FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / J Bone Joint Surg Br / Insulin-like growth factor-I enhances cell-based repair of a...
The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume2002; 84(2); 276-288; doi: 10.1302/0301-620x.84b2.11167

Insulin-like growth factor-I enhances cell-based repair of articular cartilage.

Abstract: Composites of chondrocytes and polymerised fibrin were supplemented with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) during the arthroscopic repair of full-thickness cartilage defects in a model of extensive loss of cartilage in horses. Repairs facilitated with IGF-I and chondrocyte-fibrin composites, or control defects treated with chondrocyte-fibrin composites alone, were compared before death by the clinical appearance and repeated analysis of synovial fluid, and at termination eight months after surgery by tissue morphology, collagen typing, and biochemical assays. The structure of cartilage was evaluated histologically by Toluidine Blue reaction and collagen type-I and type-II in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry. Repair tissue was biochemically evaluated by DNA assay, proteoglycan quantitation and characterisation, assessment of collagen by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and collagen typing using cyanogen bromide digestion and peptide separation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results at eight months showed that the addition of IGF-I to chondrocyte grafts enhanced chondrogenesis in cartilage defects, including incorporation into surrounding cartilage. Gross filling of defects was improved, and the tissue contained a higher proportion of cells producing type-II collagen. Measurements of collagen type II showed improved levels in IGF-I-treated defects, supporting in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemical assessments of the defects. IGF-I improves the repair capabilities of chondrocyte-fibrin grafts in large full-thickness repair models.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2002-04-02 PubMed ID: 11922373DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.84b2.11167Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research study explores how adding Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) to chondrocyte grafts (cells promoting the growth of cartilage) enhances the repair of damaged cartilage in horses, leading to better integration of the repaired tissue into surrounding cartilage and a higher proportion of type II collagen-producing cells.

Explanation of the Experiment Methodology

  • The scientists used chondrocytes, cells that produce and maintain the extracellular matrix of cartilage, combined with polymerised fibrin, a protein involved in the clotting of blood.
  • This combination was further boosted with supplemental Insulin-like growth factor-I, a protein that has a vital role in childhood growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults, to repair cartilage.
  • The experiment was conducted in a context of extensive loss of cartilage with the model comprising full-thickness cartilage defects in horses, which underwent arthroscopic repair.
  • The scientists compared the IGF-I and chondrocyte-fibrin composite group with control defects treated only with chondrocyte-fibrin composites, assessing results on clinical appearance, synovial fluid analysis before the animals were put down, and at the end of eight months via detailed tissue morphology, collagen typing, and biochemical assays.

Methods of Evaluation

  • Cartilage structure was evaluated via histological examination, specifically the Toluidine Blue reaction, and collagen type-I and type-II in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry.
  • The repaired tissue was evaluated biochemically via DNA assay, proteoglycan quantification, characterisation via high-performance liquid chromatography, and collagen typing methods using cyanogen bromide digestion and peptide separation.

Findings of the Study

  • The research at the end of eight months showed that adding IGF-I to chondrocyte grafts significantly boosts chondrogenesis (the process by which cartilage is formed) in cartilage defects. This includes better incorporation into surrounding cartilage.
  • The quality of defect filling was improved, and the tissue contained a higher proportion of type-II collagen-producing cells.
  • IGF-I-treated defects showed improved levels of type II collagen, supporting the in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemical assessments of the defects.
  • In conclusion, IGF-I enhances the repair capabilities of chondrocyte-fibrin grafts in full-thickness repair models.

Cite This Article

APA
Fortier LA, Mohammed HO, Lust G, Nixon AJ. (2002). Insulin-like growth factor-I enhances cell-based repair of articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 84(2), 276-288. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.84b2.11167

Publication

The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume
ISSN: 0301-620X
NlmUniqueID: 0375355
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 84
Issue: 2
Pages: 276-288

Researcher Affiliations

Fortier, L A
  • Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
Mohammed, H O
    Lust, G
      Nixon, A J

        MeSH Terms

        • Animals
        • Cartilage, Articular / chemistry
        • Cartilage, Articular / drug effects
        • Cartilage, Articular / metabolism
        • Cartilage, Articular / pathology
        • Chondrogenesis / drug effects
        • Chondrogenesis / physiology
        • Collagen / analysis
        • Glycosaminoglycans / analysis
        • Horses
        • Immunohistochemistry
        • In Situ Hybridization
        • Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / pharmacology
        • Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / therapeutic use
        • Synovial Fluid / chemistry
        • Wound Healing / physiology

