FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Reprod Domest Anim / Clinical and subclinical endometritis in the mare: both thre...
Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene2009; 44 Suppl 3; 10-22; doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01485.x

Clinical and subclinical endometritis in the mare: both threats to fertility.

Abstract: Endometritis, a major cause of mare infertility arising from failure to remove bacteria, spermatozoa and inflammatory exudate post-breeding, is often undiagnosed. Defects in genital anatomy, myometrial contractions, lymphatic drainage, mucociliary clearance, cervical function, plus vascular degeneration and inflamm-ageing underlie susceptibility to endometritis. Diagnosis is made through detecting uterine fluid, vaginitis, vaginal discharge, short inter-oestrous intervals, inflammatory uterine cytology and positive uterine culture. However, these signs may be absent in subclinical cases. Hypersecretion of an irritating, watery, neutrophilic exudate underlies classic, easy-to-detect streptococcal endometritis. In contrast, biofilm production, tenacious exudate and focal infection may characterize subclinical endometritis, commonly caused by Gram-negative organisms, fungi and staphylococci. Signs of subclinical endometritis include excessive oedema post-mating and a white line between endometrial folds on ultrasound. In addition, cultures of uterine biopsy tissue or of small volume uterine lavage are twice as sensitive as guarded swabs in detecting Gram-negative organisms, while uterine cytology is twice as sensitive as culture in detecting endometritis. Uterine biopsy may detect deep inflammatory and degenerative changes, such as disruption of the elastic fibres of uterine vessels (elastosis), while endoscopy reveals focal lesions invisible on ultrasound. Mares with subclinical endometritis require careful monitoring by ultrasound post-breeding. Treatments that may be added to traditional therapies, such as post-breeding uterine lavage, oxytocin and intrauterine antibiotics, include lavage 1-h before mating, carbetocin, cloprostenol, cervical dilators, systemic antibiotics, intrauterine chelators (EDTA-Tris), mucolytics (DMSO, kerosene, N-acetylcysteine), corticosteroids (prednisolone, dexamethasone) and immunomodulators (cell wall extracts of Mycobacterium phlei and Propionibacterium acnes).
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2009-08-13 PubMed ID: 19660076DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01485.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article focuses on endometritis in mares, both in its clinical and subclinical forms, which pose a significant threat to their fertility, often caused by inadequate bodily removal of bacteria, spermatozoa, and inflammatory exudate after breeding.

Understanding Endometritis

  • Endometritis is a primary culprit behind infertility in mares and is triggered by an inability to effectively eliminate bacteria, spermatozoa, and inflammatory fluids post-breeding.
  • The chances of developing endometritis increase due to anomalies in the female genital structure, myometrial contractions, lymphatic drainage, mucociliary clearance, cervical function, and vascular degeneration.

Diagnosis of Endometritis

  • Endometritis diagnosis involves checking for signs such as uterine fluid, vaginitis, vaginal discharge, short inter-oestrous intervals, inflamed uterine cytology, and positive uterine culture.
  • In some cases, especially subclinical endometritis, these symptoms might be absent, making detection difficult.

Cause and Effects of Endometritis

  • Endometritis can be divided into two types, one characterized by excessive secretion of a watery, neutrophilic exudate caused by streptococci infection, while the other is subclinical endometritis, which is often related to Gram-negative organisms, fungi, and staphylococci.
  • Subclinical endometritis symptoms include excessive post-mating edema and a distinctive white line between endometrial folds visible on an ultrasound.

Detection and Treatment of Endometritis

  • Considering diagnosis, uterine biopsy tissue cultures or small volume uterine lavage prove to be twice as effective as guarded swabs in detecting Gram-negative organisms.
  • Also, uterine cytology is twice as sensitive as culture methods in revealing presence of endometritis.
  • Methods such as uterine biopsy, endoscopy, and ultrasound can be employed for a more detailed examination and diagnosis of the condition.
  • Treatment options range from traditional therapies like post-breeding uterine lavage, oxytocin, and intrauterine antibiotics to other methods like lavage 1-h before mating, carbetocin, cloprostenol, cervical dilators, systemic antibiotics, intrauterine chelators (EDTA-Tris), mucolytics (DMSO, kerosene, N-acetylcysteine), corticosteroids (prednisolone, dexamethasone) and immunomodulators (cell wall extracts of Mycobacterium phlei and Propionibacterium acnes).

