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Home / Equine Research Bank / Physiol Rep / Effects of an astaxanthin-containing supplement on oxidative...
Physiological reports2025; 13(8); e70346; doi: 10.14814/phy2.70346

Effects of an astaxanthin-containing supplement on oxidative status in skeletal muscle and circulation during deconditioning and reconditioning periods in polo ponies.

Abstract: This study investigated the effects of astaxanthin (ASTX) supplementation on oxidative status during a deconditioning-reconditioning cycle. Twelve polo ponies were assigned to no supplementation (CON) or an ASTX supplemented group, which received oral administration of a supplement containing 75 mg ASTX daily for 32 weeks. Polo ponies underwent a 16-week deconditioning period (DECON) followed by a 16-week reconditioning program (RECON). Submaximal exercise tests (SETs) were performed at the beginning of the study (Baseline), after DECON, and after RECON. Blood samples were collected at -30, 0, 15, 30, and 60 min relative to each SET for oxidative status analysis. Muscle samples were collected 2 weeks before (Pre-Ex) and 2 h after (Post-Ex) each SET for muscle oxidative status and gene expression analyses. Pre-Ex muscles were analyzed for high-resolution respirometry. Circulating glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity was increased (p ≤ 0.02) and protein carbonylation was decreased in ASTX (p ≤ 0.05). Muscle oxidative status was affected by DECON and reconditioning (p ≤ 0.05). ASTX increased gene expression of PPARGC1A after reconditioning (p ≤ 0.05). Deconditioning reduced oxidative phosphorylation at complex I and II (p = 0.01). Thus, a deconditioning-reconditioning cycle had greater impacts on muscle oxidative capacity than ASTX supplementation.
© 2025 The Author(s). Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society.
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Publication Date: 2025-04-26 PubMed ID: 40285451PubMed Central: PMC12032451DOI: 10.14814/phy2.70346Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research analyzes the impact of a supplement containing astaxanthin (ASTX) on the muscle’s oxidative state and circulation during periods of deconditioning and reconditioning in polo ponies.

Objective and Methodology of the Study

  • The study aimed to understand the effects of astaxanthin (ASTX) supplementation on oxidative status during a deconditioning and reconditioning cycle. The deconditioning and reconditioning period involved the process of gradually reducing and restoring physical activities, respectively.
  • The experiment involved twelve polo ponies, which were divided into two groups. One group did not receive any supplements (CON), and the other group received the ASTX supplement. The latter group was given an oral dose of a supplement that comprised 75 mg of ASTX on a daily basis for 32 weeks.
  • The participating ponies underwent a 16-week deconditioning period referred to as DECON, followed by a 16-week reconditioning program (RECON).
  • The horses were subjected to submaximal exercise tests (SETs) at the beginning of the study, after the DECON period, and after the RECON period. Blood samples and muscle samples were collected at various intervals for oxidative status analysis and gene expression analyses.

Results of the Study

  • The ASTX supplementation resulted in an increased activity of circulating glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and decreased protein carbonylation, both indicators of improved oxidative balance within the body.
  • The oxidative status of the muscles was affected by the DECON and RECON periods indicating that physical activity level could affect muscle oxidative capacity.
  • Moreover, the ASTX supplementation increased the gene expression of PPARGC1A post reconditioning, a gene involved in muscle’s response to exercise and energy production.
  • However, deconditioning was observed to reduce oxidative phosphorylation at complex I and II, a crucial process in the cell’s biochemical method of generating energy. This suggests that physical activity level has a more significant impact on muscle oxidative capacity than ASTX supplementation.

Conclusion

  • The study concluded that a deconditioning-reconditioning cycle had greater impacts on muscle oxidative capacity compared to the ASTX supplementation, even though the ASTX supplementation demonstrated a positive effect on oxidative status.

Cite This Article

APA
Kawaida MY, Kwon OS, Ahn A, Reiter AS, Tillquist NM, Noh SG, Lee JW, Moore TE, Reed SA. (2025). Effects of an astaxanthin-containing supplement on oxidative status in skeletal muscle and circulation during deconditioning and reconditioning periods in polo ponies. Physiol Rep, 13(8), e70346. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70346

Publication

Physiological reports
ISSN: 2051-817X
NlmUniqueID: 101607800
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 8
Pages: e70346

Researcher Affiliations

Kawaida, Mia Y
  • Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
Kwon, Oh Sung
  • Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
  • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
Ahn, Ahram
  • Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
Reiter, Amanda S
  • Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
Tillquist, Nicole M
  • Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
Noh, Sung Gi
  • Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
Lee, Jung W
  • Department of Statistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
Moore, Timothy E
  • Statistical Consulting Services, Center for Open Research Resources & Equipment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
Reed, Sarah A
  • Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Muscle, Skeletal / drug effects
  • Muscle, Skeletal / metabolism
  • Xanthophylls / pharmacology
  • Xanthophylls / administration & dosage
  • Dietary Supplements
  • Oxidative Stress / drug effects
  • Horses
  • Physical Conditioning, Animal / methods
  • Physical Conditioning, Animal / physiology
  • Male
  • Antioxidants / pharmacology
  • Antioxidants / administration & dosage
  • Glutathione Peroxidase / blood
  • Glutathione Peroxidase / metabolism

Grant Funding

  • University of Connecticut Research Excellence Program

Conflict of Interest Statement

No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.

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