        Grant Funding

        • AR08360 / NIAMS NIH HHS

        Citations

        This article has been cited 102 times.
        1. Asaad SK, Mahmood KA, Arif SO, Abdalla BA, Salih AM, Kakamad FH, Mohammed SH, Salih RQ, Mohammed KK, Salih KM. Efficacy of ultrasound‑guided platelet rich plasma injection for the management of de Quervain's tenosynovitis.. Med Int (Lond) 2023 Mar-Apr;3(2):12.
          doi: 10.3892/mi.2023.72pubmed: 36875820google scholar: lookup
        2. Thampi P, Samulski RJ, Grieger JC, Phillips JN, McIlwraith CW, Goodrich LR. Gene therapy approaches for equine osteoarthritis.. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:962898.
          doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.962898pubmed: 36246316google scholar: lookup
        3. Wang L, He C. Nrf2-mediated anti-inflammatory polarization of macrophages as therapeutic targets for osteoarthritis.. Front Immunol 2022;13:967193.
          doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.967193pubmed: 36032081google scholar: lookup
        4. Liu S, Deng Z, Chen K, Jian S, Zhou F, Yang Y, Fu Z, Xie H, Xiong J, Zhu W. Cartilage tissue engineering: From proinflammatory and anti‑inflammatory cytokines to osteoarthritis treatments (Review).. Mol Med Rep 2022 Mar;25(3).
          doi: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12615pubmed: 35088882google scholar: lookup
        5. Peng L, Zhang B, Luo X, Huang B, Zhou J, Jiang S, Guo W, Tian G, Tian Z, Shen S, Li Y, Sui X, Liu S, Guo Q, Li H. Small Ruminant Models for Articular Cartilage Regeneration by Scaffold-Based Tissue Engineering.. Stem Cells Int 2021;2021:5590479.
          doi: 10.1155/2021/5590479pubmed: 34912460google scholar: lookup
        6. Wen C, Xu L, Xu X, Wang D, Liang Y, Duan L. Insulin-like growth factor-1 in articular cartilage repair for osteoarthritis treatment.. Arthritis Res Ther 2021 Oct 30;23(1):277.
          doi: 10.1186/s13075-021-02662-0pubmed: 34717735google scholar: lookup
        7. Hossain MA, Adithan A, Alam MJ, Kopalli SR, Kim B, Kang CW, Hwang KC, Kim JH. IGF-1 Facilitates Cartilage Reconstruction by Regulating PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and NF-kB Signaling in Rabbit Osteoarthritis.. J Inflamm Res 2021;14:3555-3568.
          doi: 10.2147/JIR.S316756pubmed: 34335042google scholar: lookup
        8. Grzeskowiak RM, Schumacher J, Dhar MS, Harper DP, Mulon PY, Anderson DE. Bone and Cartilage Interfaces With Orthopedic Implants: A Literature Review.. Front Surg 2020;7:601244.
          doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2020.601244pubmed: 33409291google scholar: lookup
        9. Shi S, Wang C, Trippel SB. Hyaluronic acid-binding insulin-like growth factor-1: Creation of a gene encoding a bifunctional fusion protein.. Mol Biol Rep 2020 Dec;47(12):9749-9756.
          doi: 10.1007/s11033-020-06034-wpubmed: 33263932google scholar: lookup
        10. Shah SS, Mithoefer K. Current Applications of Growth Factors for Knee Cartilage Repair and Osteoarthritis Treatment.. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2020 Dec;13(6):641-650.
          doi: 10.1007/s12178-020-09664-6pubmed: 32710292google scholar: lookup
        11. Orth P, Eldracher M, Cucchiarini M, Madry H. Small-Diameter Subchondral Drilling Improves DNA and Proteoglycan Content of the Cartilaginous Repair Tissue in a Large Animal Model of a Full-Thickness Chondral Defect.. J Clin Med 2020 Jun 18;9(6).
          doi: 10.3390/jcm9061903pubmed: 32570841google scholar: lookup
        12. Wong CC, Ou KL, Lin YH, Lin MF, Yang TL, Chen CH, Chan WP. Platelet-Rich Fibrin Facilitates One-Stage Cartilage Repair by Promoting Chondrocytes Viability, Migration, and Matrix Synthesis.. Int J Mol Sci 2020 Jan 16;21(2).
          doi: 10.3390/ijms21020577pubmed: 31963217google scholar: lookup
        13. Fugazzola MC, van Weeren PR. Surgical osteochondral defect repair in the horse-a matter of form or function?. Equine Vet J 2020 Jul;52(4):489-499.
          doi: 10.1111/evj.13231pubmed: 31958175google scholar: lookup
        14. Zanotto G, Liebesny P, Barrett M, Zlotnick H, Grodzinsky A, Frisbie D. Trypsin Pre-Treatment Combined With Growth Factor Functionalized Self-Assembling Peptide Hydrogel Improves Cartilage Repair in Rabbit Model.. J Orthop Res 2019 Nov;37(11):2307-2315.
          doi: 10.1002/jor.24414pubmed: 31318103google scholar: lookup