Cite This Article

APA
LeBlanc MM, Causey RC. (2009). Clinical and subclinical endometritis in the mare: both threats to fertility. Reprod Domest Anim, 44 Suppl 3, 10-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01485.x

Publication

Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene
ISSN: 1439-0531
NlmUniqueID: 9015668
Country: Germany
Language: English
Volume: 44 Suppl 3
Pages: 10-22

Researcher Affiliations

LeBlanc, M M
  • Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY 40580, USA. leblancdvm@bellsouth.net
Causey, R C

    MeSH Terms

    • Aging
    • Animals
    • Biopsy / veterinary
    • Breeding
    • Cervix Uteri / physiopathology
    • Cilia / physiology
    • Endometritis / complications
    • Endometritis / therapy
    • Endometritis / veterinary
    • Endometrium / blood supply
    • Endometrium / pathology
    • Female
    • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
    • Horse Diseases / microbiology
    • Horse Diseases / therapy
    • Horses
    • Hysteroscopy / veterinary
    • Infertility, Female / etiology
    • Infertility, Female / veterinary
    • Ultrasonography / veterinary
    • Uterus / microbiology
    • Uterus / physiopathology
    • Uterus / ultrastructure

    Citations

    This article has been cited 71 times.
    1. Song P, Liu C, Sun M, Liu J, Lin P, Chen H, Zhou D, Tang K, Wang A, Jin Y. Transcription Factor Nrf2 Modulates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Injury in Bovine Endometrial Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023 Jul 7;24(13).
      doi: 10.3390/ijms241311221pubmed: 37446399google scholar: lookup
    2. Nocera FP, Maurizi L, Masullo A, Nicoletti M, Conte AL, Brunetti F, De Martino L, Zagaglia C, Longhi C. Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Escherichia coli Isolates Recovered from the Uterus of Mares with Fertility Problems. Animals (Basel) 2023 May 14;13(10).
      doi: 10.3390/ani13101639pubmed: 37238068google scholar: lookup
    3. Tyrnenopoulou P, Fthenakis GC. Clinical Aspects of Bacterial Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance in the Reproductive System of Equids. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023 Mar 28;12(4).
      doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12040664pubmed: 37107026google scholar: lookup
    4. Scarlet D, Malama E, Fischer S, Knutti B, Bollwein H. Relationship between Clinical Uterine Findings, Therapy, and Fertility in the Mare. Vet Sci 2023 Mar 29;10(4).
      doi: 10.3390/vetsci10040259pubmed: 37104414google scholar: lookup
    5. Nesse LL, Osland AM, Vestby LK. The Role of Biofilms in the Pathogenesis of Animal Bacterial Infections. Microorganisms 2023 Feb 28;11(3).
      doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11030608pubmed: 36985183google scholar: lookup
    6. Köhne M, Hofbauer L, Böttcher D, Tönissen A, Hegger A, Görgens A, Ulrich R, Sieme H. Comparison of systemic trimethoprim-sulfadimethoxine treatment and intrauterine ozone application as possible therapies for bacterial endometritis in equine practice. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1102149.
      doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1102149pubmed: 36777673google scholar: lookup
    7. Cecchini Gualandi S, Di Palma T, Boni R. Serological and Uterine Biomarkers for Detecting Endometritis in Mares. Animals (Basel) 2023 Jan 11;13(2).
      doi: 10.3390/ani13020253pubmed: 36670793google scholar: lookup
    8. Asadi B, Seyedasgari F, Ashrafi Tamai I, Yarmohammadi M, Ebadi R, Kim E, Barin A. Isolated Bacteria from the Uteri of Camels with Different Reproductive Backgrounds: A Study on Sampling Methodology, Prevalence, and Clinical Significance. Vet Sci 2023 Jan 5;10(1).
      doi: 10.3390/vetsci10010039pubmed: 36669039google scholar: lookup
    9. Xia Z, Jin H. Diagnostic Value of Ultrasonography Combined with Hysteroscopy in Intrauterine Space-Occupying Abnormalities. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2022;2022:6192311.
