FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Med Sci / Evaluation of peritoneal l-lactate concentration in horses i...
Veterinary medicine and science2024; 10(3); e1352; doi: 10.1002/vms3.1352

Evaluation of peritoneal l-lactate concentration in horses in the early post-partum period.

Abstract: Peritoneal fluid lactate concentration is an important diagnostic tool in horses with abdominal pain. Information on peritoneal lactate concentrations is lacking following parturition in the mare. To compare blood and peritoneal lactate concentrations in a population of mares within 36 h post-partum, report a normal reference range and identify any impact of retained foetal membranes (RFMs). This is a retrospective study evaluating healthy mares from which blood and peritoneal samples had been obtained within 36 h of parturition. Exclusion criteria included signs of abdominal pain within this period. Data was interrogated for normality using a Shapiro-Wilk test. Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Bland-Altman analysis were used to compare blood and peritoneal lactate concentrations. Linear regression was used to compare age and breed data with peritoneal lactate concentrations. Significance was defined as p < 0.05. Forty mares met the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 12.6 ± 4.1 years, and most mares were multiparous (65%). Peritoneal lactate ((1.2 (IQR = 0.9-1.6) mmol/L) was increased compared to blood lactate concentration (0.7 (IQR = 0-1.1)mmol/L; p < 0.001). Plasma total protein (TP) concentrations were 68 (IQR = 64-74) g/L and peritoneal protein concentrations 8 (IQR = 4-9.7) g/L. Six mares developed RFM. The median fold-increase in peritoneal lactate concentration compared to blood lactate concentration was 0.9 (IQR: 0.01-1.7; range: 0-2.5). The reference range for peritoneal fluid lactate concentration was 0-2.5 mmol/L. Peritoneal lactate concentrations in healthy post-partum mares remained within the normal reference range and were not influenced by RFM or parturition. Increased peritoneal lactate in this group warrants further investigation.
© 2024 The Authors. Veterinary Medicine and Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2024-04-18 PubMed ID: 38634206PubMed Central: PMC11024506DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1352Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article investigates the concentration of lactate in horse’s (mare’s) abdominal fluid following birthing, also known as the post-partum period. Examining levels of peritoneal lactate is key in diagnosing abdominal pain in horses, but data concerning these levels after a mare has given birth is sparse. The paper explores if there’s a correlation between lactate concentration and retained foetal membranes in the mare’s body.

Research Design

  • This is a retrospective study investigating mares from whose blood and peritoneal samples were taken within 36 hours of giving birth.
  • Any mare displaying signs of abdominal distress within this timeframe were excluded from the study.
  • The researchers used various statistical methods, including the Shapiro-Wilk test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Bland-Altman analysis, and linear regression, to ascertain normality and compare blood and peritoneal lactate concentrations as well as age and breed data.

Results

  • Forty mares met the study’s inclusion criteria, with the average age being 12.6 years.
  • The majority (65%) of mares in the study were multiparous, meaning they had given birth more than once.
  • Data revealed that lactate in the peritoneal fluid was increased compared to blood lactate concentration.
  • Six mares eventually developed retained foetal membranes (RFM).
  • The reference range for lactate in the peritoneal fluid was found to be 0-2.5mmol/L.

Conclusions

  • The researchers found that healthy, post-partum mares retained normal peritoneal lactate levels within the reference range, and this was not influenced by RFM or the birthing process itself.
  • The study suggests that any increase in peritoneal lactate in healthy post-partum mares needs further study as this might indicate potential complications.

Cite This Article

APA
Rapezzano G, Marcatili M, Stephenson R, Pereira R, Hallowell G, Duz M. (2024). Evaluation of peritoneal l-lactate concentration in horses in the early post-partum period. Vet Med Sci, 10(3), e1352. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.1352

Publication

Veterinary medicine and science
ISSN: 2053-1095
NlmUniqueID: 101678837
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 3
Pages: e1352

Researcher Affiliations

Rapezzano, Giulia
  • Pool House Equine Clinic, Fradley, Staffordshire, UK.
Marcatili, Marco
  • Pool House Equine Clinic, Fradley, Staffordshire, UK.
Stephenson, Richard
  • Pool House Equine Clinic, Fradley, Staffordshire, UK.
Pereira, Regina
  • Pool House Equine Clinic, Fradley, Staffordshire, UK.
Hallowell, Gayle
  • Pool House Equine Clinic, Fradley, Staffordshire, UK.
Duz, Marco
  • School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Female
  • Lactic Acid
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Postpartum Period
  • Abdominal Pain / veterinary