        15. Roffi A, Kon E, Perdisa F, Fini M, Di Martino A, Parrilli A, Salamanna F, Sandri M, Sartori M, Sprio S, Tampieri A, Marcacci M, Filardo G. A Composite Chitosan-Reinforced Scaffold Fails to Provide Osteochondral Regeneration.. Int J Mol Sci 2019 May 7;20(9).
          doi: 10.3390/ijms20092227pubmed: 31067635google scholar: lookup
        16. Shi S, Mercer S, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Regulation of articular chondrocyte catabolic genes by growth factor interaction.. J Cell Biochem 2019 Jul;120(7):11127-11139.
          doi: 10.1002/jcb.28389pubmed: 30809855google scholar: lookup
        17. Filardo G, Perdisa F, Gelinsky M, Despang F, Fini M, Marcacci M, Parrilli AP, Roffi A, Salamanna F, Sartori M, Schütz K, Kon E. Novel alginate biphasic scaffold for osteochondral regeneration: an in vivo evaluation in rabbit and sheep models.. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2018 May 26;29(6):74.
          doi: 10.1007/s10856-018-6074-0pubmed: 29804259google scholar: lookup
        18. Shi S, Kelly BJ, Wang C, Klingler K, Chan A, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Human IGF-I propeptide A promotes articular chondrocyte biosynthesis and employs glycosylation-dependent heparin binding.. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018 Mar;1862(3):567-575.
          doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.11.017pubmed: 29174671google scholar: lookup
        19. Fouda MB, Thankam FG, Dilisio MF, Agrawal DK. Alterations in tendon microenvironment in response to mechanical load: potential molecular targets for treatment strategies.. Am J Transl Res 2017;9(10):4341-4360.
          pubmed: 29118899
        20. Sluzalska KD, Liebisch G, Wilhelm J, Ishaque B, Hackstein H, Schmitz G, Rickert M, Steinmeyer J. Growth factors regulate phospholipid biosynthesis in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes obtained from osteoarthritic knees.. Sci Rep 2017 Oct 18;7(1):13469.
          doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14004-9pubmed: 29044208google scholar: lookup
        21. Rahimzadeh P, Imani F, Faiz SH, Alebouyeh MR, Azad-Ehyaei D, Bahari L, Memarian A, Kim KH. Adding Intra-Articular Growth Hormone to Platelet Rich Plasma under Ultrasound Guidance in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Comparative Double-Blind Clinical Trial.. Anesth Pain Med 2016 Dec;6(6):e41719.
          doi: 10.5812/aapm.41719pubmed: 28975078google scholar: lookup
        22. Kumbhar JV, Jadhav SH, Bodas DS, Barhanpurkar-Naik A, Wani MR, Paknikar KM, Rajwade JM. In vitro and in vivo studies of a novel bacterial cellulose-based acellular bilayer nanocomposite scaffold for the repair of osteochondral defects.. Int J Nanomedicine 2017;12:6437-6459.
          doi: 10.2147/IJN.S137361pubmed: 28919746google scholar: lookup
        23. Wong CC, Kuo TF, Yang TL, Tsuang YH, Lin MF, Chang CH, Lin YH, Chan WP. Platelet-Rich Fibrin Facilitates Rabbit Meniscal Repair by Promoting Meniscocytes Proliferation, Migration, and Extracellular Matrix Synthesis.. Int J Mol Sci 2017 Aug 7;18(8).
          doi: 10.3390/ijms18081722pubmed: 28783120google scholar: lookup
        24. Muñoz-Criado I, Meseguer-Ripolles J, Mellado-López M, Alastrue-Agudo A, Griffeth RJ, Forteza-Vila J, Cugat R, García M, Moreno-Manzano V. Human Suprapatellar Fat Pad-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induce Chondrogenesis and Cartilage Repair in a Model of Severe Osteoarthritis.. Stem Cells Int 2017;2017:4758930.
          doi: 10.1155/2017/4758930pubmed: 28769981google scholar: lookup
        25. Jonitz-Heincke A, Klinder A, Boy D, Salamon A, Hansmann D, Pasold J, Buettner A, Bader R. In Vitro Analysis of the Differentiation Capacity of Postmortally Isolated Human Chondrocytes Influenced by Different Growth Factors and Oxygen Levels.. Cartilage 2019 Jan;10(1):111-119.
          doi: 10.1177/1947603517719318pubmed: 28715962google scholar: lookup
        26. Shi S, Wang C, Chan A, Kirmani K, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Comparative Effectiveness of Structural versus Regulatory Protein Gene Transfer on Articular Chondrocyte Matrix Gene Expression.. Cartilage 2019 Jan;10(1):102-110.
          doi: 10.1177/1947603517719317pubmed: 28703018google scholar: lookup