      doi: 10.1155/2022/6192311pubmed: 36110976google scholar: lookup
    10. Holyoak GR, Premathilake HU, Lyman CC, Sones JL, Gunn A, Wieneke X, DeSilva U. The healthy equine uterus harbors a distinct core microbiome plus a rich and diverse microbiome that varies with geographical location. Sci Rep 2022 Aug 30;12(1):14790.
      doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18971-6pubmed: 36042332google scholar: lookup
    11. Li J, Zhu Y, Mi J, Zhao Y, Holyoak GR, Yi Z, Wu R, Wang Z, Zeng S. Endometrial and vaginal microbiome in donkeys with and without clinical endometritis. Front Microbiol 2022;13:884574.
      doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.884574pubmed: 35979491google scholar: lookup
    12. D'Agostino A, Di Palma T, Cecchini Gualandi S, Boni R. Fluorescence Spectroscopy for the Diagnosis of Endometritis in the Mare. Animals (Basel) 2022 Apr 29;12(9).
      doi: 10.3390/ani12091157pubmed: 35565583google scholar: lookup
    13. Da Silva-Álvarez E, Gómez-Arrones V, Martín-Cano FE, Gaitskell-Phillips G, Ortiz-Rodríguez JM, Carrasco JJ, Gil MC, Peña Vega FJ, Ortega Ferrusola C. Endometrial area of the blood flow as a marker of endometritis in equine. Reprod Domest Anim 2022 Oct;57 Suppl 5(Suppl 5):98-102.
      doi: 10.1111/rda.14132pubmed: 35467047google scholar: lookup
    14. Katila T, Ferreira-Dias G. Evolution of the Concepts of Endometrosis, Post Breeding Endometritis, and Susceptibility of Mares. Animals (Basel) 2022 Mar 19;12(6).
      doi: 10.3390/ani12060779pubmed: 35327176google scholar: lookup
    15. Morrell JM, Rocha A. A Novel Approach to Minimising Acute Equine Endometritis That May Help to Prevent the Development of the Chronic State. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:799619.
      doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.799619pubmed: 35071389google scholar: lookup
    16. Ibrahim S, Hedia M, Taqi MO, Derbala MK, Mahmoud KGM, Ahmed Y, Sosa AS, Saber YHA, Hasanain MH, Nawito MF, Seidel GE. Extracellular vesicles in low volume uterine lavage and serum: novel and promising biomarker for endometritis in Arabian mares. BMC Vet Res 2022 Jan 18;18(1):42.
      doi: 10.1186/s12917-022-03137-3pubmed: 35042518google scholar: lookup
    17. Niikura T, Tsogtgerel M, Niikura C, Wada H, Kanzawa S, Fujiwara T, Nambo Y. Effect of prostaglandin F2(α) administration on uterine polymorphonuclear neutrophil counts in Japanese heavy draft horses. J Equine Sci 2021 Dec;32(4):117-124.
      doi: 10.1294/jes.32.117pubmed: 35023989google scholar: lookup
    18. Karam KM, Alebady AS, Alhilfi HO, Al-Delemi DH. Comparative study utilizing different post-breeding treatment regimens in cyclic Arabian mares. Vet World 2021 Nov;14(11):2863-2868.
      doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2863-2868pubmed: 35017832google scholar: lookup
    19. Malaluang P, Wilén E, Lindahl J, Hansson I, Morrell JM. Antimicrobial Resistance in Equine Reproduction. Animals (Basel) 2021 Oct 22;11(11).
      doi: 10.3390/ani11113035pubmed: 34827768google scholar: lookup
    20. Ibrahim S, Hedia M, Taqi MO, Derbala MK, Mahmoud KGM, Ahmed Y, Ismail S, El-Belely M. Alterations in the Expression Profile of Serum miR-155, miR-223, miR-17, miR-200a, miR-205, as well as Levels of Interleukin 6, and Prostaglandins during Endometritis in Arabian Mares. Vet Sci 2021 Jun 4;8(6).
      doi: 10.3390/vetsci8060098pubmed: 34199703google scholar: lookup
    21. Borlee GI, Lakin SM, Kapuscinski ML, Abdo Z, Stenglein MD, McCue PM, Borlee BR. Complete Genome Sequences of Eight Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Strains Isolated from Mares in Estrus with Endometritis. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021 Jul;10(26):e0132120.
      doi: 10.1128/MRA.01321-20pubmed: 34197198google scholar: lookup
    22. Amaral A, Fernandes C, Szóstek-Mioduchowska A, Rebordão MR, Skarzynski DJ, Ferreira-Dias G. Noscapine Acts as a Protease Inhibitor of In Vitro Elastase-Induced Collagen Deposition in Equine Endometrium. Int J Mol Sci 2021 May 19;22(10).
