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International journal of molecular sciences2026; 27(1); 520; doi: 10.3390/ijms27010520

Exosome and miRNA Content Engagement in the Physical Exercise Response: What Is Known to Date in Atheltic Horses?

Abstract: To date, there is extensive scientific evidence affirming that physical exercise plays a fundamental role in both the prevention and treatment of various pathological conditions in humans as well as in animals. It is understood that the advantages of movement and exercise have a multifactorial origin and they depend on a category of bioactive molecules vehicolated by extracellular microvesicles known as exosomes. The exosomes act as potential delivery systems for messages within the organism. These findings have drawn significant attention, leading researchers to further investigate the role of exosomes, delving into the study of microRNAs (miRNAs). In particular, these molecules are found inside exosomes and play a key role in cellular communication, with an impact on numerous physiological functions of the organism. It has been suggested that during physical exercise, the expression levels of miRNAs increase in parallel with those of exosomes, and their release enables intercellular communication in multicellular organisms, thereby regulating both cell growth and division. Studies have not only been carried out in humans, but also in laboratory animals and in mammals following exercise. Specifically, a change in exosome expression has been found in athletic horses following physical exercise. The aim of the current review was to highlight what is known about the role played by exosomes and miRNAs during physical exercise in equine species by considering, on a broad scale, the published data on this topic, including comparative data from humans and rodent models.
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Publication Date: 2026-01-04 PubMed ID: 41516392PubMed Central: PMC12786952DOI: 10.3390/ijms27010520Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Objective Overview

  • This research article reviews the current knowledge on how exosomes and microRNAs (miRNAs) respond to physical exercise in athletic horses.
  • It synthesizes findings from equine studies and compares them with data from humans and rodent models to better understand the role of these bioactive molecules in exercise-induced physiological changes.

Introduction to the Role of Exercise and Bioactive Molecules

  • Physical exercise is well recognized for its benefits in preventing and treating diseases in both humans and animals.
  • The physiological advantages of exercise are derived from multiple mechanisms involving diverse bioactive molecules.
  • Among these molecules, exosomes — a type of extracellular microvesicle — are crucial as carriers or delivery systems for molecular messages within the body.

What are Exosomes and miRNAs?

  • Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles released from cells that facilitate intercellular communication by transporting proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules found inside exosomes that regulate gene expression by targeting messenger RNAs, influencing various cellular processes.
  • miRNAs contained within exosomes can modulate numerous physiological functions by affecting cell growth, proliferation, and communication.

Exercise-Induced Changes in Exosomes and miRNAs

  • Studies have shown that physical exercise leads to an increase in the levels of circulating exosomes and associated miRNAs.
  • This release is thought to enhance intercellular communication, helping coordinate physiological adaptations across different tissues and organs during and after exercise.
  • Such changes have been observed across different species including humans, laboratory rodents, and mammals like horses, suggesting a conserved biological response.

Focus on Athletic Horses

  • Specific studies in athletic horses have identified alterations in exosome concentration and miRNA profiles following bouts of physical activity.
  • These changes are implicated in modulating muscle repair, inflammation, immune response, and possibly the performance capacity of horses.
  • The research investigates how these molecular adaptations could serve as biomarkers for fitness, recovery, or even training optimization.

Comparative Insights from Humans and Rodents

  • The review contrasts equine data with findings from humans and rodent models to understand common pathways and species-specific responses.
  • Such comparisons help elucidate fundamental biological roles of exosomes and miRNAs during exercise and aid translation of the research between species.

Conclusions and Future Directions

  • Exosomes and miRNAs are emerging as key mediators in the exercise response, facilitating communication and regulation of physiological adaptation in equine athletes.
  • Current knowledge, though growing, is still limited, warranting further research to clarify mechanisms and potential applications in veterinary sport medicine.
  • Future work could lead to novel biomarkers or therapeutic targets to enhance athletic performance and recovery in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
(2026). Exosome and miRNA Content Engagement in the Physical Exercise Response: What Is Known to Date in Atheltic Horses? Int J Mol Sci, 27(1), 520. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010520

Publication

International journal of molecular sciences
ISSN: 1422-0067
NlmUniqueID: 101092791
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 27
Issue: 1
PII: 520

Researcher Affiliations

MeSH Terms

  • Exosomes / metabolism
  • Exosomes / genetics
  • Animals
  • MicroRNAs / genetics
  • MicroRNAs / metabolism
  • Physical Conditioning, Animal / physiology
  • Horses / physiology
  • Humans
  • Exercise
  • Cell Communication

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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