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

This article includes 50 references
  1. Arnold CE, Payne M, Thompson JA, Slovis NM, Bain FT. Periparturient haemorrhage in mares: 73 cases (1998‐2005). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 232(9), 1345–1351.
    pubmed: 18447780
  2. Bonaventura JM, Sharpe K, Knight E, Fuller KL, Tanner RK, Gore CJ. Reliability and accuracy of six hand‐held blood lactate analysers. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 14, 203–214.
    pmc: PMC4306774pubmed: 25729309
  3. Canisso IF, Rodriguez JS, Sanz MG, Coutinho da Silva MA. A clinical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of retained fetal membranes with an emphasis placed on the critically ill mare. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 33, 570–579.
  4. Cohen RD, Woods HF. Clinical and biochemical aspects of lactic acidosis. Blackwell Scientific Publications .
  5. De Backer D. Lactic acidosis. Intensive Care Medicine 29, 699–702.
    pubmed: 12682722
  6. Delesalle C, Dewulf J, Lefebvre RA, Schuurkes AJ, Proot J, Lefere L, Deprez P. Determination of lactate concentrations in blood plasma and peritoneal fluid in horses with colic by an Accusport analyser. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 21, 293–301.
    pubmed: 17427391
  7. Dolente BA, Sullivan EK, Boston R, Johnston JK. Mares admitted to a referral hospital for postpartum emergencies: 163 cases (1992‐2002). Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 15(3), 193–200.
  8. Donawick WJ, Ramberg CF, Paul SR, Hiza MA. The diagnostic and prognostic value of lactate determinations in horses with acute abdominal crisis. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 46, 127.
    pubmed: 1177237
  9. Ebert R. Prognostic parameters in equine colic. Tierärztliche Praxis 22, 2562–2563.
    pubmed: 8048035
  10. Finnegan D. _referenceIntervals: Reference Intervals_. (R package Version 1.3.0) .
  11. Frazer GS. Post partum complications in the mare. Part 1: Fetal membrane retention and conditions affecting the uterus. Equine Veterinary Education 15(1), 36–44.
  12. Frazer GS. Post partum complications in the mare. Part 2: Fetal membrane retention and conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, bladder and vagina. Equine Veterinary Education 15(2), 91–100.
  13. Frazer G, Burba D, Paccamonti D, Blouin D, LeBlanc M, Embertson R, Hance S. The effects of parturition and peripartum complications on the peritoneal fluid composition of mares. Theriogenology 48, 919–931.
    pubmed: 16728183
  14. Friedrichs KR, Harr KE, Freeman KP, Szladovits B, Walton RM, Barnhart KF, Blanco‐Chavez J. ASVCP reference interval guidelines: Determination of de novo reference intervals in veterinary species and other related topics. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 41(4), 441–453.
    pubmed: 23240820
  15. Furr MO, Lessard P, Wite NA. Development of a colic severity score for predicting the outcome of equine colic. Veterinary Surgery 24, 97–101.
    pubmed: 7778263
  16. Grosche A, Fürll M, Wittek T. Peritoneal fluid analysis in dairy cows with left displaced abomasum and abomasal volvolus. Veterinary Record 170(16), 413–418.
    pubmed: 22383328
  17. Hammond A. Physical examination. In Corley K. & Stephen J. (Eds.), The equine hospital manual 1st ed., pp. 7–8.
  18. Henderson ISF. Diagnostic and prognostic use of L‐lactate measurements in equine practice. Equine Veterinary Education 25(9), 468–475.
  19. Hjortkjaer RK, Svendsen CK. Simulated small intestinal volvulus in the anesthetized horse. Nordisk Veterinaermedicin 31, 466–483.
    pubmed: 523313
  20. Holcombe SJ, Embertson RM, Kurtz KA, Roessner HA, Wismer SE, Geor RJ, Kaneene JB. Increased serum nonesterified fatty acid and low ionised calcium concentrations are associated with post‐partum colic in mares. Equine Veterinary Journal 48, 39–44.
    pubmed: 25417814
  21. Horn PS, Pesce AJ, Copeland BE. A robust approach to reference interval estimation and evaluation. Clinical Chemistry 44(3), 622–631.
    pubmed: 9510871
  22. Hurcombe SD. Critical care. In Reed SM, Bayly WM, & Sellon D. (Eds.), Equine internal medicine 4th ed., pp. 158–190.
  23. Javsicas LH, Giguère S, Freeman DE, Rodgerson DH, Slovis NM. Comparison of surgical and medical treatment of 49 postpartum mares with presumptive or confirmed uterine tears. Veterinary Surgery 39, 254–260.
    pubmed: 20210976
  24. Johnston K, Holcombe SJ, Hauptman JG. Plasma lactate as a predictor of colonic viability and survival after 360° volvulus of the ascending colon in horses. Veterinary Surgery 36, 563–567.
    pubmed: 17686130
  25. Latson KM, Nieto JE, Beldomenico PM, Snyder JR. Evaluation of peritoneal fluid lactate as a marker of intestinal ischaemia in equine colic. Equine Veterinary Journal 37(4), 342–346.
    pubmed: 16028624
  26. Mair T. Additional diagnostic procedures. In: Mair T., Divers T., & Ducharme N. (Eds.), Manual of equine gastroenterology 1st ed., pp. 16–17.
  27. Moore JN, Traver DS, turner MF, White FJ, Huesgen JG, Butera TS. Lactic acid concentration in peritoneal fluid of normal and diseased horses. Research in Veterinary Science 23, 117–118.
    pubmed: 905642