      doi: 10.3390/ijms22105333pubmed: 34069423google scholar: lookup
    23. Díaz-Bertrana ML, Deleuze S, Pitti Rios L, Yeste M, Morales Fariña I, Rivera Del Alamo MM. Microbial Prevalence and Antimicrobial Sensitivity in Equine Endometritis in Field Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2021 May 20;11(5).
      doi: 10.3390/ani11051476pubmed: 34065566google scholar: lookup
    24. Weber KS, Wagener K, Blanco M, Bauersachs S, Bollwein H. A comparative analysis of the intrauterine transcriptome in fertile and subfertile mares using cytobrush sampling. BMC Genomics 2021 May 22;22(1):377.
      doi: 10.1186/s12864-021-07701-3pubmed: 34022808google scholar: lookup
    25. Segabinazzi LGTM, Canisso IF, Podico G, Cunha LL, Novello G, Rosser MF, Loux SC, Lima FS, Alvarenga MA. Intrauterine Blood Plasma Platelet-Therapy Mitigates Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis, Reduces Uterine Infections, and Improves Embryo Recovery in Mares. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021 Apr 23;10(5).
      doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10050490pubmed: 33922743google scholar: lookup
    26. Cequier A, Sanz C, Rodellar C, Barrachina L. The Usefulness of Mesenchymal Stem Cells beyond the Musculoskeletal System in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021 Mar 25;11(4).
      doi: 10.3390/ani11040931pubmed: 33805967google scholar: lookup
    27. Martí A, Serrano A, Pastor J, Rigau T, Petkevičiuté U, Calvo MÀ, Arosemena EL, Yuste A, Prandi D, Aguilar A, Rivera Del Alamo MM. Endometrial Status in Queens Evaluated by Histopathology Findings and Two Cytological Techniques: Low-Volume Uterine Lavage and Uterine Swabbing. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jan 5;11(1).
      doi: 10.3390/ani11010088pubmed: 33466439google scholar: lookup
    28. Amaral A, Fernandes C, Morazzo S, Rebordão MR, Szóstek-Mioduchowska A, Lukasik K, Gawronska-Kozak B, Telo da Gama L, Skarzynski DJ, Ferreira-Dias G. The Inhibition of Cathepsin G on Endometrial Explants With Endometrosis in the Mare. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:582211.
      doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.582211pubmed: 33195599google scholar: lookup
    29. Köhne M, Kuhlmann M, Tönißen A, Martinsson G, Sieme H. Diagnostic and Treatment Practices of Equine Endometritis-A Questionnaire. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:547.
      doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00547pubmed: 32984410google scholar: lookup
    30. Lange-Consiglio A, Funghi F, Cantile C, Idda A, Cremonesi F, Riccaboni P. Case Report: Use of Amniotic Microvesicles for Regenerative Medicine Treatment of a Mare With Chronic Endometritis. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:347.
      doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00347pubmed: 32626730google scholar: lookup
    31. Quartuccio M, Cristarella S, Medica P, Fazio E, Mazzullo G, Rifici C, Liotta L, Satué K. Endometrial Cytology During the Different Phases of the Estrous Cycle in Jennies: New Evidences. Animals (Basel) 2020 Jun 19;10(6).
      doi: 10.3390/ani10061062pubmed: 32575538google scholar: lookup
    32. Schöniger S, Schoon HA. The Healthy and Diseased Equine Endometrium: A Review of Morphological Features and Molecular Analyses. Animals (Basel) 2020 Apr 5;10(4).
      doi: 10.3390/ani10040625pubmed: 32260515google scholar: lookup
    33. Falomo ME, Del Re B, Rossi M, Giaretta E, Da Dalt L, Gabai G. Relationship between postpartum uterine involution and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in clinically healthy mares (Equus caballus). Heliyon 2020 Apr;6(4):e03691.
      doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03691pubmed: 32258514google scholar: lookup
    34. Canisso IF, Segabinazzi LGTM, Fedorka CE. Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis in Mares - a Multifaceted Challenge: From Clinical Aspects to Immunopathogenesis and Pathobiology. Int J Mol Sci 2020 Feb 20;21(4).