        27. Shin HS, Woo HM, Kang BJ. Optimisation of a double-centrifugation method for preparation of canine platelet-rich plasma.. BMC Vet Res 2017 Jun 26;13(1):198.
          doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1123-3pubmed: 28651609google scholar: lookup
        28. Gugjoo MB, Sharma GT, Aithal HP, Kinjavdekar P. Cartilage tissue engineering: Role of mesenchymal stem cells along with growth factors & scaffolds.. Indian J Med Res 2016 Sep;144(3):339-347.
          doi: 10.4103/0971-5916.198724pubmed: 28139532google scholar: lookup
        29. He A, Liu L, Luo X, Liu Y, Liu Y, Liu F, Wang X, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Liu W, Cao Y, Zhou G. Repair of osteochondral defects with in vitro engineered cartilage based on autologous bone marrow stromal cells in a swine model.. Sci Rep 2017 Jan 13;7:40489.
          doi: 10.1038/srep40489pubmed: 28084417google scholar: lookup
        30. Holton J, Imam M, Ward J, Snow M. The Basic Science of Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate in Chondral Injuries.. Orthop Rev (Pavia) 2016 Sep 19;8(3):6659.
          doi: 10.4081/or.2016.6659pubmed: 27761221google scholar: lookup
        31. van Tok MN, Yeremenko NG, Teitsma CA, Kream BE, Knaup VL, Lories RJ, Baeten DL, van Duivenvoorde LM. Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Does Not Drive New Bone Formation in Experimental Arthritis.. PLoS One 2016;11(10):e0163632.
          doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163632pubmed: 27695067google scholar: lookup
        32. Rey-Rico A, Madry H, Cucchiarini M. Hydrogel-Based Controlled Delivery Systems for Articular Cartilage Repair.. Biomed Res Int 2016;2016:1215263.
          doi: 10.1155/2016/1215263pubmed: 27642587google scholar: lookup
        33. Huh SW, Shetty AA, Ahmed S, Lee DH, Kim SJ. Autologous bone-marrow mesenchymal cell induced chondrogenesis (MCIC).. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2016 Jul-Sep;7(3):153-6.
          doi: 10.1016/j.jcot.2016.05.004pubmed: 27489409google scholar: lookup
        34. Sacitharan PK, Vincent TL. Cellular ageing mechanisms in osteoarthritis.. Mamm Genome 2016 Aug;27(7-8):421-9.
          doi: 10.1007/s00335-016-9641-zpubmed: 27215642google scholar: lookup
        35. Zlotnicki JP, Geeslin AG, Murray IR, Petrigliano FA, LaPrade RF, Mann BJ, Musahl V. Biologic Treatments for Sports Injuries II Think Tank-Current Concepts, Future Research, and Barriers to Advancement, Part 3: Articular Cartilage.. Orthop J Sports Med 2016 Apr;4(4):2325967116642433.
          doi: 10.1177/2325967116642433pubmed: 27123466google scholar: lookup
        36. Getgood A, Henson F, Skelton C, Brooks R, Guehring H, Fortier LA, Rushton N. Osteochondral tissue engineering using a biphasic collagen/GAG scaffold containing rhFGF18 or BMP-7 in an ovine model.. J Exp Orthop 2014 Dec;1(1):13.
          doi: 10.1186/s40634-014-0013-xpubmed: 26914758google scholar: lookup
        37. Zhou Q, Li B, Zhao J, Pan W, Xu J, Chen S. IGF-I induces adipose derived mesenchymal cell chondrogenic differentiation in vitro and enhances chondrogenesis in vivo.. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016 Mar;52(3):356-364.
          doi: 10.1007/s11626-015-9969-9pubmed: 26822434google scholar: lookup
        38. Mohan N, Gupta V, Sridharan BP, Mellott AJ, Easley JT, Palmer RH, Galbraith RA, Key VH, Berkland CJ, Detamore MS. Microsphere-based gradient implants for osteochondral regeneration: a long-term study in sheep.. Regen Med 2015;10(6):709-28.
          doi: 10.2217/rme.15.38pubmed: 26418471google scholar: lookup
        39. Lu S, Lam J, Trachtenberg JE, Lee EJ, Seyednejad H, van den Beucken JJ, Tabata Y, Kasper FK, Scott DW, Wong ME, Jansen JA, Mikos AG. Technical Report: Correlation Between the Repair of Cartilage and Subchondral Bone in an Osteochondral Defect Using Bilayered, Biodegradable Hydrogel Composites.. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015 Dec;21(12):1216-25.
          doi: 10.1089/ten.TEC.2015.0117pubmed: 26177155google scholar: lookup
        40. Zaslav K, McAdams T, Scopp J, Theosadakis J, Mahajan V, Gobbi A. New Frontiers for Cartilage Repair and Protection.. Cartilage 2012 Jan;3(1 Suppl):77S-86S.
          doi: 10.1177/1947603511411050pubmed: 26069613google scholar: lookup
        41. McIlwraith CW, Fortier LA, Frisbie DD, Nixon AJ. Equine Models of Articular Cartilage Repair.. Cartilage 2011 Oct;2(4):317-26.
