 77 studies were excluded based on title and abstract review.
  • 27 full-text articles were reviewed in detail, with 21 excluded for not meeting criteria.
  • Six studies met eligibility:
    • Four were non-randomized clinical studies.
    • Two were randomized clinical trials.

Findings

  • From Non-Randomized Studies:
    • Significant improvements observed in cognitive functions among neurotypical children and adolescents.
    • Notable positive changes in behavioral and emotional aspects were reported.
  • From Randomized Clinical Trials:
    • Demonstrated significant gains in social competence, indicating enhanced social interaction skills.

Conclusions

  • Horseback riding and equine-assisted interventions may offer beneficial effects on the cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and social development of neurotypical children and adolescents.
  • Non-randomized evidence emphasizes cognitive and emotional-behavioral improvements, while randomized evidence particularly supports social competence gains.
  • The limited number of rigorous trials highlights the need for further high-quality research to confirm these findings.

Implications for Future Research and Practice

  • Additional randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes are needed to strengthen evidence on horseback riding benefits for neurotypical youth.
  • Practitioners and educators might consider integrating horseback riding programs as a supportive activity to promote various developmental domains.
  • Future studies should also explore long-term effects and optimal intervention designs for maximum developmental impact.

Cite This Article

APA
Silva FGD, Paula DD, Alves LM, Santos JN. (2025). Benefits of horseback riding for neurotypical children and adolescents: a scoping review. Codas, 37(3), e20240083. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/e20240083pt

Publication

CoDAS
ISSN: 2317-1782
NlmUniqueID: 101623246
Country: Brazil
Language: por
Volume: 37
Issue: 3
Pages: e20240083
PII: e20240083

Researcher Affiliations

Silva, Flaviana Gomes da
  • Departamento da Pós-graduação em Ciências Fonoaudiológicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil.
Paula, Danielle Diniz de
  • Departamento da Pós-graduação em Ciências Fonoaudiológicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil.
Alves, Luciana Mendonça
  • Departamento da Pós-graduação em Ciências Fonoaudiológicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil.
Santos, Juliana Nunes
  • Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia - ICTIN, Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA - Lavras (MG), Brasil.

MeSH Terms

  • Humans
  • Child
  • Adolescent
  • Equine-Assisted Therapy / methods
  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Cognition

Conflict of Interest Statement

nothing to declare.

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Curcio F, Ivziku D, Pirisinu S, Bertocchi L, Gioiello G, Camoglio FS, Rangel Restrepo A, Notarnicola I, Aviles Gonzalez CI. Parents' Perceptions of Pediatric Surgical Patients Regarding Animal-Assisted Therapy: A Qualitative Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2025 Sep 3;13(17).
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