FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / J Vet Intern Med / Breath characteristics and adventitious lung sounds in healt...
Journal of veterinary internal medicine2024; doi: 10.1111/jvim.16980

Breath characteristics and adventitious lung sounds in healthy and asthmatic horses.

Abstract: Standard thoracic auscultation suffers from limitations, and no systematic analysis of breath sounds in asthmatic horses exists. Objective: First, characterize breath sounds in horses recorded using a novel digital auscultation device (DAD). Second, use DAD to compare breath variables and occurrence of adventitious sounds in healthy and asthmatic horses. Methods: Twelve healthy control horses (ctl), 12 horses with mild to moderate asthma (mEA), 10 horses with severe asthma (sEA) (5 in remission [sEA-], and 5 in exacerbation [sEA+]). Methods: Prospective multicenter case-control study. Horses were categorized based on the horse owner-assessed respiratory signs index. Each horse was digitally auscultated in 11 locations simultaneously for 1 hour. One-hundred breaths per recording were randomly selected, blindly categorized, and statistically analyzed. Results: Digital auscultation allowed breath sound characterization and scoring in horses. Wheezes, crackles, rattles, and breath intensity were significantly more frequent, higher (P < .001, P < .01, P = .01, P < .01, respectively) in sEA+ (68.6%, 66.1%, 17.7%, 97.9%, respectively), but not in sEA- (0%, 0.7%, 1.3%, 5.6%) or mEA (0%, 1.0%, 2.4%, 1.7%) horses, compared to ctl (0%, 0.6%, 1.8%, -9.4%, respectively). Regression analysis suggested breath duration and intensity as explanatory variables for groups, wheezes for tracheal mucus score, and breath intensity and wheezes for the 23-point weighted clinical score (WCS23). Conclusions: The DAD permitted characterization and quantification of breath variables, which demonstrated increased adventitious sounds in sEA+. Analysis of a larger sample is needed to determine differences among ctl, mEA, and sEA- horses.
© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2024-01-08 PubMed ID: 38192117DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16980Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research studies the characteristics of breath sounds and the occurrence of abnormal or auxiliary sounds in both healthy and asthmatic horses. A digital auscultation device was used for the purpose, and the study found significantly more abnormal breath sounds in horses with severe asthma than in healthy or mildly asthmatic horses.

Research Objective

The aim of the research was two-pronged:

  • Firstly to study and categorize the characteristics of breath sounds in horses using a novel digital device for auscultation (DAD).
  • And secondly, to compare the breath sound variables and the occurrence of additional or adventitious sounds in healthy and asthmatic horses.

Methods

The study was a prospective multicenter case-control study involving:

  • Twelve healthy horses (referred to as “ctl”),
  • Twelve horses with mild to moderate asthma (mEA),
  • And ten horses with severe asthma (sEA). The sEA group was further divided into five horses whose asthma was inactive or in remission (sEA-) and five horses who were experiencing an asthma attack or exacerbation (sEA+).

To facilitate comparisons in the study, horses were categorized based on an index of respiratory signs assessed by the horse owner. A digital auscultation device was used to listen to the horses’ breathing at 11 different locations simultaneously for a duration of 1 hour. To keep the data manageable and random, 100 breaths per recording were selected, categorized without prior knowledge of the health status of the horse (blindly), and statistically analyzed.

Results

The use of digital auscultation enabled the characterization and scoring of breath sounds in horses. The research found that wheezing, crackling, and rattling sounds, as well as breath intensity were significantly more frequent in horses experiencing an asthma attack (sEA+) compared to both healthy horses and those with inactive severe asthma or mild to moderate asthma.