          doi: 10.1177/1947603511406531pubmed: 26069590google scholar: lookup
        42. Gobbi A, Karnatzikos G, Scotti C, Mahajan V, Mazzucco L, Grigolo B. One-Step Cartilage Repair with Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrated Cells and Collagen Matrix in Full-Thickness Knee Cartilage Lesions: Results at 2-Year Follow-up.. Cartilage 2011 Jul;2(3):286-99.
          doi: 10.1177/1947603510392023pubmed: 26069587google scholar: lookup
        43. Strauss EJ, Barker JU, Kercher JS, Cole BJ, Mithoefer K. Augmentation Strategies following the Microfracture Technique for Repair of Focal Chondral Defects.. Cartilage 2010 Apr;1(2):145-52.
          doi: 10.1177/1947603510366718pubmed: 26069546google scholar: lookup
        44. Yates MP, Settle SL, Yocum SA, Aggarwal P, Vickery LE, Aguiar DJ, Skepner AP, Kellner D, Weinrich SL, Sverdrup FM. IGFBP-5 Metabolism Is Disrupted in the Rat Medial Meniscal Tear Model of Osteoarthritis.. Cartilage 2010 Jan;1(1):43-54.
          doi: 10.1177/1947603509359189pubmed: 26069535google scholar: lookup
        45. Kon E, Filardo G, Shani J, Altschuler N, Levy A, Zaslav K, Eisman JE, Robinson D. Osteochondral regeneration with a novel aragonite-hyaluronate biphasic scaffold: up to 12-month follow-up study in a goat model.. J Orthop Surg Res 2015 May 28;10:81.
          doi: 10.1186/s13018-015-0211-ypubmed: 26018574google scholar: lookup
        46. Spiller KL, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Clinical translation of controlled protein delivery systems for tissue engineering.. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015 Apr;5(2):101-15.
          doi: 10.1007/s13346-013-0135-1pubmed: 25787736google scholar: lookup
        47. Shi S, Wang C, Acton AJ, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Role of sox9 in growth factor regulation of articular chondrocytes.. J Cell Biochem 2015 Jul;116(7):1391-400.
          doi: 10.1002/jcb.25099pubmed: 25708223google scholar: lookup
        48. Ortved K, Wagner B, Calcedo R, Wilson J, Schaefer D, Nixon A. Humoral and cell-mediated immune response, and growth factor synthesis after direct intraarticular injection of rAAV2-IGF-I and rAAV5-IGF-I in the equine middle carpal joint.. Hum Gene Ther 2015 Mar;26(3):161-71.
          doi: 10.1089/hum.2014.050pubmed: 25705927google scholar: lookup
        49. Grissom MJ, Temple-Wong MM, Adams MS, Tom M, Schumacher BL, McIlwraith CW, Goodrich LR, Chu CR, Sah RL. Synovial Fluid Lubricant Properties are Transiently Deficient after Arthroscopic Articular Cartilage Defect Repair with Platelet-Enriched Fibrin Alone and with Mesenchymal Stem Cells.. Orthop J Sports Med 2014 Jul;2(7).
          doi: 10.1177/2325967114542580pubmed: 25530978google scholar: lookup
        50. Shimizu R, Kamei N, Adachi N, Hamanishi M, Kamei G, Mahmoud EE, Nakano T, Iwata T, Yamato M, Okano T, Ochi M. Repair mechanism of osteochondral defect promoted by bioengineered chondrocyte sheet.. Tissue Eng Part A 2015 Mar;21(5-6):1131-41.
          doi: 10.1089/ten.TEA.2014.0310pubmed: 25396711google scholar: lookup
        51. Ortved KF, Begum L, Mohammed HO, Nixon AJ. Implantation of rAAV5-IGF-I transduced autologous chondrocytes improves cartilage repair in full-thickness defects in the equine model.. Mol Ther 2015 Feb;23(2):363-73.
          doi: 10.1038/mt.2014.198pubmed: 25311491google scholar: lookup
        52. Xie X, Zhang C, Tuan RS. Biology of platelet-rich plasma and its clinical application in cartilage repair.. Arthritis Res Ther 2014 Feb 25;16(1):204.
          doi: 10.1186/ar4493pubmed: 25164150google scholar: lookup
        53. Lam J, Lu S, Kasper FK, Mikos AG. Strategies for controlled delivery of biologics for cartilage repair.. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015 Apr;84:123-34.
          doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.06.006pubmed: 24993610google scholar: lookup
        54. Mariani E, Pulsatelli L, Facchini A. Signaling pathways in cartilage repair.. Int J Mol Sci 2014 May 15;15(5):8667-98.
          doi: 10.3390/ijms15058667pubmed: 24837833google scholar: lookup
        55. Bonasia DE, Marmotti A, Massa AD, Ferro A, Blonna D, Castoldi F, Rossi R. Intra- and inter-observer reliability of ten major histological scoring systems used for the evaluation of in vivo cartilage repair.. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2015 Sep;23(9):2484-93.
