FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Biochim Biophys Acta / Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy investigatio...
Biochimica et biophysica acta2006; 1758(7); 934-941; doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.05.014

Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy investigations in the pathogenesis and repair of cartilage.

Abstract: Significant complications in the management of osteoarthritis (OA) are the inability to identify early cartilage changes during the development of the disease, and the lack of techniques to evaluate the tissue response to therapeutic and tissue engineering interventions. In recent studies several spectroscopic parameters have been elucidated by Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy (FT-IRIS) that enable evaluation of molecular and compositional changes in human cartilage with progressively severe OA, and in repair cartilage from animal models. FT-IRIS permits evaluation of early-stage matrix changes in the primary components of cartilage, collagen and proteoglycan on histological sections at a spatial resolution of approximately 6.25 microm. In osteoarthritic cartilage, the collagen integrity, monitored by the ratio of peak areas at 1338 cm(-1)/Amide II, was found to correspond to the histological Mankin grade, the gold standard scale utilized to evaluate cartilage degeneration. Apparent matrix degradation was observable in the deep zone of cartilage even in the early stages of OA. FT-IRIS studies also found that within the territorial matrix of the cartilage cells (chondrocytes), proteoglycan content increased with progression of cartilage degeneration while the collagen content remained the same, but the collagen integrity decreased. Regenerative (repair) tissue from microfracture treatment of an equine cartilage defect showed significant changes in collagen distribution and loss in proteoglycan content compared to the adjacent normal cartilage, with collagen fibrils demonstrating a random orientation in most of the repair tissue. These studies demonstrate that FT-IRIS is a powerful technique that can provide detailed ultrastructural information on heterogeneous tissues such as diseased cartilage and thus has great potential as a diagnostic modality for cartilage degradation and repair.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2006-05-23 PubMed ID: 16815242DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.05.014Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • N.I.H.
  • Extramural

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study uses Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy (FT-IRIS) to look at the molecular and compositional changes in human cartilage under conditions of osteoarthritis (OA), and how cartilage from animal models responds to treatment and tissue engineering interventions. The results suggest that FT-IRIS has the potential to be a powerful diagnostic tool for cartilage degradation and repair.

Research Objectives and Methodology

  • The main obstacle in managing osteoarthritis (OA) is the difficulty in identifying early-stage changes in the cartilage, as well as evaluating how the tissue responds to therapy and tissue engineering.
  • The researchers used Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy (FT-IRIS) to study molecular and compositional changes in human cartilage experiencing different levels of OA, and in repair cartilage from animal models.
  • One of the primary benefits of FT-IRIS is its ability to evaluate early matrix changes in the cartilage’s main components—collagen and proteoglycan—at a spatial resolution of about 6.25 micrometers.
  • The researchers inspected changes in collagen integrity and matrix degradation as factors related to the progression of OA, as well as the distribution of collagen and proteoglycan content in regenerated (repair) tissue.

Findings and Interpretation

  • In the case of osteoarthritic cartilage, the integrity of collagen was measured by the ratio of peak areas at 1338 cm(-1)/Amide II, and was found to correlate with the histological Mankin grade, a scale used to evaluate cartilage degeneration.
  • The study found that even in the early stages of OA, matrix degradation was visible in the deep zone of the cartilage.
  • Within the territorial matrix of cartilage cells (chondrocytes), proteoglycan content was found to increase with the progression of cartilage degeneration. Meanwhile, the collagen content remained unchanged, but its integrity decreased.
  • In regenerated tissue obtained from microfracture treatment of an equine cartilage defect, significant changes were observed in collagen distribution and proteoglycan content compared to normal cartilage. In most of the repair tissue, collagen fibrils were found to have a random orientation.

Conclusions and Potential Applications

  • These results suggest that FT-IRIS can provide detailed ultrastructural information about heterogeneous tissues like diseased cartilage. Therefore, it holds considerable potential as a diagnostic tool in evaluating cartilage degradation and repair processes.
  • Improvements in the detection of early cartilage changes and in assessing the response of tissue to treatments can significantly enhance the management of osteoarthritis.
  • The findings also highlight the importance of maintaining collagen integrity and proteoglycan content, both crucial factors in the health of cartilage tissue.