  28. Moore JN, Garner HE, Shapland JE, Hatfield DG. Lactic acidosis and arteria hypoxemia during sublethal endotoxemia in conscious ponies. American Journal of Veterinary Research 41(10), 1696–1698.
    pubmed: 7013578
  29. Nelson AW. Analysis of equine peritoneal fluid. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Large Animal Practice 1, 267–274.
    pubmed: 399709
  30. Nieto JE, Dechant JE, le Jeune SS, Snyder JR. Evaluation of 3 handheld portable analyzers for measurement of L‐lactate concentrations in blood and peritoneal fluid of horses with colic. Veterinary Surgery 44, 366–372.
    pubmed: 24962777
  31. Nieto J. Peritoneal fluid. In Pusterla N. & Higgins J. (Eds.), Interpretation of equine laboratory diagnostics 1st ed., pp. 357–362.
  32. Offer KS, Russell CM, Carrick JB, Wallington CE, Cudmore LA, Cuming RS, Collins NM. Peritoneal fluid analysis in equine post‐partum emergencies admitted to a referral hospital: A retrospective study of 110 cases. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 36, 2245–2253.
    pubmed: 35007344
  33. Orsini JA, Elser AH, Galligan DT, Donawick WJ, Kronfeld DS. Prognostic index for acute abdominal crisis (colic) in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 49, 1969–1971.
    pubmed: 3247920
  34. Parry BW, Crismas MV. Serum and peritoneal fluid amylase and lipase reference values in horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 23, 390–391.
    pubmed: 1720386
  35. Peloso JG, Cohen ND. Use of serial measurements of peritoneal fluid lactate concentration to identify strangulating intestinal lesions in referred horses with signs of colic. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 240(10), 1208–1217.
    pubmed: 22559111
  36. Radcliffe RM, Divers TJ, Fletcher DJ, Mohammed H, Kraus MS. Evaluation of L‐lactate and cardiac troponin I in horses undergoing emergency abdominal surgery. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 22(3), 313–319.
    pubmed: 22702437
  37. Ragle CA. Assessment of peritonitis in the complicated post partum mare. Equine Veterinary Education 18(1), 24–26.
  38. Rapacz A, Paździor K, Raś A, Rotkiewicz T, Janowski TE. Retained fetal membranes in heavy draft mares associated with histological abnormalities. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 32, 38–44.
  39. Rosenstein PG, Tennent‐Brown BS, Hughes D. Clinical use of plasma lactate concentration. Part 2: Prognostic and diagnostic utility and the clinical management of hyperlactatemia. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care .
    pubmed: 29533517
  40. Saulez MN, Cebra CK, Dailey M. Comparative biochemical analysis of venous blood and peritoneal fluid from horses with colic using a portable analyser and an in‐house analyser. Veterinary Record 157, 217–223.
    pubmed: 16113166
  41. Shearer TR, Norby B, Carr EA. Peritoneal fluid lactate evaluation in horses with nonstrangulating versus strangulating small intestinal disease. Journal of Equine veterinary Science 61, 18–21.
  42. Sloet van Oldruitenborgh‐Oosterbaan MM, van den Broek ET, Spierenburg AJ. Evaluation of the usefulness of the portable device LactatePro for measurement of lactate concentrations in equine whole blood. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 20, 83–85.
    pubmed: 18182516
  43. Svendsen CK, Hjortkjaer RK, Hesselholt M. Colic in the horse. A clinical and clinical chemical study of 42 cases. Nordisk Veterinaermedicin 3(Suppl), 1–32.
    pubmed: 523309
  44. Tennent‐Brown B. Blood lactate measurement and interpretation in critically ill equine adults and neonates. Veterinary Clinics of North America 30(2), 399–413.
    pubmed: 25016498
  45. Tennent‐Brown B. Interpreting lactate measurement in critically ill horses: Diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Compendium: Continuing Education for Veterinarians 34(1), E2.
    pubmed: 22271469
  46. Tennent‐Brown BS, Wilkins PA, Lindborg S, Russell G, Boston RC. Sequential plasma lactate concentrations as prognostic indicators in adult equine emergencies. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 24, 198–205.
    pubmed: 19925572
  47. Tennent‐Brown BS, Wilkins PA, Lindborg S, Russell G, Boston R. Assessment of a point‐of‐care lactate monitor in emergency admissions of adult horses to a referral hospital. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 21, 1090–1098.
    pubmed: 17939569
  48. Ujvari S, Schwarzwald CC, Fouché N, Howard N, Schoster A. Validation of a point‐of care quantitative equine IgG turbidimetric immunoassay and comparison of IgG concentrations measured with radial immunodiffusion and a point‐of‐care IgG ELISA. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 31, 1170–1177.
    pmc: PMC5508326pubmed: 28561898
  49. Vilaregut L, O'Shea C, Lores M, Couto G, Misheff M. Segmental ischaemic necrosis of the jejunum in a post‐partum mare due to two mesenteric avulsions. Equine Veterinary Education 32(8), e106–e110.
  50. Yamout SZ, Nieto JE, Beldomenico PM, Dechant JE, leJeune S, Snyder JR. Peritoneal and plasma D‐lactate concentrations in horses with colic. Veterinary Surgery 40, 817–824.
    pubmed: 21815898
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,001 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.