          doi: 10.1007/s00167-014-2975-8pubmed: 24714975google scholar: lookup
        56. Xu Y, Zhang J, Ma Y, Han Y, Min J, Liang Y, Zhao D, Qiu J. The role of adipose-derived stromal cells and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose in engineering cartilage tissue in vivo.. Cytotechnology 2014 Oct;66(5):779-90.
          doi: 10.1007/s10616-013-9627-6pubmed: 24287610google scholar: lookup
        57. Perazzi A, Busetto R, Martinello T, Drigo M, Pasotto D, Cian F, Patruno M, Iacopetti I. Description of a double centrifugation tube method for concentrating canine platelets.. BMC Vet Res 2013 Jul 22;9:146.
          doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-146pubmed: 23876182google scholar: lookup
        58. Halpern BC, Chaudhury S, Rodeo SA. The role of platelet-rich plasma in inducing musculoskeletal tissue healing.. HSS J 2012 Jul;8(2):137-45.
          doi: 10.1007/s11420-011-9239-7pubmed: 23874254google scholar: lookup
        59. Klopfleisch R. Multiparametric and semiquantitative scoring systems for the evaluation of mouse model histopathology--a systematic review.. BMC Vet Res 2013 Jun 21;9:123.
          doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-123pubmed: 23800279google scholar: lookup
        60. Ohba S, Hojo H, Chung UI. Bioactive factors for tissue regeneration: state of the art.. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2012 Jul;2(3):193-203.
          pubmed: 23738297
        61. Madry H, Kaul G, Zurakowski D, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Cucchiarini M. Cartilage constructs engineered from chondrocytes overexpressing IGF-I improve the repair of osteochondral defects in a rabbit model.. Eur Cell Mater 2013 Apr 16;25:229-47.
          doi: 10.22203/ecm.v025a17pubmed: 23588785google scholar: lookup
        62. Schneider-Wald B, von Thaden AK, Schwarz ML. [Defect models for the regeneration of articular cartilage in large animals].. Orthopade 2013 Apr;42(4):242-53.
          doi: 10.1007/s00132-012-2044-2pubmed: 23575559google scholar: lookup
        63. Kim K, Lam J, Lu S, Spicer PP, Lueckgen A, Tabata Y, Wong ME, Jansen JA, Mikos AG, Kasper FK. Osteochondral tissue regeneration using a bilayered composite hydrogel with modulating dual growth factor release kinetics in a rabbit model.. J Control Release 2013 Jun 10;168(2):166-78.
          doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.03.013pubmed: 23541928google scholar: lookup
        64. Kropf LL, Madeira M, Vieira Neto L, Gadelha MR, de Farias ML. Functional evaluation of the joints in acromegalic patients and associated factors.. Clin Rheumatol 2013 Jul;32(7):991-8.
          doi: 10.1007/s10067-013-2219-1pubmed: 23512376google scholar: lookup
        65. Santo VE, Gomes ME, Mano JF, Reis RL. Controlled release strategies for bone, cartilage, and osteochondral engineering--Part II: challenges on the evolution from single to multiple bioactive factor delivery.. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2013 Aug;19(4):327-52.
          doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2012.0727pubmed: 23249320google scholar: lookup
        66. Shi S, Mercer S, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Growth factor transgenes interactively regulate articular chondrocytes.. J Cell Biochem 2013 Apr;114(4):908-19.
          doi: 10.1002/jcb.24430pubmed: 23097312google scholar: lookup
        67. Pallante AL, Chen AC, Ball ST, Amiel D, Masuda K, Sah RL, Bugbee WD. The in vivo performance of osteochondral allografts in the goat is diminished with extended storage and decreased cartilage cellularity.. Am J Sports Med 2012 Aug;40(8):1814-23.
          doi: 10.1177/0363546512449321pubmed: 22707746google scholar: lookup
        68. Allon AA, Ng KW, Hammoud S, Russell BH, Jones CM, Rivera JJ, Schwartz J, Hook M, Maher SA. Augmenting the articular cartilage-implant interface: Functionalizing with a collagen adhesion protein.. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012 Aug;100(8):2168-75.
          doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.34144pubmed: 22615182google scholar: lookup
        69. Antonacci JM, Schmidt TA, Serventi LA, Cai MZ, Shu YL, Schumacher BL, McIlwraith CW, Sah RL. Effects of equine joint injury on boundary lubrication of articular cartilage by synovial fluid: role of hyaluronan.. Arthritis Rheum 2012 Sep;64(9):2917-26.