Cite This Article

APA
Bi X, Yang X, Bostrom MP, Camacho NP. (2006). Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy investigations in the pathogenesis and repair of cartilage. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1758(7), 934-941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.05.014

Publication

Biochimica et biophysica acta
ISSN: 0006-3002
NlmUniqueID: 0217513
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 1758
Issue: 7
Pages: 934-941

Researcher Affiliations

Bi, Xiaohong
  • The Musculoskeletal Imaging and Spectroscopy Lab, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Yang, Xu
    Bostrom, Mathias P G
      Camacho, Nancy Pleshko

        MeSH Terms

        • Aged
        • Aged, 80 and over
        • Animals
        • Cartilage, Articular / physiology
        • Cartilage, Articular / ultrastructure
        • Cattle
        • Diagnostic Imaging / methods
        • Humans
        • Middle Aged
        • Osteoarthritis, Knee / diagnosis
        • Osteoarthritis, Knee / pathology
        • Regeneration
        • Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared

        Grant Funding

        • R01 EB000744 / NIBIB NIH HHS
        • AR46121 / NIAMS NIH HHS
        • EB000744 / NIBIB NIH HHS

        Citations

        This article has been cited 57 times.
        1. Rehman HU, Tafintseva V, Zimmermann B, Solheim JH, Virtanen V, Shaikh R, Nippolainen E, Afara I, Saarakkala S, Rieppo L, Krebs P, Fomina P, Mizaikoff B, Kohler A. Preclassification of Broadband and Sparse Infrared Data by Multiplicative Signal Correction Approach. Molecules 2022 Apr 1;27(7).
          doi: 10.3390/molecules27072298pubmed: 35408697google scholar: lookup
        2. Pezzotti G, Zhu W, Terai Y, Marin E, Boschetto F, Kawamoto K, Itaka K. Raman spectroscopic insight into osteoarthritic cartilage regeneration by mRNA therapeutics encoding cartilage-anabolic transcription factor Runx1. Mater Today Bio 2022 Jan;13:100210.
          doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100210pubmed: 35281370google scholar: lookup
        3. Kistler M, Köhler H, Theopold J, Gockel I, Roth A, Hepp P, Osterhoff G. Intraoperative hyperspectral imaging (HSI) as a new diagnostic tool for the detection of cartilage degeneration. Sci Rep 2022 Jan 12;12(1):608.
          doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-04642-5pubmed: 35022498google scholar: lookup
        4. Świetlicka I, Muszyński S, Prein C, Clausen-Schaumann H, Aszodi A, Arciszewski MB, Blicharski T, Gagoś M, Świetlicki M, Dobrowolski P, Kras K, Tomaszewska E, Arczewska M. Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy Combined with Principal Component Analysis and Artificial Neural Networks for the Study of the Effect of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) Supplementation on Articular Cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2021 Aug 25;22(17).
          doi: 10.3390/ijms22179189pubmed: 34502096google scholar: lookup
        5. Sloan SR Jr, Wipplinger C, Kirnaz S, Delgado R, Huang S, Shvets G, Härtl R, Bonassar LJ. Imaging the local biochemical content of native and injured intervertebral disc using Fourier transform infrared microscopy. JOR Spine 2020 Dec;3(4):e1121.
          doi: 10.1002/jsp2.1121pubmed: 33392456google scholar: lookup
        6. Fertala J, Rivlin M, Wang ML, Beredjiklian PK, Steplewski A, Fertala A. Collagen-rich deposit formation in the sciatic nerve after injury and surgical repair: A study of collagen-producing cells in a rabbit model. Brain Behav 2020 Oct;10(10):e01802.
          doi: 10.1002/brb3.1802pubmed: 32924288google scholar: lookup
        7. Bartell LR, Fortier LA, Bonassar LJ, Szeto HH, Cohen I, Delco ML. Mitoprotective therapy prevents rapid, strain-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction after articular cartilage injury. J Orthop Res 2020 Jun;38(6):1257-1267.
          doi: 10.1002/jor.24567pubmed: 31840828google scholar: lookup