      doi: 10.3390/ijms21041432pubmed: 32093296google scholar: lookup
    35. Zhu H, Li W, Wang Z, Chen J, Ding M, Han L. TREM-1 deficiency attenuates the inflammatory responses in LPS-induced murine endometritis. Microb Biotechnol 2019 Nov;12(6):1337-1345.
      doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.13467pubmed: 31365951google scholar: lookup
    36. Krohn J, Ennen S, Hospes R, Nieth J, Wehrend A. Use of a cervical stent for long-term treatment of pyometra in the mare: A report of three cases. Reprod Domest Anim 2019 Aug;54(8):1155-1159.
      doi: 10.1111/rda.13480pubmed: 31145499google scholar: lookup
    37. Skive B, Rohde M, Molinari G, Braunstein TH, Bojesen AM. Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Invades and Survives in Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017;7:465.
      doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00465pubmed: 29164073google scholar: lookup
    38. Ferris RA, McCue PM, Borlee GI, Glapa KE, Martin KH, Mangalea MR, Hennet ML, Wolfe LM, Broeckling CD, Borlee BR. Model of Chronic Equine Endometritis Involving a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm. Infect Immun 2017 Dec;85(12).
      doi: 10.1128/IAI.00332-17pubmed: 28970274google scholar: lookup
    39. Sikora M, Król J, Nowak M, Stefaniak T, Aubertsson G, Kozdrowski R. The usefulness of uterine lavage and acute phase protein levels as a diagnostic tool for subclinical endometritis in Icelandic mares. Acta Vet Scand 2016 Sep 7;58(1):50.
      doi: 10.1186/s13028-016-0233-4pubmed: 27604098google scholar: lookup
    40. Siemieniuch MJ, Szóstek AZ, Gajos K, Kozdrowski R, Nowak M, Okuda K. Type of Inflammation Differentially Affects Expression of Interleukin 1β and 6, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Toll-Like Receptors in Subclinical Endometritis in Mares. PLoS One 2016;11(5):e0154934.
      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154934pubmed: 27152525google scholar: lookup
    41. Ferris RA, McCue PM, Borlee GI, Loncar KD, Hennet ML, Borlee BR. In Vitro Efficacy of Nonantibiotic Treatments on Biofilm Disruption of Gram-Negative Pathogens and an In Vivo Model of Infectious Endometritis Utilizing Isolates from the Equine Uterus. J Clin Microbiol 2016 Mar;54(3):631-9.
      doi: 10.1128/JCM.02861-15pubmed: 26719448google scholar: lookup
    42. Rantala M, Attia S, Koukila-Kähkölä P, de Hoog S, Anttila M, Katila T. Cladophialophora bantiana as an Emerging Pathogen in Animals: Case Report of Equine Endometritis and Review of the Literature. J Clin Microbiol 2015 Sep;53(9):3047-53.
      doi: 10.1128/JCM.00728-15pubmed: 26085616google scholar: lookup
    43. Buczkowska J, Kozdrowski R, Nowak M, Raś A, Staroniewicz Z, Siemieniuch MJ. Comparison of the biopsy and cytobrush techniques for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis in mares. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014 Apr 4;12:27.
      doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-27pubmed: 24708825google scholar: lookup
    44. Aitken GJ. Subclinical fungal endometritis in an 8-year-old Hanoverian mare. Can Vet J 2012 Feb;53(2):196-8.
      pubmed: 22851785
    45. Tiago G, Júlio C, António R. Conception rate, uterine infection and embryo quality after artificial insemination and natural breeding with a stallion carrier of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a case report. Acta Vet Scand 2012 Mar 29;54(1):20.
      doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-20pubmed: 22458304google scholar: lookup
    46. Kalpokas I, Perdigón F, Rivero R, Talmon M, Sartore I, Viñoles C. Effect of a povidone-iodine intrauterine infusion on progesterone levels and endometrial steroid receptor expression in mares. Acta Vet Scand 2010 Dec 16;52(1):66.
      doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-52-66pubmed: 21162724google scholar: lookup