          doi: 10.1002/art.34520pubmed: 22605527google scholar: lookup
        70. Singh JA. Stem cells and other innovative intra-articular therapies for osteoarthritis: what does the future hold?. BMC Med 2012 May 2;10:44.
          doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-44pubmed: 22551396google scholar: lookup
        71. Shi S, Mercer S, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Regulation of articular chondrocyte aggrecan and collagen gene expression by multiple growth factor gene transfer.. J Orthop Res 2012 Jul;30(7):1026-31.
          doi: 10.1002/jor.22036pubmed: 22180348google scholar: lookup
        72. Spiller KL, Maher SA, Lowman AM. Hydrogels for the repair of articular cartilage defects.. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2011 Aug;17(4):281-99.
          doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2011.0077pubmed: 21510824google scholar: lookup
        73. Miller RE, Kopesky PW, Grodzinsky AJ. Growth factor delivery through self-assembling peptide scaffolds.. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011 Oct;469(10):2716-24.
          doi: 10.1007/s11999-011-1891-1pubmed: 21503788google scholar: lookup
        74. Rodova M, Lu Q, Li Y, Woodbury BG, Crist JD, Gardner BM, Yost JG, Zhong XB, Anderson HC, Wang J. Nfat1 regulates adult articular chondrocyte function through its age-dependent expression mediated by epigenetic histone methylation.. J Bone Miner Res 2011 Aug;26(8):1974-86.
          doi: 10.1002/jbmr.397pubmed: 21452283google scholar: lookup
        75. Balmayor ER, Azevedo HS, Reis RL. Controlled delivery systems: from pharmaceuticals to cells and genes.. Pharm Res 2011 Jun;28(6):1241-58.
          doi: 10.1007/s11095-011-0392-ypubmed: 21424163google scholar: lookup
        76. Fortier LA, Barker JU, Strauss EJ, McCarrel TM, Cole BJ. The role of growth factors in cartilage repair.. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011 Oct;469(10):2706-15.
          doi: 10.1007/s11999-011-1857-3pubmed: 21403984google scholar: lookup
        77. Orth P, Kaul G, Cucchiarini M, Zurakowski D, Menger MD, Kohn D, Madry H. Transplanted articular chondrocytes co-overexpressing IGF-I and FGF-2 stimulate cartilage repair in vivo.. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2011 Dec;19(12):2119-30.
          doi: 10.1007/s00167-011-1448-6pubmed: 21350959google scholar: lookup
        78. Kon E, Filardo G, Delcogliano M, Fini M, Salamanna F, Giavaresi G, Martin I, Marcacci M. Platelet autologous growth factors decrease the osteochondral regeneration capability of a collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffold in a sheep model.. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010 Sep 27;11:220.
          doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-220pubmed: 20875101google scholar: lookup
        79. Miller RE, Grodzinsky AJ, Vanderploeg EJ, Lee C, Ferris DJ, Barrett MF, Kisiday JD, Frisbie DD. Effect of self-assembling peptide, chondrogenic factors, and bone marrow-derived stromal cells on osteochondral repair.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010 Dec;18(12):1608-19.
          doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.09.004pubmed: 20851201google scholar: lookup
        80. Miller RE, Grodzinsky AJ, Cummings K, Plaas AH, Cole AA, Lee RT, Patwari P. Intraarticular injection of heparin-binding insulin-like growth factor 1 sustains delivery of insulin-like growth factor 1 to cartilage through binding to chondroitin sulfate.. Arthritis Rheum 2010 Dec;62(12):3686-94.
          doi: 10.1002/art.27709pubmed: 20722014google scholar: lookup
        81. Yan D, Davis FJ, Sharrocks AD, Im HJ. Emerging roles of SUMO modification in arthritis.. Gene 2010 Oct 15;466(1-2):1-15.
          doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2010.07.003pubmed: 20627123google scholar: lookup
        82. Lotz MK, Kraus VB. New developments in osteoarthritis. Posttraumatic osteoarthritis: pathogenesis and pharmacological treatment options.. Arthritis Res Ther 2010;12(3):211.
          doi: 10.1186/ar3046pubmed: 20602810google scholar: lookup
        83. Shi S, Mercer S, Trippel SB. Effect of transfection strategy on growth factor overexpression by articular chondrocytes.. J Orthop Res 2010 Jan;28(1):103-9.
          doi: 10.1002/jor.20945pubmed: 19637273google scholar: lookup