        8. Huynh RN, Pesante B, Nehmetallah G, Raub CB. Polarized reflectance from articular cartilage depends upon superficial zone collagen network microstructure. Biomed Opt Express 2019 Nov 1;10(11):5518-5534.
          doi: 10.1364/BOE.10.005518pubmed: 31799028google scholar: lookup
        9. Ramakrishnan N, Xia Y. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic imaging of articular cartilage and biomaterials: A review. Trends Appl Spectrosc 2013;10:1-23.
          pubmed: 31693014
        10. Kowalczuk D, Pitucha M. Application of FTIR Method for the Assessment of Immobilization of Active Substances in the Matrix of Biomedical Materials. Materials (Basel) 2019 Sep 13;12(18).
          doi: 10.3390/ma12182972pubmed: 31540255google scholar: lookup
        11. Steplewski A, Fertala J, Tomlinson R, Hoxha K, Han L, Thakar O, Klein J, Abboud J, Fertala A. The impact of cholesterol deposits on the fibrillar architecture of the Achilles tendon in a rabbit model of hypercholesterolemia. J Orthop Surg Res 2019 Jun 10;14(1):172.
          doi: 10.1186/s13018-019-1217-7pubmed: 31182124google scholar: lookup
        12. Honkanen MKM, Matikka H, Honkanen JTJ, Bhattarai A, Grinstaff MW, Joukainen A, Kröger H, Jurvelin JS, Töyräs J. Imaging of proteoglycan and water contents in human articular cartilage with full-body CT using dual contrast technique. J Orthop Res 2019 May;37(5):1059-1070.
          doi: 10.1002/jor.24256pubmed: 30816584google scholar: lookup
        13. Cui SJ, Fu Y, Liu Y, Kou XX, Zhang JN, Gan YH, Zhou YH, Wang XD. Chronic inflammation deteriorates structure and function of collagen fibril in rat temporomandibular joint disc. Int J Oral Sci 2019 Feb 20;11(1):2.
          doi: 10.1038/s41368-018-0036-8pubmed: 30783108google scholar: lookup
        14. Karchner JP, Querido W, Kandel S, Pleshko N. Spatial correlation of native and engineered cartilage components at micron resolution. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019 Apr;1442(1):104-117.
          doi: 10.1111/nyas.13934pubmed: 30058180google scholar: lookup
        15. Oinas J, Ronkainen AP, Rieppo L, Finnilä MAJ, Iivarinen JT, van Weeren PR, Helminen HJ, Brama PAJ, Korhonen RK, Saarakkala S. Composition, structure and tensile biomechanical properties of equine articular cartilage during growth and maturation. Sci Rep 2018 Jul 27;8(1):11357.
          doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29655-5pubmed: 30054498google scholar: lookup
        16. Qu D, Subramony SD, Boskey AL, Pleshko N, Doty SB, Lu HH. Compositional mapping of the mature anterior cruciate ligament-to-bone insertion. J Orthop Res 2017 Nov;35(11):2513-2523.
          doi: 10.1002/jor.23539pubmed: 28176356google scholar: lookup
        17. Oinas J, Rieppo L, Finnilä MA, Valkealahti M, Lehenkari P, Saarakkala S. Imaging of Osteoarthritic Human Articular Cartilage using Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy Combined with Multivariate and Univariate Analysis. Sci Rep 2016 Jul 21;6:30008.
          doi: 10.1038/srep30008pubmed: 27445254google scholar: lookup
        18. Palukuru UP, Hanifi A, McGoverin CM, Devlin S, Lelkes PI, Pleshko N. Near infrared spectroscopic imaging assessment of cartilage composition: Validation with mid infrared imaging spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2016 Jul 5;926:79-87.
          doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.04.031pubmed: 27216396google scholar: lookup
        19. Mansour JM, Lee Z, Welter JF. Nondestructive Techniques to Evaluate the Characteristics and Development of Engineered Cartilage. Ann Biomed Eng 2016 Mar;44(3):733-49.
          doi: 10.1007/s10439-015-1535-9pubmed: 26817458google scholar: lookup
        20. O'Brien MP, Penmatsa M, Palukuru U, West P, Yang X, Bostrom MP, Freeman T, Pleshko N. Monitoring the Progression of Spontaneous Articular Cartilage Healing with Infrared Spectroscopy. Cartilage 2015 Jul;6(3):174-84.
          doi: 10.1177/1947603515572874pubmed: 26175863google scholar: lookup
