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Nature communications2023; 14(1); 6470; doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42253-y

Characterization of the horse chestnut genome reveals the evolution of aescin and aesculin biosynthesis.

Abstract: Horse chestnut (Aesculus chinensis) is an important medicinal tree that contains various bioactive compounds, such as aescin, barrigenol-type triterpenoid saponins (BAT), and aesculin, a glycosylated coumarin. Herein, we report a 470.02 Mb genome assembly and characterize an Aesculus-specific whole-genome duplication event, which leads to the formation and duplication of two triterpenoid biosynthesis-related gene clusters (BGCs). We also show that AcOCS6, AcCYP716A278, AcCYP716A275, and AcCSL1 genes within these two BGCs along with a seed-specific expressed AcBAHD6 are responsible for the formation of aescin. Furthermore, we identify seven Aesculus-originated coumarin glycoside biosynthetic genes and achieve the de novo synthesis of aesculin in E. coli. Collinearity analysis shows that the collinear BGC segments can be traced back to early-diverging angiosperms, and the essential gene-encoding enzymes necessary for BAT biosynthesis are recruited before the splitting of Aesculus, Acer, and Xanthoceras. These findings provide insight on the evolution of gene clusters associated with medicinal tree metabolites.
© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.
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Publication Date: 2023-10-13 PubMed ID: 37833361PubMed Central: PMC10576086DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42253-yGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The researchers managed to assemble and analyze the horse chestnut genome, which helped them understand how certain bioactive compounds including aescin and aesculin are produced in the tree. They also detected evidence of an ancestral whole-genome duplication event specific to this species and achieved the de novo synthesis of aesculin in E. Coli.

Genome Assembly and Duplication Event

  • The research focused on the horse chestnut (Aesculus chinensis), a significant medicinal tree known for its abundant bioactive compounds like aescin, barrigenol-type triterpenoid saponins (BAT), and aesculin, a glycosylated coumarin.
  • The researchers achieved a 470.02 Mb genome assembly of the horse chestnut.
  • During their study, they found an Aesculus-specific whole-genome duplication event. This duplication led to the formation and subsequent duplication of two triterpenoid biosynthesis-related gene clusters (BGCs).

Characterization of Aescin and Aesculin Biosynthesis

  • The study revealed which genes are responsible for the formation of aescin in the horse chestnut. These include AcOCS6, AcCYP716A278, AcCYP716A275, and AcCSL1 within the two BGCs, as well as a seed-specific expressed gene named AcBAHD6.
  • The researchers also identified seven Aesculus-originated coumarin glycoside biosynthetic genes. These findings allowed them to achieve the de novo synthesis of aesculin in E. coli, a feat not previously described.

Insights on Metabolite-Related Gene Cluster Evolution

  • The team performed a collinearity analysis, which showed that the segments within the collinear BGCs can be traced back to early-diverging angiosperms.
  • The essential gene-encoding enzymes necessary for BAT biosynthesis were recruited before the Aesculus, Acer, and Xanthoceras species split into different lineages.
  • Collectively, these findings offer insightful information on how gene clusters linked to the biosynthesis of important metabolites in medicinal trees evolved over time.

Cite This Article

APA
Sun W, Yin Q, Wan H, Gao R, Xiong C, Xie C, Meng X, Mi Y, Wang X, Wang C, Chen W, Xie Z, Xue Z, Yao H, Sun P, Xie X, Hu Z, Nelson DR, Xu Z, Sun X, Chen S. (2023). Characterization of the horse chestnut genome reveals the evolution of aescin and aesculin biosynthesis. Nat Commun, 14(1), 6470. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42253-y

Publication

Nature communications
ISSN: 2041-1723
NlmUniqueID: 101528555
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Pages: 6470
PII: 6470

Researcher Affiliations

Sun, Wei
  • Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China.
  • Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China.
Yin, Qinggang
  • Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China.
  • Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China.
Wan, Huihua
  • Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China.
Gao, Ranran
  • Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China.
  • Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China.
Xiong, Chao
  • Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China.
  • School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, 430023, Wuhan, China.
Xie, Chong
  • State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China.
Meng, Xiangxiao
  • Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China.
Mi, Yaolei
  • Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China.
Wang, Xiaotong
  • College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, China.
Wang, Caixia
  • Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China.
Chen, Weiqiang
  • Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China.
Xie, Ziyan
  • College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, China.
Xue, Zheyong
  • College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, China.
Yao, Hui
  • Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100193, Beijing, China.
Sun, Peng
  • Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China.
  • Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China.
Xie, Xuehua
  • Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China.
Hu, Zhigang
  • College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 430065, Wuhan, China.
Nelson, David R
  • Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
Xu, Zhichao
  • College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, China. zcxu@nefu.edu.cn.
Sun, Xinxiao
  • State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China. sunxx@mail.but.edu.cn.
Chen, Shilin
  • Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China. slchen@icmm.ac.cn.
  • Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China. slchen@icmm.ac.cn.

MeSH Terms

  • Escin
  • Aesculus / genetics
  • Esculin
  • Escherichia coli

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

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