    47. Gaspari G, Funghi F, Cantile C, Camillo F, Panzani D, Maltinti S, Fanelli D, Moroni R, Cremonesi F, Gagni P, Lange-Consiglio A. Amniotic Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Equine Chronic Degenerative Endometritis Treatment. Vet Med Sci 2026 Mar;12(2):e70685.
      doi: 10.1002/vms3.70685pubmed: 41641829google scholar: lookup
    48. Ferreira CSC, Pinna AE, Dos Santos IPF, Dias MCR, Dos Santos NSL, Bragueroli SDS, Quintino PM, Almeida GB, Penna BA, da Rocha EMDS, de Souza GN, Barbosa CG, de Jesus VLT, Jacob JCF. Powerflow Doppler Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Mares with and Without Endometritis. Vet Sci 2025 Sep 28;12(10).
      doi: 10.3390/vetsci12100941pubmed: 41150081google scholar: lookup
    49. Köhne M, Hüsch R, Peh E, Hirnet J, Tönissen A, Müsken M, Plötz M, Kittler S, Sieme H. Newly isolated bacteriophages show efficacy and phage-antibiotic synergy in vitro against the equine genital pathogens Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BMC Vet Res 2025 Oct 3;21(1):568.
      doi: 10.1186/s12917-025-04989-1pubmed: 41044673google scholar: lookup
    50. Alfatlawy HJ. Microbial profile of post-breeding endometritis in Arabian mares from the Al-Hira District, Iraq. Open Vet J 2025;15(8):3670-3676.
      doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i8.30pubmed: 41035988google scholar: lookup
    51. Beckers KF, Liu CC, Gomes VCL, Schulz CJ, Childers GW, Fedorka CE, Sones JL. Effects of Intra-uterine Ceftiofur on the Equine Uterine Microbiome. Vet Sci 2025 Aug 30;12(9).
      doi: 10.3390/vetsci12090837pubmed: 41012762google scholar: lookup
    52. Yáñez Ramil U, Jezierska S, Krupa M, Bogado Pascottini O. Fundamentals of microbiome-based therapies for reproductive tract inflammatory diseases in domestic animals. Anim Reprod 2025;22(3):e20250030.
      doi: 10.1590/1984-3143-AR2025-0030pubmed: 40933872google scholar: lookup
    53. Hardefeldt L, Thomas K, Page S, Norris J, Browning G, El Hage C, Stewart A, Gilkerson J, Muscatello G, Verwilghen D, van Galen G, Bauquier J, Cuming R, Reynolds B, Whittaker C, Wilkes E, Clulow J, Burden C, Begg L. Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for horses in Australia. Aust Vet J 2025 Dec;103(12):781-889.
      doi: 10.1111/avj.70003pubmed: 40903020google scholar: lookup
    54. Guo L, Holyoak GR, DeSilva U. Endometrial microbiome in mares with and without clinical endometritis. Front Vet Sci 2025;12:1588432.
      doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1588432pubmed: 40822659google scholar: lookup
    55. Nash DM, Giles JL. Uterine inflammation and lessons from large animal models of endometritis. Nat Rev Immunol 2025 Dec;25(12):934-946.
      doi: 10.1038/s41577-025-01200-2pubmed: 40696155google scholar: lookup
    56. Del Prete C, Attolini E, Merlo B, Iacono E, Nocera FP, De Martino L, Longobardi C, Damiano S, Longobardi V, Cocchia N, Pasolini MP. Post-Insemination Infusion of Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells-Derived Conditioned Medium: A Novel Approach for Improving Pregnancy Outcomes in Problem Mares. Vet Sci 2025 May 16;12(5).
      doi: 10.3390/vetsci12050482pubmed: 40431575google scholar: lookup
    57. Herzog F, Crissman KR, Beckers KF, Zhou G, Liu CC, Sones JL. Lactobacillus Genus Complex Probiotic-Induced Changes on the Equine Clitoral Microbiome. Vet Sci 2025 Mar 3;12(3).
      doi: 10.3390/vetsci12030232pubmed: 40266944google scholar: lookup
    58. da Silva-Álvarez E, Gómez-Arrones V, Correa-Fiz F, Martín-Cano FE, Gaitskell-Phillips G, Carrasco JJ, Rey J, Aparicio IM, Peña FJ, Alonso JM, Ortega-Ferrusola C. Metagenomic and proteomic analyses reveal similar reproductive microbial profiles and shared functional pathways in uterine immune regulation in mares and jennies. PLoS One 2025;20(4):e0321389.
      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0321389pubmed: 40238748google scholar: lookup
    59. Siemieniuch-Tartanus M. The early pregnancy in mares - What do we still not know?. Vet Anim Sci 2025 Jun;28:100441.
      doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2025.100441pubmed: 40129505google scholar: lookup
