FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Journal of autism and developmental disorders2024; doi: 10.1007/s10803-023-06174-5

Effects of Horseback Riding on the Postural Control of Autistic Children: A Multiple Baseline Across-subjects Design.

Abstract: The aim of this research was to study the effect of a horseback-riding programme on postural control in a group of autistic children (ASD). Nine children aged 9 to 12 years participated in this study through a multiple baseline across subjects design. The whole programme took place over nine months. Participants followed a previously developed specific horseback-riding programme, consisting of 45-minute sessions held twice a week for at least three months. To evaluate postural control, the average velocity of the centre of pressure displacement was measured by means of a posturographic platform. Results indicated that this intervention with horses had a positive effect on the postural control in children with ASDs.
© 2024. The Author(s).
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2024-01-21 PubMed ID: 38246963PubMed Central: 7697076DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06174-5Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates how a horseback-riding program might improve postural control in autistic children. The results point to potential benefits from this type of intervention.

Objective and Methodology

The researchers aimed to examine the impact of a horseback-riding programme on the postural control of children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The study follows a multiple baseline across-subjects design, a common method in behavioral research. It creates a different starting point for each participant but measures the same variables, providing control for variables that might skew the results.

  • The participants included 9 children between the ages of 9 and 12.
  • The entire program spanned over nine months.
  • The participants followed a specially designed horseback-riding program that took place twice a week and each session lasting for 45 minutes, for at least three months.

Evaluation Process

To determine the effectiveness of the programme, average velocity of the centre of pressure displacement was measured using a posturographic platform. This specific method quantifies balance performances, making it a suitable tool for assessing postural control.

Findings

The findings from this research suggest that the horseback-riding intervention had a positive impact on the postural control of the ASD children. Postural control is crucial because it plays a foundational role in all motor skills. Improved postural control could, in turn, enhance other life skills and the overall quality of life for children with ASD.

Implications

This research shows a novel approach to assisting autistic children improve their postural control. The horseback-riding program provides a unique and possibly enjoyable way to help these children enhance their physical control and stability. Future research can look into other aspects of the effects of horseback riding, such as psychological or emotional effects, on children with ASD.

Cite This Article

APA
Vives-Vilarroig J, Ruiz-Bernardo P, García-Gómez A. (2024). Effects of Horseback Riding on the Postural Control of Autistic Children: A Multiple Baseline Across-subjects Design. J Autism Dev Disord. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-023-06174-5

Publication

Journal of autism and developmental disorders
ISSN: 1573-3432
NlmUniqueID: 7904301
Country: United States
Language: English

Researcher Affiliations

Vives-Vilarroig, Juan
  • Universidad Cardenal Herrera, CEU, Castellón, C. Grecia, 31, Castellón de la Plana, 12006, España.
Ruiz-Bernardo, Paola
  • Universidad Jaume I. Castellón, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, Castellón de la Plana, 12071, España. ruizma@uji.es.
García-Gómez, Andrés
  • Universidad de Extremadura. Badajoz, Av. de Elvas, s/n, Badajoz, 06006, España.

