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Epidemic of equine coronavirus at Obihiro Racecourse, Hokkaido, Japan in 2012.
Abstract: Equine coronavirus (ECoV) outbreaks have occurred three times at Obihiro Racecourse in Hokkaido, Japan. The third ECoV outbreak occurred between late February and early April 2012. The main clinical signs of affected horses were anorexia, pyrexia and leucopenia; gastrointestinal disease was observed in about 10% of affected horses. Two ECoV strains were isolated from diarrheal samples. All paired sera (9/9) collected from febrile horses showed seroconversion by neutralization test. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the ECoV isolated showed that putative amino acid sequences in S and N genes were highly conserved among ECoV strains. In contrast, sequences of the region coding 4.7 kDa non-structural protein (p 4.7) differed among the strains. Because of the diversity of the p4.7 region, this region should be useful for epidemiological investigation of ECoV.
Publication Date: 2013-05-01 PubMed ID: 23648375DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0056Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
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This research article analyzes a series of equine coronavirus outbreaks that took place in Japan’s Obihiro Racecourse during 2012, and highlights the genetic differences found among the virus strains and their potential use in future epidemiological investigations.
Introduction and Background
- This study focused on the outbreak of equine coronavirus, or ECoV, that took place three times at Japan’s Obihiro Racecourse in Hokkaido. In particular, the research paper provides an in-depth analysis of the third outbreak, which took place between late February and early April 2012.
- ECoV is a virus that infects horses, causing symptoms such as loss of appetite, fever, and a decrease in the number of white blood cells. A minority of infected horses also developed gastrointestinal disease.
Findings
- The study successfully isolated two strains of ECoV from samples associated with diarrhea. It also noted that all examined horses showing fever signs (9 out of 9 cases) also displayed seroconversion – a clear indication of a virus infection – under a neutralization test. Seroconversion signifies the time taken by the body to start producing specific antibodies to fight an infecting pathogen.
- Hence, the researchers turned their attention to the genetic analysis of the isolated ECoV strains, investigating potential variations across the virus genomes.
Genetic Analysis
- The phylogenetic analysis and comparisons of ECoV’s sequence showed that the putative amino acid sequences in S (Spike) and N (Nucleocapsid) genes were highly conserved among the isolated ECoV strains, meaning they remained largely unchanged. S and N genes have roles in virus anchoring and replication, respectively.
- However, the team found contrasting results when examining the region coding the 4.7kDa non-structural protein (p 4.7). The sequences shown in this region appeared to be different among the isolated strains of ECoV.
Conclusion
- Given the genetic diversity found in the p4.7 region, the researchers propose that this specific area should be targeted further for epidemiological investigations of ECoV in the future. As this region demonstrates greater genetic variation, it could potentially offer key insights into the evolution, spread, and control of the equine coronavirus.
Cite This Article
APA
Oue Y, Morita Y, Kondo T, Nemoto M.
(2013).
Epidemic of equine coronavirus at Obihiro Racecourse, Hokkaido, Japan in 2012.
J Vet Med Sci, 75(9), 1261-1265.
https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.13-0056 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Hokkaido Tokachi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 59-6 Kisen, Kawanishicho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 089-1182, Japan.
MeSH Terms
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cluster Analysis
- Coronavirus / genetics
- Coronavirus Infections / epidemiology
- Coronavirus Infections / pathology
- Coronavirus Infections / veterinary
- Diarrhea / veterinary
- Diarrhea / virology
- Disease Outbreaks / veterinary
- Horse Diseases / epidemiology
- Horse Diseases / pathology
- Horse Diseases / virology
- Horses
- Japan / epidemiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neutralization Tests / veterinary
- Phylogeny
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins / genetics
Citations
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