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Science (New York, N.Y.)2009; 326(5954); 865-867; doi: 10.1126/science.1178158

Genome sequence, comparative analysis, and population genetics of the domestic horse.

Abstract: We report a high-quality draft sequence of the genome of the horse (Equus caballus). The genome is relatively repetitive but has little segmental duplication. Chromosomes appear to have undergone few historical rearrangements: 53% of equine chromosomes show conserved synteny to a single human chromosome. Equine chromosome 11 is shown to have an evolutionary new centromere devoid of centromeric satellite DNA, suggesting that centromeric function may arise before satellite repeat accumulation. Linkage disequilibrium, showing the influences of early domestication of large herds of female horses, is intermediate in length between dog and human, and there is long-range haplotype sharing among breeds.
Publication Date: 2009-11-07 PubMed ID: 19892987PubMed Central: PMC3785132DOI: 10.1126/science.1178158Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Comparative Study
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • N.I.H.
  • Extramural
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

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The research provides a detailed analysis of the genome of the horse (Equus caballus), comparing similarities and differences to human chromosomes, and investigates the impacts of early domestication on horse genetics.

Genome Sequence and Comparative Analysis

  • The high-quality draft sequence of the horse genome has been reported. The genome of horses is found to be relatively repetitive but shows minimal segmental duplication. This indicates the genome has straightforward repeating sequences of DNA, but these repeated sections do not appear in a series or pattern.
  • A significant focus of the study is the comparison of horse chromosomes to human ones. It was discovered that 53% of equine chromosomes have conserved synteny, meaning the gene sequences have remained the same, to a single human chromosome. This suggests a shared evolutionary path at a molecular level between horses and humans.
  • Equine chromosome 11 is highlighted as having an evolutionarily new centromere, the part of a chromosome responsible for separation during cell division, which lacks centromeric satellite DNA. Most centromeres contain repeating sequences of satellite DNA. The absence of satellite repeat sequences indicates that the centromere’s function maybe present before the accumulation of these repeats.

Population Genetics of Domestic Horses

  • The researchers analyzed linkage disequilibrium in horses, a measure of the non-random association of alleles at two or more loci. The discovery of its extent and pattern is crucial as it provides insight into genetic diversity, population structure, and the impact of selection/mutation history.
  • Linkage disequilibrium in horses is described as intermediate in length between dogs and humans. This suggests that the relationship between alleles in horses is not as closely linked as in dogs, but more so than in humans.
  • The study remarks on the influence early domestication of large herds of female horses is evident in the current horse genome. This could offer insight into how domestication and selective breeding practices have shaped the genetic diversity and structure of modern horse breeds.
  • The research also found long-range haplotype sharing among horse breeds. This implies that even across different breeds, there are sections of DNA that show high similarity indicating shared ancestry or interbreeding between breeds.

Cite This Article

APA
Wade CM, Giulotto E, Sigurdsson S, Zoli M, Gnerre S, Imsland F, Lear TL, Adelson DL, Bailey E, Bellone RR, Blöcker H, Distl O, Edgar RC, Garber M, Leeb T, Mauceli E, MacLeod JN, Penedo MC, Raison JM, Sharpe T, Vogel J, Andersson L, Antczak DF, Biagi T, Binns MM, Chowdhary BP, Coleman SJ, Della Valle G, Fryc S, Guérin G, Hasegawa T, Hill EW, Jurka J, Kiialainen A, Lindgren G, Liu J, Magnani E, Mickelson JR, Murray J, Nergadze SG, Onofrio R, Pedroni S, Piras MF, Raudsepp T, Rocchi M, Røed KH, Ryder OA, Searle S, Skow L, Swinburne JE, Syvänen AC, Tozaki T, Valberg SJ, Vaudin M, White JR, Zody MC, Lander ES, Lindblad-Toh K. (2009). Genome sequence, comparative analysis, and population genetics of the domestic horse. Science, 326(5954), 865-867. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1178158

Publication

ISSN: 1095-9203
NlmUniqueID: 0404511
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 326
Issue: 5954
Pages: 865-867

Researcher Affiliations

Wade, C M
  • Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. c.wade@usyd.edu.au
Giulotto, E
    Sigurdsson, S
      Zoli, M
        Gnerre, S
          Imsland, F
            Lear, T L
              Adelson, D L
                Bailey, E
                  Bellone, R R
                    Blöcker, H
                      Distl, O
                        Edgar, R C
                          Garber, M
                            Leeb, T
                              Mauceli, E
                                MacLeod, J N
                                  Penedo, M C T
                                    Raison, J M
                                      Sharpe, T
                                        Vogel, J
                                          Andersson, L
                                            Antczak, D F
                                              Biagi, T
                                                Binns, M M
                                                  Chowdhary, B P
                                                    Coleman, S J
                                                      Della Valle, G
                                                        Fryc, S
                                                          Guérin, G
                                                            Hasegawa, T
                                                              Hill, E W
                                                                Jurka, J
                                                                  Kiialainen, A
                                                                    Lindgren, G
                                                                      Liu, J
                                                                        Magnani, E
                                                                          Mickelson, J R
                                                                            Murray, J
                                                                              Nergadze, S G
                                                                                Onofrio, R
                                                                                  Pedroni, S
                                                                                    Piras, M F
                                                                                      Raudsepp, T
                                                                                        Rocchi, M
                                                                                          Røed, K H
                                                                                            Ryder, O A
                                                                                              Searle, S
                                                                                                Skow, L
                                                                                                  Swinburne, J E
                                                                                                    Syvänen, A C
                                                                                                      Tozaki, T
                                                                                                        Valberg, S J
                                                                                                          Vaudin, M
                                                                                                            White, J R
                                                                                                              Zody, M C
                                                                                                                Lander, E S
                                                                                                                  Lindblad-Toh, K

                                                                                                                    MeSH Terms

                                                                                                                    • Animals
                                                                                                                    • Animals, Domestic / genetics
                                                                                                                    • Centromere / genetics
                                                                                                                    • Chromosome Mapping
                                                                                                                    • Chromosomes, Mammalian / genetics
                                                                                                                    • Computational Biology
                                                                                                                    • DNA Copy Number Variations
                                                                                                                    • Dogs
                                                                                                                    • Evolution, Molecular
                                                                                                                    • Female
                                                                                                                    • Genes
                                                                                                                    • Genome
                                                                                                                    • Haplotypes
                                                                                                                    • Horses / genetics
                                                                                                                    • Humans
                                                                                                                    • Molecular Sequence Data
                                                                                                                    • Phylogeny
                                                                                                                    • Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
                                                                                                                    • Sequence Analysis, DNA
                                                                                                                    • Synteny

                                                                                                                    Grant Funding

                                                                                                                    • 098051 / Wellcome Trust
                                                                                                                    • U54 HG003067 / NHGRI NIH HHS

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                                                                                                                    Citations

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