References

This article includes 98 references
  1. Aartolahti E, Häkkinen A, Lönnroos E, Kautiainen H, Sulkava R, Hartikainen S. Relationship between functional vision and balance and mobility performance in community-dwelling older adults. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 25(5), 545–552 (2013).
    doi: 10.1007/s40520-013-0120-zpubmed: 24002802google scholar: lookup
  2. Adolph K E, Franchak J M. The development of motor behavior. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 8(1–2), e1430 (2017).
    doi: 10.1002/wcs.1430google scholar: lookup
  3. Akyol B, Pektas S. The effects of Gymnastics Training combined with music in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Down Syndrome. International Education Studies 11(11), 45–51 (2018).
    doi: 10.5539/ies.v11n11p46google scholar: lookup
  4. Allen G, Courchesne E. Differential effects of developmental cerebellar abnormality on cognitive and motor functions in the cerebellum: An fMRI study of autism. American Journal of Psychiatry 160(2), 262–273 (2003).
    doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.262pubmed: 12562572google scholar: lookup
  5. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition. DSM-5 (2013. ed.). .
  6. Ayres A. La integración sensorial en Los niños: Desafíos sensoriales ocultos (25 ed.). .
  7. Bass M M, Duchowny C A, Llabre M M. The effect of therapeutic horseback riding on social functioning in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 39(9), 1261–1267 (2009).
    doi: 10.1007/s10803-009-0734-3pubmed: 19350376google scholar: lookup
  8. Bronson C, Brewerton K, Ong J, Palanca C, Sullivan S J. Does hippotherapy improve balance in persons with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 46, 347–353 (2010).
    pubmed: 20927000
  9. Bronstein A M. A conceptual model of the visual control of posture. Progress in Brain Research Vol. 248, pp. 285–302 (2019).
    doi: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.04.023google scholar: lookup
  10. Caeyenberghs K, Taymans T, Wilson P H, Vanderstraeten G, Hosseini H, van Waelvelde H. Neural signature of developmental coordination disorder in the structural connectome Independent of comorbid autism. Developmental Science 19(4), 599–612 (2016).
    doi: 10.1111/desc.12424pubmed: 27147441google scholar: lookup
  11. Campbell J, Garrett S. Therapeutic riding as a treatment modality for clients with a sensory integrative dysfunction. Riding Tall 6, 5–6 (1996).
  12. Casey A F, Quenneville-Himbeault G, Normore A, Davis H, Martell S G. A therapeutic skating intervention for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Pediatric Physical Therapy 27(2), 170–177 (2015).
    doi: 10.1097/PEP.0000000000000139pubmed: 25822357google scholar: lookup
  13. Cheldavi H, Shakerian S, Boshehri S N S, Zarghami M. The effects of balance training intervention on postural control of children with autism spectrum disorder: Role of sensory information. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 8, 8–14 (2014).
    doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2013.09.016google scholar: lookup
  14. Cohen. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. .
  15. Cohen S, Conduit R, Lockley S W, Rajaratnam S M, Cornish K M. The relationship between sleep and behavior in autism spectrum disorder (ASD): A review. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders 6(1) (2014).
    doi: 10.1186/1866-1955-6-44google scholar: lookup
  16. Corbett B A, Muscatello R A, Blain S D. Impact of sensory sensitivity on physiological stress response and novel peer interaction in children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder. Frontiers in Neuroscience 10 (2016).
    doi: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00278google scholar: lookup
  17. Crespo-Eguílaz N, Narbona-García J. Procedural learning disorder: Neuropsychological characteristics. Revista De Neurología 49(08), 409 (2009).
    doi: 10.33588/rn.4908.2009079pubmed: 19816844google scholar: lookup
  18. Dobell A, Pringle A, Faghy M A, Roscoe C M P. Fundamental Movement skills and Accelerometer-measured physical activity levels during early childhood: A systematic review. Children 7(11), 224 (2020).
    doi: 10.3390/children7110224pubmed: 33187252pmc: 7697076google scholar: lookup
  19. Doumas M, McKenna R, Murphy B. Postural control deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder: The role of sensory integration. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 46, 853–861 (2016).