        21. Saarakkala S, Julkunen P. Specificity of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Microspectroscopy to Estimate Depth-Wise Proteoglycan Content in Normal and Osteoarthritic Human Articular Cartilage. Cartilage 2010 Oct;1(4):262-9.
          doi: 10.1177/1947603510368689pubmed: 26069557google scholar: lookup
        22. Zhang XX, Yin JH, Mao ZH, Xia Y. Discrimination of healthy and osteoarthritic articular cartilages by Fourier transform infrared imaging and partial least squares-discriminant analysis. J Biomed Opt 2015 Jun;20(6):060501.
          doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.20.6.060501pubmed: 26057029google scholar: lookup
        23. Nieminen HJ, Ylitalo T, Karhula S, Suuronen JP, Kauppinen S, Serimaa R, Hæggström E, Pritzker KP, Valkealahti M, Lehenkari P, Finnilä M, Saarakkala S. Determining collagen distribution in articular cartilage using contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015 Sep;23(9):1613-21.
          doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.05.004pubmed: 26003951google scholar: lookup
        24. Bian Z, Sun J. Development of a KLD-12 polypeptide/TGF-β1-tissue scaffold promoting the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cell into nucleus pulposus-like cells for treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015;8(2):1093-103.
          pubmed: 25972996
        25. Afara IO, Moody H, Singh S, Prasadam I, Oloyede A. Spatial mapping of proteoglycan content in articular cartilage using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Biomed Opt Express 2015 Jan 1;6(1):144-54.
          doi: 10.1364/BOE.6.000144pubmed: 25657883google scholar: lookup
        26. Silverberg JL, Barrett AR, Das M, Petersen PB, Bonassar LJ, Cohen I. Structure-function relations and rigidity percolation in the shear properties of articular cartilage. Biophys J 2014 Oct 7;107(7):1721-30.
          doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.08.011pubmed: 25296326google scholar: lookup
        27. Khanarian NT, Boushell MK, Spalazzi JP, Pleshko N, Boskey AL, Lu HH. FTIR-I compositional mapping of the cartilage-to-bone interface as a function of tissue region and age. J Bone Miner Res 2014 Dec;29(12):2643-52.
          doi: 10.1002/jbmr.2284pubmed: 24839262google scholar: lookup
        28. Buckley MR, Bonassar LJ, Cohen I. Localization of viscous behavior and shear energy dissipation in articular cartilage under dynamic shear loading. J Biomech Eng 2013 Mar 1;135(3):31002.
          doi: 10.1115/1.4007454pubmed: 24231813google scholar: lookup
        29. Spalazzi JP, Boskey AL, Pleshko N, Lu HH. Quantitative mapping of matrix content and distribution across the ligament-to-bone insertion. PLoS One 2013;8(9):e74349.
          doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074349pubmed: 24019964google scholar: lookup
        30. Hanifi A, McCarthy H, Roberts S, Pleshko N. Fourier transform infrared imaging and infrared fiber optic probe spectroscopy identify collagen type in connective tissues. PLoS One 2013;8(5):e64822.
          doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064822pubmed: 23717662google scholar: lookup
        31. Hanifi A, McGoverin C, Ou YT, Safadi F, Spencer RG, Pleshko N. Differences in infrared spectroscopic data of connective tissues in transflectance and transmittance modes. Anal Chim Acta 2013 May 24;779:41-9.
          doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.053pubmed: 23663670google scholar: lookup
        32. Julkunen P, Wilson W, Isaksson H, Jurvelin JS, Herzog W, Korhonen RK. A review of the combination of experimental measurements and fibril-reinforced modeling for investigation of articular cartilage and chondrocyte response to loading. Comput Math Methods Med 2013;2013:326150.
          doi: 10.1155/2013/326150pubmed: 23653665google scholar: lookup
        33. Tanska P, Turunen SM, Han SK, Julkunen P, Herzog W, Korhonen RK. Superficial collagen fibril modulus and pericellular fixed charge density modulate chondrocyte volumetric behaviour in early osteoarthritis. Comput Math Methods Med 2013;2013:164146.