The use of regression analysis suggested that breath duration and intensity could explain the grouping of the horses, and that wheezing sounds were linked to the score for tracheal mucus. The clinical weighted score (WCS23), was explained by breath intensity and wheezes.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that the novel DAD is effective in characterizing and quantifying breath sounds in horses. It helped demonstrate that adventitious sounds were more common in horses with active severe asthma. Further research with a larger sample size is needed to determine differences among healthy, mild to moderate asthmatic, and dormant severe asthmatic horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Greim E, Naef J, Mainguy-Seers S, Lavoie JP, Sage S, Dolf G, Gerber V. (2024). Breath characteristics and adventitious lung sounds in healthy and asthmatic horses. J Vet Intern Med. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16980

Publication

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
ISSN: 1939-1676
NlmUniqueID: 8708660
Country: United States
Language: English

Researcher Affiliations

Greim, Eloïse
  • Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Naef, Jan
  • Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Mainguy-Seers, Sophie
  • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
Lavoie, Jean-Pierre
  • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
Sage, Sophie
  • Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Dolf, Gaudenz
  • Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Gerber, Vinzenz
  • Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

Grant Funding

  • 33-890 / Institut Suisse de Mu00e9decine u00c9quine
  • PR2022-04 / Stiftung Pro Pferd

References

This article includes 39 references
  1. Savage CJ. Evaluation of the equine respiratory system using physical examination and endoscopy.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1997;13:443-462.
  2. Roy M-F, Lavoie J-P. Tools for the diagnosis of equine respiratory disorders.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2003;19:1-17.
  3. Sovijärvi ARA, Vanderschoot J, Earis JE. Standardization of computerized respiratory sound analysis.. Eur Respir Rev 2000;10:585.
  4. Tesarowski DB, Viel L, McDonell WN. Pulmonary function measurements during repeated environmental challenge of horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves).. Am J Vet Med Res 1996;57:1214-1219.
  5. Gehlen H, Oey L, Rohn K, Bilzer T, Stadler P. Pulmonary dysfunction and skeletal muscle changes in horses with RAO.. J Vet Intern Med 2008;22:1014-1021.
  6. Naylor JM, Clark EG, Clayton HM. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: usefulness of clinical signs, bronchoalveolar lavage, and lung biopsy as diagnostic and prognostic aids.. Can Vet J 1992;33:591-598.
  7. Moore I, Horney B, Day K, Lofstedt J, Cribb AE. Treatment of inflammatory airway disease in young standardbreds with interferon alpha.. Can Vet J 2004;45:594-601.
  8. Lavoie J-P, Bullone M, Rodrigues N, Germim P, Albrecht B, von Salis-Soglio M. Effect of different doses of inhaled ciclesonide on lung function, clinical signs related to airflow limitation and serum cortisol levels in horses with experimentally induced mild to severe airway obstruction.. Equine Vet J 2019;51:779-786.
  9. Benedetto G, Dalmasso F, Spagnolo R. Surface distribution of crackling sounds.. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1988;35:406-412.
  10. Sovijärvi ARA, Malmberg LP, Charbonneau G. Characteristics of breath sounds and adventitious respiratory sounds.. Eur Respir Rev 2000;10:591-596.
  11. Robinson NE. Recurrent airway obstruction (heaves).. In: Lekeux P, ed. Equine Respiratory Diseases [Document B0317.1101]. Ithaca, NY: International Veterinary Information Service; 2001.
  12. Guntupalli KK, Alapat PM, Bandi VD, Kushnir I. Validation of automatic wheeze detection in patients with obstructed airways and in healthy subjects.. J Asthma 2008;45:903-907.
  13. Sen I, Kahya YP. A multi-channel device for respiratory sound data acquisition and transient detection.. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2005;2005:6658-6661.