    doi: 10.1007/s10803-015-2621-4pubmed: 26446773google scholar: lookup
  20. Dziuk M A, Gidley Larson J C, Apostu A, Mahone E M, Denckla M B, Mostofsky S H. Dyspraxia in autism: Association with motor, social, and communication deficits. Dev Med Child Neurol 49, 734–739 (2007).
    doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00734.xpubmed: 17880641google scholar: lookup
  21. Ezell J, Hogan A, Fairchild A, Hills K, Klusek J, Abbeduto L, Roberts J. Prevalence and predictors of anxiety disorders in adolescent and adult males with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Fragile X Syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 49(3), 1131–1141 (2019).
    doi: 10.1007/s10803-018-3804-6pubmed: 30430320pmc: 6596989google scholar: lookup
  22. Fears N E, Templin T N, Sherrod G M, Bugnariu N L, Patterson R M, Miller H L. Autistic children use less efficient goal-Directed whole body movements compared to Neurotypical Development. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1–12 (2022).
  23. Fernándes C R. Influencia da fisioterapia no acompanhamento de crianças portadoras do TEA (Trasntorno do espectro autista). TCC (Graduação).Unifasb, Barreiras (2020).
  24. Fournier K A, Kimberg C I, Radonovich K J, Tillman M D, Chow J W, Lewis M H, Bodfish J W, Hass C J. Decreased static and dynamic postural control in children with autism spectrum disorders. Gait & Posture 32(1), 6–9 (2010).
    doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.02.007google scholar: lookup
  25. Gabriels R L, Agnew J A, Holt K D, Shoffner A, Zhaoxing P, Ruzzano S, Mesibov G. Pilot study measuring the effects of therapeutic horseback riding on school-age children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 6(2), 578–588 (2012).
    doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2011.09.007google scholar: lookup
  26. Gagey P M, Weber B. Posturologie: Régulation et dérèglements de la station debout. .
  27. García-Gómez A, Risco M L, Rubio J C, Guerrero E, García-Peña I M. Effects of a program of adapted therapeutic Horse-Riding in a Group of Autism Spectrum Disorder Children. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology 12(1), 107–128 (2014).
  28. Guzmán-Muñoz E, Méndez-Rebolledo G, Villouta-Gutiérrez O, Concha-Cisternas Y, Valdés-Badilla P. Análisis De Los Sistemas sensoriales que contribuyen al control postural en personas con síndrome de Down. Neurología 11(2), 75–80 (2019).
    doi: 10.1016/j.neuarg.2019.02.004google scholar: lookup
  29. Hameury L, Delavous P, Teste B, Leroy C, Gaboriau J C, Berthier A. Équithérapie et autisme. Annales Médico-psychologiques Revue Psychiatrique 168(9), 655–659 (2010).
    doi: 10.1016/j.amp.2009.12.019google scholar: lookup
  30. Hariri R, Nakhostin-Ansari A, Mohammadi F, Memari A H, Oskouie I M, Haghparast A. An Overview of the Available Intervention Strategies for Postural Balance Control in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Research and Treatment 2022.
  31. Harrington M, Velicer W F. Comparing visual and statistical analysis in single-case studies using published studies. Multivariate Behavioral Research 50(2), 162–183 (2015).
    doi: 10.1080/00273171.2014.973989pubmed: 26609876pmc: 4677800google scholar: lookup
  32. Hedges L V, Pustejovsky J E, Shadish W R. A standardized mean difference effect size for multiple baseline designs across individuals. Research Synthesis Methods 4(4), 324–341 (2013).
    doi: 10.1002/jrsm.1086pubmed: 26053946google scholar: lookup
  33. Hilton C L, Cumpata K, Klohr C, Gaetke S, Artner A, Johnson H, Dobbs S. Effects of exergaming on executive function and motor skills in Children with Autism Spectrum disorder: A pilot study. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 68(1), 57–65 (2014).
    doi: 10.5014/ajot.2014.008664google scholar: lookup
  34. Hsu Y S, Kuan C C, Young Y H. Assessing the development of balance function in children using stabilometry. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 73(5), 737–740 (2009).
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2009.01.016pubmed: 19232750google scholar: lookup
  35. Hyman S L, Levy S E, Myers S M, Council on Children with Disabilities, Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. Identification, evaluation, and management of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Pediatrics 145(1), e20193447 (2020).
    doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-3447pubmed: 31843864google scholar: lookup
  36. Jansiewicz E M, Goldberg M C, Newschaffer C J, Denckla M B, Landa R, Mostofsky S H. Motor signs distinguish children with high functioning autism and Asperger’s syndrome from controls. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 36, 613–621 (2006).
    doi: 10.1007/s10803-006-0109-ypubmed: 16609826google scholar: lookup
  37. Jenkins S R, Reed F D D. An experimental analysis of the effects of therapeutic horseback riding on the behavior of children with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 7(6), 721–740 (2013).
    doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2013.02.008google scholar: lookup
  38. Kern J K, Fletcher C L, Garver C R, Mehta J A, Grannemann B D, Knox K R, Richardson T A, Trivedi M H. Prospective trial of equine-assisted activities in autism spectrum disorder. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 17(3), 14–20 (2011).
    pubmed: 22164808
  39. Kohen-Raz R, Volkman F R, Cohen D J. Postural control in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 22(3), 419–432 (1992).
    doi: 10.1007/BF01048244pubmed: 1383190google scholar: lookup
  40. Kratochwill T R, Hitchcock J H, Horner R H, Levin J R, Odom S L, Rindskopf D M, Shadish W R. Single-case intervention Research Design standards. Remedial and Special Education 34(1), 26–38 (2013).
    doi: 10.1177/0741932512452794google scholar: lookup
  41. Lakie M, Loram I D. Manually controlled human balancing using visual, vestibular and proprioceptive senses involves a common, low frequency neural process: Balancing with altered sensory modalities. The Journal of Physiology 577(1), 403–416 (2006).
    doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.116772pubmed: 16959857pmc: 2000668google scholar: lookup
  42. Larson J C G, Mostofosky S H. Déficits motores no autismo. In R. Tuchman E I. Rapin (Orgs). Autismo: Abordagem neurobiológica (pp. 249–266) (2009).
  43. Leanderson J, Eriksson E, Nilsson C, Wykman A. Proprioception in Classical Ballet dancers: A prospective study of the influence of an ankle sprain on Proprioception in the Ankle Joint. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 24(3), 370–374 (1996).
    doi: 10.1177/036354659602400320pubmed: 8734890google scholar: lookup
  44. Li Y, Liu T, Venuti C E. Development of postural stability in children with autism spectrum disorder: A cross-sectional study. International Biomechanics 8(1), 54–62 (2021).
    doi: 10.1080/23335432.2021.1968316pubmed: 34414860pmc: 8381937google scholar: lookup
  45. Licari M K, Alvares G A, Varcin K, Evans K L, Cleary D, Reid S L, Glasson E J, Bebbington K, Reynolds J E, Wray J, Whitehouse A J O. Prevalence of Motor difficulties in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Analysis of a Population-based cohort. Autism Research 13(2), 298–306 (2020).
    doi: 10.1002/aur.2230pubmed: 31625694google scholar: lookup
  46. Lim Y H, Partridge K, Girdler S, Morris S L. Standing Postural Control in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Systematic review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 47(7), 2238–2253 (2017).
    doi: 10.1007/s10803-017-3144-ypubmed: 28508177google scholar: lookup
  47. Lourenço C, Esteves D, Nunes C, Liu T. Motor proficiency of children with autism spectrum disorder and typically developing children in Portugal. Journal of Physical Education and Sport 20(3), 1491–1496 (2020).
  48. Lum J A G, Shandley K, Albein-Urios N, Kirkovski M, Papadopoulos N, Wilson R B, Enticott P G, Rinehart N J. Meta-Analysis Reveals Gait Anomalies in Autism. Autism Research n/a(n/a) (2020).
    doi: 10.1002/aur.2443google scholar: lookup
  49. MacDonald M, Esposito P, Hauck J, Jeong I, Hornyak J, Argento A, Ulrich D A. Bicycle training for youth with Down syndrome and autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 27(1), 12–21 (2012).
    doi: 10.1177/1088357611428333google scholar: lookup
  50. MacDonald M, Lord C, Ulrich D A. The relationship of Motor skills and Social communicative skills in school-aged children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 30(3), 271–282 (2013).
    doi: 10.1123/apaq.30.3.271pubmed: 23860508google scholar: lookup
  51. Madra M, Ringel R, Margolis K G. Gastrointestinal issues and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics 29(3), 501–513 (2020).
    doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2020.02.005google scholar: lookup
  52. Maenner M J, Shaw K A, Baio J, EdS1 Washington A, Patrick M, DiRienzo M, Christensen D L, Wiggins L D, Pettygrove S, Andrews J G, Lopez M, Hudson A, Baroud T, Schwenk Y, White T, Rosenberg C R, Lee L C, Harrington R A, Dietz P M. Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder among children aged 8 years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2016. MMWR Surveillance Summaries 69(4), 1–12 (2020).
    doi: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6904a1google scholar: lookup
  53. Martin A F, Jassi A, Cullen A E, Broadbent M, Downs J, Krebs G. Co-occurring obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism spectrum disorder in young people: Prevalence, clinical characteristics and outcomes. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 29(11), 1603–1611 (2020).
    doi: 10.1007/s00787-020-01478-8google scholar: lookup
  54. Maurer R G, Damasio A R. Vestibular dysfunction in autistic children. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 21(5), 656–659 (2008).
    doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1979.tb01682.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  55. Mazurek M O, Petroski G F. Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorder: Examining the contributions of sensory over-responsivity and anxiety. Sleep Medicine 16(2), 270–279 (2015).
    doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.11.006pubmed: 25600781google scholar: lookup
  56. Molloy C A, Dietrich K N, Bhattacharya A. Postural Stability in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 33(6), 643–652 (2003).
    doi: 10.1023/B:JADD.0000006001.00667.4cpubmed: 14714933google scholar: lookup
  57. Montes-Castillo M L, Benítez M P, Díaz-Barriga A S, Jasso A V. El balance y las caídas en la tercera edad: Consecuencias, evaluación y tratamiento. Revista Mexicana De Medicina física Y rehabilitación 12(1), 16–20 (2000).
  58. Morris S L, Foster C J, Parsons R, Falkmer M, Falkmer T, Rosalie S M. Differences in the use of vision and proprioception for postural control in autism spectrum disorder. Neuroscience 307, 273–280 (2015).
    doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.040pubmed: 26314635google scholar: lookup
  59. Mosston M, Ashworth S. Teaching Physical Education. First Online Edition. .
  60. Muñoz Lasa S, Máximo Bocanegra N, Alcaide V, Atín R, Arratibel M A, Donoso V E, Ferriero G. Animal assisted interventions in neurorehabilitation: A review of the most recent literature. Neurología (English Edition) 30(1), 1–7 (2015).
    doi: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2013.01.010google scholar: lookup
  61. Muskens J B, Velders F P, Staal W G. Medical comorbidities in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders: A systematic review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 26(9), 1093–1103 (2017).
    doi: 10.1007/s00787-017-1020-0google scholar: lookup
  62. Najafabadi M G, Sheikh M, Hemayattalab R, Memari A H, Aderyani M R, Hafizi S. The effect of SPARK on social and motor skills of children with autism. Pediatrics & Neonatology 59(5), 481–487 (2018).
    doi: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2017.12.005google scholar: lookup
  63. Nayate A, Bradshaw J L, Rinehart N J. Autism and Asperger’s disorder: Are they movement disorders involving the cerebellum and/or basal ganglia?. Brain Research Bulletin 67(4), 327–334 (2005).
    doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011pubmed: 16182941google scholar: lookup
  64. Neumeyer A M, Anixt J, Chan J, Perrin J M, Murray D, Coury D L, Bennett A, Farmer J, Parker R A. Identifying associations among Co-occurring Medical conditions in children with Autism Spectrum disorders. Academic Pediatrics 19(3), 300–306 (2019).
    doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2018.06.014pubmed: 30053632google scholar: lookup
  65. Nuntanee S, Daranee S. Effect of Motorized Elephant-Assisted Therapy Program on Balance Control of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Occupational Therapy International 2019, 1–10.
    doi: 10.1155/2019/5914807google scholar: lookup
  66. Ogawa S, Lee Y A, Yamaguchi Y, Shibata Y, Goto Y. Associations of acute and chronic stress hormones with cognitive functions in autism spectrum disorder. Neuroscience 343, 229–239 (2017).
    doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.003pubmed: 27956063google scholar: lookup