          doi: 10.1155/2013/164146pubmed: 23634175google scholar: lookup
        34. Santo VE, Gomes ME, Mano JF, Reis RL. Controlled release strategies for bone, cartilage, and osteochondral engineering--Part I: recapitulation of native tissue healing and variables for the design of delivery systems. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2013 Aug;19(4):308-26.
          doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2012.0138pubmed: 23268651google scholar: lookup
        35. Hanifi A, Bi X, Yang X, Kavukcuoglu B, Lin PC, DiCarlo E, Spencer RG, Bostrom MP, Pleshko N. Infrared fiber optic probe evaluation of degenerative cartilage correlates to histological grading. Am J Sports Med 2012 Dec;40(12):2853-61.
          doi: 10.1177/0363546512462009pubmed: 23108637google scholar: lookup
        36. Mäkelä JT, Huttu MR, Korhonen RK. Structure-function relationships in osteoarthritic human hip joint articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012 Nov;20(11):1268-77.
          doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.07.016pubmed: 22858669google scholar: lookup
        37. Hanifi A, Richardson JB, Kuiper JH, Roberts S, Pleshko N. Clinical outcome of autologous chondrocyte implantation is correlated with infrared spectroscopic imaging-derived parameters. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012 Sep;20(9):988-96.
          doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.05.007pubmed: 22659601google scholar: lookup
        38. Yin J, Xia Y, Lu M. Concentration profiles of collagen and proteoglycan in articular cartilage by Fourier transform infrared imaging and principal component regression. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2012 Mar;88:90-6.
          doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.12.002pubmed: 22197357google scholar: lookup
        39. Kim M, Pugarelli J, Miller TL, Wolfson MR, Dodge GR, Shaffer TH. Brief mechanical ventilation impacts airway cartilage properties in neonatal lambs. Pediatr Pulmonol 2012 Aug;47(8):763-70.
          doi: 10.1002/ppul.21616pubmed: 22170596google scholar: lookup
        40. Yin JH, Xia Y, Ramakrishnan N. Depth-dependent Anisotropy of Proteoglycan in Articular Cartilage by Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging. Vib Spectrosc 2011 Nov 1;57(2):338-341.
          doi: 10.1016/j.vibspec.2011.08.005pubmed: 22025814google scholar: lookup
        41. Tsushima H, Okazaki K, Takayama Y, Hatakenaka M, Honda H, Izawa T, Nakashima Y, Yamada H, Iwamoto Y. Evaluation of cartilage degradation in arthritis using T1ρ magnetic resonance imaging mapping. Rheumatol Int 2012 Sep;32(9):2867-75.
          doi: 10.1007/s00296-011-2140-3pubmed: 21881979google scholar: lookup
        42. Yin J, Xia Y. Chemical visualization of individual chondrocytes in articular cartilage by attenuated-total-reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Microimaging. Biomed Opt Express 2011 Mar 18;2(4):937-45.
          doi: 10.1364/BOE.2.000937pubmed: 21483615google scholar: lookup
        43. Esmonde-White KA, Esmonde-White FW, Morris MD, Roessler BJ. Fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy of joint tissues. Analyst 2011 Apr 21;136(8):1675-85.
          doi: 10.1039/c0an00824apubmed: 21359366google scholar: lookup
        44. Cheng NC, Estes BT, Young TH, Guilak F. Engineered cartilage using primary chondrocytes cultured in a porous cartilage-derived matrix. Regen Med 2011 Jan;6(1):81-93.
          doi: 10.2217/rme.10.87pubmed: 21175289google scholar: lookup
        45. Keenan KE, Besier TF, Pauly JM, Han E, Rosenberg J, Smith RL, Delp SL, Beaupre GS, Gold GE. Prediction of glycosaminoglycan content in human cartilage by age, T1ρ and T2 MRI. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2011 Feb;19(2):171-9.
          doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.11.009pubmed: 21112409google scholar: lookup