  14. Gurung A, Scrafford CG, Tielsch JM, Levine OS, Checkley W. Computerized lung sound analysis as diagnostic aid for the detection of abnormal lung sounds: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. Respir Med 2011;105:1396-1403.
  15. Pasterkamp H, Brand PLP, Everard M, Garcia-Marcos L, Melbye H, Priftis KN. Towards the standardisation of lung sound nomenclature.. Eur Respir J 2016;47:724-732.
  16. Sarkar M, Madabhavi I, Niranjan N, Dogra M. Auscultation of the respiratory system.. Ann Thorac Med 2015;10:158-168.
  17. Sovijärvi ARA, Dalmasso F, Vanderschoot J. Definition of terms for applications of respiratory sounds.. Eur Respir Rev 2000;10:597-610.
  18. Costa LRR, Seahorn TL, Moore RM, Taylor HW, Gaunt SD, Beadle RE. Correlation of clinical score, intrapleural pressure, cytologic findings of bronchoalveolar fluid, and histopathologic lesions of pulmonary tissue in horses with summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease.. Am J Vet Res 2000;61:167-173.
  19. Kim Y, Hyon Y, Lee S, Woo SD, Ha T, Chung C. The coming era of a new auscultation system for analyzing respiratory sounds.. BMC Pulm Med 2022;22:119.
  20. Abbas A, Fahim A. An automated computerized auscultation and diagnostic system for pulmonary diseases.. J Med Syst 2010;34:1149-1155.
  21. Cohen A, Landsberg D. Analysis and automatic classification of breath sounds.. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1984;31:585-590.
  22. Ferreira-Cardoso H, Jácome C, Silva S. Lung auscultation using the smartphone-feasibility study in real-world clinical practice.. Sensors (Basel) 2021;21:4931.
  23. Monaco A, Amoroso N, Bellantuono L, Pantaleo E, Tangaro S, Bellotti R. Multi-time-scale features for accurate respiratory sound classification.. Appl Sci 2020;10:8606.
  24. Gräbner AK, Gross V, Hoops M, Kong M, Köhler U. Respiratory sounds in an Iceland-horse suffering from acute pulmonary edema-an acoustic monitoring.. Pferdeheilkunde 2004;20:455-458.
  25. Ramseyer A, Gaillard C, Burger D. Effects of genetic and environmental factors on chronic lower airway disease in horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2007;21:149-156.
  26. van Erck E, Votion D, Art T, Lekeux P. Measurement of respiratory function by impulse oscillometry in horses.. Equine Vet J 2004;36:21-28.
  27. Mainguy-Seers S, Diaw M, Lavoie J-P. Lung function variation during the estrus cycle of mares affected by severe asthma.. Animals (Basel) 2022;12:494.
  28. Gerber V, Lindberg Å, Berney C, Robinson NE. Airway mucus in recurrent airway obstruction-short-term response to environmental challenge.. J Vet Intern Med 2004;18:92-97.
  29. Mainguy-Seers S, Picotte K, Lavoie J-P. Efficacy of tamoxifen for the treatment of severe equine asthma.. J Vet Intern Med 2018;32:1748-1753.
  30. Wyler M, Sage SE, Marti E, White S, Gerber V. Protein microarray allergen profiling in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum of horses with asthma.. J Vet Intern Med 2023;37:328-337.
  31. R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2023. Accessed 2023. https://www.R-project.org/.
  32. Raftery AE. Bayesian model selection in social research.. Soc Methodol 1995;25:111-163.
  33. Siwinska N, Zak A, Slowikowska M, Krupinska P, Niedzwiedz A. Prevalence and severity of ultrasonographic pulmonary findings in horses with asthma-a preliminary study.. Pol J Vet Sci 2019;22:653-659.
  34. Roudebush P. Lung sounds.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982;181:122-126.
  35. Aviles-Solis JC, Storvoll I, Vanbelle S, Melbye H. The use of spectrograms improves the classification of wheezes and crackles in an educational setting.. Sci Rep 2020;10:8461.
  36. Behan AL, Hauptman JG, Robinson NE. Telemetric analysis of breathing pattern variability in recurrent airway obstruction (heaves)-affected horses.. Am J Vet Res 2013;74:925-933.
  37. Couëtil LL, Cardwell JM, Gerber V, Lavoie JP, Léguillette R, Richard EA. Inflammatory airway disease of horses-revised consensus statement.. J Vet Intern Med 2016;30:503-515.
  38. Bentur L, Beck R, Shinawi M, Naveh T, Gavriely N. Wheeze monitoring in children for assessment of nocturnal asthma and response to therapy.. Eur Respir J 2003;21:621-626.
  39. Baughman RP, Loudon RG. Lung sound analysis for continuous evaluation of airflow obstruction in asthma.. Chest 1985;88:364-368.

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.