    60. Piotrowska-Tomala KK, Szóstek-Mioduchowska A, Jonczyk AW, Drzewiecka EM, Wrobel MH, Hojo T, Ferreira-Dias G, Skarzynski DJ. The effect of lysophosphatidic acid on myometrial contractility and the mRNA transcription of its receptors in the myometrium at different stages of endometrosis in mares. BMC Vet Res 2024 Dec 19;20(1):571.
      doi: 10.1186/s12917-024-04384-2pubmed: 39696406google scholar: lookup
    61. Köhne M, Hüsch R, Tönissen A, Schmidt M, Müsken M, Böttcher D, Hirnet J, Plötz M, Kittler S, Sieme H. Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages specific to Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus and evaluation of efficacy ex vivo. Front Microbiol 2024;15:1448958.
      doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1448958pubmed: 39529671google scholar: lookup
    62. Scholtz M, Guthrie AJ, Newton R, Schulman ML. Review of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae as venereal pathogens in horses. Equine Vet J 2025 May;57(3):587-597.
      doi: 10.1111/evj.14201pubmed: 39103748google scholar: lookup
    63. Gil-Miranda A, Macnicol J, Orellana-Guerrero D, Samper JC, Gomez DE. Reproductive Tract Microbiota of Mares. Vet Sci 2024 Jul 18;11(7).
      doi: 10.3390/vetsci11070324pubmed: 39058008google scholar: lookup
    64. Gil-Miranda A, Caddey B, Orellana-Guerrero D, Smith H, Samper JC, Gomez DE. Vaginal and Uterine Microbiota of Healthy Maiden Mares during Estrus. Vet Sci 2024 Jul 18;11(7).
      doi: 10.3390/vetsci11070323pubmed: 39058007google scholar: lookup
    65. Zhang X, Gao Y, Mai Z, Li Y, Wang J, Zhao X, Zhang Y. Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Plasma Differences between Mares with Endometritis and Healthy Ones. Animals (Basel) 2024 Jun 29;14(13).
      doi: 10.3390/ani14131933pubmed: 38998045google scholar: lookup
    66. Mouncey R, Arango-Sabogal JC, Rathbone P, Scott CJ, de Mestre AM. Prevalence of Microbial Isolates Cultured from Endometrial Swab Samples Collected from United Kingdom Thoroughbred Mares from 2014 to 2020. Vet Sci 2024 Feb 9;11(2).
      doi: 10.3390/vetsci11020082pubmed: 38393100google scholar: lookup
    67. Virendra A, Gulavane SU, Ahmed ZA, Reddy R, Chaudhari RJ, Gaikwad SM, Shelar RR, Ingole SD, Thorat VD, Khanam A, Khan FA. Metagenomic analysis unravels novel taxonomic differences in the uterine microbiome between healthy mares and mares with endometritis. Vet Med Sci 2024 Mar;10(2):e1369.
      doi: 10.1002/vms3.1369pubmed: 38357732google scholar: lookup
    68. Heil BA, van Heule M, Thompson SK, Kearns TA, Oberhaus EL, King G, Daels P, Dini P, Sones JL. Effect of Sampling Method on Detection of the Equine Uterine Microbiome during Estrus. Vet Sci 2023 Nov 8;10(11).
      doi: 10.3390/vetsci10110644pubmed: 37999467google scholar: lookup
    69. Wong YS, Mançanares AC, Navarrete FI, Poblete PM, Méndez-Pérez L, Ferreira-Dias GML, Rodriguez-Alvarez L, Castro FO. Mare stromal endometrial cells differentially modulate inflammation depending on oestrus cycle status: an in vitro study. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1271240.
      doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1271240pubmed: 37869492google scholar: lookup
    70. Thomson P, García P, Río CD, Castro R, Núñez A, Miranda C. Antimicrobial Resistance and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Genes in Enterobacterales, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter Isolates from the Uterus of Healthy Mares. Pathogens 2023 Sep 8;12(9).
      doi: 10.3390/pathogens12091145pubmed: 37764953google scholar: lookup
    71. Tukia E, Hallman I, Penttilä M, Hänninen S, Kareskoski M. RNA in situ hybridization of Escherichia coli in equine endometrial biopsies. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1186051.
      doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1186051pubmed: 37360403google scholar: lookup
    Subscribe to our newsletter
    Join 99,005 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.