  67. Olivier A, Faugloire E, Lejeune L, Biau S, Isableu B. Head Stability and Head-Trunk Coordination in Horseback Riders: The Contribution of Visual Information According to Expertise. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 11 (2017).
    doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00011google scholar: lookup
  68. Paquet A, Olliac B, Bouvard M P, Golse B, Vaivre-Douret L. The Semiology of Motor Disorders in Autism Spectrum Disorders as Highlighted from a Standardized Neuro-Psychomotor Assessment. Frontiers in Psychology 7 (2016).
    doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01292google scholar: lookup
  69. Parker R I, Vannest K. An improved effect size for single-case research: Nonoverlap of all pairs. Behavior Therapy 40(4), 357–367 (2009).
    doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2008.10.006pubmed: 19892081google scholar: lookup
  70. Parker R I, Vannest K J, Davis J L. Effect size in Single-Case Research: A review of nine nonoverlap techniques. Behavior Modification 35(4), 303–322 (2011).
    doi: 10.1177/0145445511399147pubmed: 21411481google scholar: lookup
  71. Parreira R B, Grecco L A C, Oliveira C S. Postural control in blind individuals: A systematic review. Gait & Posture 57, 161–167 (2017).
    doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.06.008google scholar: lookup
  72. Peña O, Cibrian F L, Tentori M. Circus in Motion: A multimodal exergame supporting vestibular therapy for children with autism. Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces .
    doi: 10.1007/s12193-020-00345-9google scholar: lookup
  73. Peters B C M, Wood W. Autism and equine-assisted interventions: A systematic mapping review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 47(10), 3220–3242 (2017).
    doi: 10.1007/s10803-017-3219-9google scholar: lookup
  74. Portela-Pino I, Bouzo-Gónzalez S, Pino-Juste M. Evaluation of an equine therapy program in students with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 15(4) (2019).
    doi: 10.14198/jhse.2020.154.06google scholar: lookup
  75. Pustejovsky J E. scdhlm. A web-based calculator for between-case standardized mean differences (Version 0.3.1) [Web application]. .
  76. Radonovich K J, Fournier K A, Hass C J. Relationship between postural control and restricted, repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorders. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 7 (2013).
    doi: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00028google scholar: lookup
  77. Rydzewska E, Hughes-McCormack L A, Gillberg C, Henderson A, MacIntyre C, Rintoul J, Cooper S A. Prevalence of sensory impairments, physical and intellectual disabilities, and mental health in children and young people with self/proxy-reported autism: Observational study of a whole country population. Autism 23(5), 1201–1209 (2019).
    doi: 10.1177/1362361318791279pubmed: 30328695google scholar: lookup
  78. Sam K L S, Smith A W, Lo S K. Visual cognition and dynamic balance in persons with autism spectrum disorder. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity 7(5), 274–277 (2017).
    doi: 10.18178/ijssh.2017.7.5.833google scholar: lookup
  79. Sarabzadeh M, Azari B B, Helalizadeh M. The effect of six weeks of Tai Chi Chuan training on the motor skills of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 23(2), 284–290 (2019).
    doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2019.01.007pubmed: 31103109google scholar: lookup
  80. Shams A, Vameghi R, Shamsipour Dehkordi P, Allafan N, Bayati M. The development of postural control among children: Repeatability and normative data for computerized dynamic posturography system. Gait & Posture 78, 40–47 (2020).
    doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.03.002google scholar: lookup
  81. Shavikloo J, Norasteh A. The effect of integrative neuromuscular training on postural control of children with autism spectrum. Neurology and Neurosurgery 1(2) (2018).
    doi: 10.15761/nns.1000107google scholar: lookup
  82. Smith J A, Fisher B E. Anticipatory postural adjustments and spatial organization of motor cortex: Evidence of adaptive compensations in healthy older adults. Journal of Neurophysiology 120(6), 2796–2805 (2018).
    doi: 10.1152/jn.00428.2018pubmed: 30281380google scholar: lookup
  83. Somogyi E, Kapitány E, Kenyeres K, Donauer N, Fagard J, Kónya A. Visual feedback increases postural stability in children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 29–30, 48–56 (2016).
    doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2016.06.001google scholar: lookup
  84. Speers R A, Kuo A D, Horak F B. Contributions of altered sensation and feedback responses to changes in coordination of postural control due to aging. Gait & Posture 16(1), 20–30 (2002).
    doi: 10.1016/S0966-6362(02)00003-6google scholar: lookup
  85. Stevenson J L, Lindley C E, Murlo N. Retrospectively assessed Early Motor and Current Pragmatic Language skills in autistic and Neurotypical Children. Perceptual and Motor Skills 124(4), 777–794 (2017).
    doi: 10.1177/0031512517710379pubmed: 28535720google scholar: lookup
  86. Stins J F, Emck C. Balance performance in autism: A brief overview. Frontiers in Psychology 9, 901 (2018).
    doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00901pubmed: 29922206pmc: 5996852google scholar: lookup
  87. Travers B G, Bigler E D, Duffield T C, Prigge M D B, Froehlich A L, Lange N, Alexander A L, Lainhart J E. Longitudinal development of manual motor ability in autism spectrum disorder from childhood to mid-adulthood relates to adaptive daily living skills. Developmental Science 20(4), e12401 (2017).
    doi: 10.1111/desc.12401google scholar: lookup
  88. Travers B G, Mason A, Mrotek L A, Ellertson A, Dean D C, Engel C, Gomez A, Dadalko O I, McLaughlin K. Biofeedback-Based, Videogame Balance Training in Autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 48(1), 163–175 (2018).
    doi: 10.1007/s10803-017-3310-2pubmed: 28921103pmc: 5762409google scholar: lookup
  89. Trzmiel T, Purandare B, Michalak M, Zasadzka E, Pawlaczyk M. Equine assisted activities and therapies in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and a meta-analysis. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 42, 104–113 (2019).
    doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.11.004pubmed: 30670226google scholar: lookup
  90. Tseng S H, Chen H C, Tam K W. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of equine assisted activities and therapies on gross motor outcome in children with cerebral palsy. Disability and Rehabilitation 35(2), 89–99 (2013).
    doi: 10.3109/09638288.2012.687033pubmed: 22630812google scholar: lookup
  91. Valentine J C, Tanner-Smith E E, Pustejovsky J E, Lau T S. Between‐case standardized mean difference effect sizes for single‐case designs: A primer and tutorial using the scdhlm web application. Campbell Systematic Reviews 12(1), 1–31 (2016).
    doi: 10.4073/cmdp.2016.1google scholar: lookup
  92. Valverde-Esteve T, Chiva-Bartoll O, Salvador-García C, Maravé-Vivas M. Effect of a service-learning program on the active lifestyle of children with Autism Spectrum disorder: A pilot study. Sustainability 12(11), 4354 (2020).
    doi: 10.3390/sሑ4354google scholar: lookup
  93. Viguier M. Influence du changement de l’angle d’incidence entre le vecteur gravitationnel terrestre et l’axe sagittal du rachis sur les performances posturales statiques et dynamiques d’un individu [Phd, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier]. .
  94. Vives-Vilarroig J, Ruiz-Bernardo M P, García-Gómez A. Rubric for evaluating balance on the horse in children with autism. Retos 41, 887–896 (2021).
    doi: 10.47197/retos.v41i0.86378google scholar: lookup
  95. Wang Z, Hallac R R, Conroy K C, White S P, Kane A A, Collinsworth A L, Sweeney J A, Mosconi M W. Postural orientation and equilibrium processes associated with increased postural sway in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders 8(1), 43 (2016).
    doi: 10.1186/s11689-016-9178-1pubmed: 27933108pmc: 5124312google scholar: lookup
  96. Westcott S L, Lowes L P, Richardson P K. Evaluation of Postural Stability in Children: Current theories and Assessment Tools. Physical Therapy 77(6), 629–645 (1997).
    doi: 10.1093/ptj/77.6.629pubmed: 9184688google scholar: lookup
  97. Winter D A, Patla A E, Frank J S. Assessment of balance control in humans. Medical Progress through Technology 16(1–2), 31–51 (1990).
    pubmed: 2138696
  98. Wuang Y P, Huang C L, Tsai H Y. Sensory integration and perceptual-motor profiles in school-aged children with autistic spectrum disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 16, 1661–1673 (2020).
    doi: 10.2147/NDT.S253337pubmed: 32753871pmc: 7351620google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,850 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.