        46. Yin J, Xia Y. Macromolecular concentrations in bovine nasal cartilage by Fourier transform infrared imaging and principal component regression. Appl Spectrosc 2010 Nov;64(11):1199-208.
          doi: 10.1366/000370210793335124pubmed: 21073787google scholar: lookup
        47. Buckley MR, Bergou AJ, Fouchard J, Bonassar LJ, Cohen I. High-resolution spatial mapping of shear properties in cartilage. J Biomech 2010 Mar 3;43(4):796-800.
          doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.10.012pubmed: 19896130google scholar: lookup
        48. Esmonde-White KA, Mandair GS, Raaii F, Jacobson JA, Miller BS, Urquhart AG, Roessler BJ, Morris MD. Raman spectroscopy of synovial fluid as a tool for diagnosing osteoarthritis. J Biomed Opt 2009 May-Jun;14(3):034013.
          doi: 10.1117/1.3130338pubmed: 19566306google scholar: lookup
        49. Boskey A, Pleshko Camacho N. FT-IR imaging of native and tissue-engineered bone and cartilage. Biomaterials 2007 May;28(15):2465-78.
          doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.11.043pubmed: 17175021google scholar: lookup
        50. Bi X, Yang X, Bostrom MP, Bartusik D, Ramaswamy S, Fishbein KW, Spencer RG, Camacho NP. Fourier transform infrared imaging and MR microscopy studies detect compositional and structural changes in cartilage in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007 Mar;387(5):1601-12.
          doi: 10.1007/s00216-006-0910-7pubmed: 17143596google scholar: lookup
        51. Hamada M, Eskelinen ASA, Kosonen JP, Florea C, Grodzinsky AJ, Tanska P, Korhonen RK. MMP release following cartilage injury leads to collagen loss in intact tissue: A computational study. PLoS Comput Biol 2026 Jan;22(1):e1013209.
          doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013209pubmed: 41557741google scholar: lookup
        52. Bhadouria N, Tiao J, Baburova A, Jain C, Wang B, Demopoulos A, Nasser P, Hallmark AP, Shah V, Weiser JR, Vashishth D, Dahia CL, Lee Y, Hecht AC, Iatridis JC. Injury Induces More Severe Biomechanical Changes in Middle-Aged and Geriatric Lumbar Spines in a Mouse Ex Vivo Model. JOR Spine 2025 Dec;8(4):e70127.
          doi: 10.1002/jsp2.70127pubmed: 41116840google scholar: lookup
        53. Arai Y, Ryu K, Nakagawa S, Idei K, Inoue A, Takahashi K. Evaluation of Cartilage Degeneration Using MRI T1ρ Mapping after Locomotion Training in Patients with Early Knee Osteoarthritis. Prog Rehabil Med 2025;10:20250020.
          doi: 10.2490/prm.20250020pubmed: 40918754google scholar: lookup
        54. Núñez-Ortega E, Blázquez-Carmona P, Ruiz-Mateos R, Martín-Alfonso JE, Sanz-Herrera JA, Reina-Romo E. Virtual testing methodology to predict the mechanical behavior of collagen hydrogels from nanoarchitecture. Mater Today Bio 2025 Aug;33:101962.
          doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.101962pubmed: 40585027google scholar: lookup
        55. Graziani G, D'Atri G, Gabusi E, Lisignoli G. Protein Analysis by FT-IR/ATR Spectroscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2025;2908:263-275.
          doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4434-8_17pubmed: 40304915google scholar: lookup
        56. Hamada M, Eskelinen ASA, Florea C, Mikkonen S, Nieminen P, Grodzinsky AJ, Tanska P, Korhonen RK. Loss of collagen content is localized near cartilage lesions on the day of injurious loading and intensified on day 12. J Orthop Res 2025 Jan;43(1):70-83.
          doi: 10.1002/jor.25975pubmed: 39312444google scholar: lookup
        57. Dejea H, Pierantoni M, Orozco GA, B Wrammerfors ET, Gstöhl SJ, Schlepütz CM, Isaksson H. In Situ Loading and Time-Resolved Synchrotron-Based Phase Contrast Tomography for the Mechanical Investigation of Connective Knee Tissues: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024 Jun;11(21):e2308811.
          doi: 10.1002/advs.202308811pubmed: 38520713google scholar: lookup
        Subscribe to our newsletter
        Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.