        84. van Osch GJ, Brittberg M, Dennis JE, Bastiaansen-Jenniskens YM, Erben RG, Konttinen YT, Luyten FP. Cartilage repair: past and future--lessons for regenerative medicine.. J Cell Mol Med 2009 May;13(5):792-810.
          doi: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00789.xpubmed: 19453519google scholar: lookup
        85. Bilgen B, Ren Y, Pei M, Aaron RK, Ciombor DM. CD14-negative isolation enhances chondrogenesis in synovial fibroblasts.. Tissue Eng Part A 2009 Nov;15(11):3261-70.
          doi: 10.1089/ten.TEA.2008.0273pubmed: 19382853google scholar: lookup
        86. Busby WH Jr, Yocum SA, Rowland M, Kellner D, Lazerwith S, Sverdrup F, Yates M, Radabaugh M, Clemmons DR. Complement 1s is the serine protease that cleaves IGFBP-5 in human osteoarthritic joint fluid.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009 Apr;17(4):547-55.
          doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.08.004pubmed: 18930415google scholar: lookup
        87. Gaddy DF, Robbins PD. Current status of gene therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2008 Oct;10(5):398-404.
          doi: 10.1007/s11926-008-0064-zpubmed: 18817645google scholar: lookup
        88. Vasara AI, Konttinen YT, Peterson L, Lindahl A, Kiviranta I. Persisting high levels of synovial fluid markers after cartilage repair: a pilot study.. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009 Jan;467(1):267-72.
          doi: 10.1007/s11999-008-0434-xpubmed: 18709427google scholar: lookup
        89. Lind M, Larsen A, Clausen C, Osther K, Everland H. Cartilage repair with chondrocytes in fibrin hydrogel and MPEG polylactide scaffold: an in vivo study in goats.. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2008 Jul;16(7):690-8.
          doi: 10.1007/s00167-008-0522-1pubmed: 18418579google scholar: lookup
        90. Steinert AF, Nöth U, Tuan RS. Concepts in gene therapy for cartilage repair.. Injury 2008 Apr;39 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S97-113.
          doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2008.01.034pubmed: 18313477google scholar: lookup
        91. Hundt W, Yuh EL, Steinbach S, Bednarski MD, Guccione S. Comparison of continuous vs. pulsed focused ultrasound in treated muscle tissue as evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging, histological analysis, and microarray analysis.. Eur Radiol 2008 May;18(5):993-1004.
          doi: 10.1007/s00330-007-0848-ypubmed: 18205005google scholar: lookup
        92. Provenzano PP, Alejandro-Osorio AL, Grorud KW, Martinez DA, Vailas AC, Grindeland RE, Vanderby R Jr. Systemic administration of IGF-I enhances healing in collagenous extracellular matrices: evaluation of loaded and unloaded ligaments.. BMC Physiol 2007 Mar 26;7:2.
          doi: 10.1186/1472-6793-7-2pubmed: 17386107google scholar: lookup
        93. Madry H, Weimer A, Kohn D, Cucchiarini M. [Tissue engineering for articular cartilage repair improved by gene transfer. Current concepts].. Orthopade 2007 Mar;36(3):236-47.
          doi: 10.1007/s00132-007-1059-6pubmed: 17340098google scholar: lookup
        94. Lejeune JP, Franck T, Gangl M, Schneider N, Michaux C, Deby-Dupont G, Serteyn D. Plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in growing Ardenner horses suffering from juvenile digital degenerative osteoarthropathy.. Vet Res Commun 2007 Feb;31(2):185-95.
          doi: 10.1007/s11259-006-3385-2pubmed: 17216321google scholar: lookup
        95. Chubinskaya S, Hakimiyan A, Pacione C, Yanke A, Rappoport L, Aigner T, Rueger DC, Loeser RF. Synergistic effect of IGF-1 and OP-1 on matrix formation by normal and OA chondrocytes cultured in alginate beads.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007 Apr;15(4):421-30.
          doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.10.004pubmed: 17126570google scholar: lookup
        96. Scott A, Khan KM, Duronio V. IGF-I activates PKB and prevents anoxic apoptosis in Achilles tendon cells.. J Orthop Res 2005 Sep;23(5):1219-25.
          doi: 10.1016/j.orthres.2004.12.011pubmed: 16140203google scholar: lookup
        97. Saha AK, Mazumdar J, Kohles SS. Dynamic matrix composition in engineered cartilage with stochastic supplementation of growth factors.. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 2005 Jun;28(2):97-104.
          doi: 10.1007/BF03178699pubmed: 16060315google scholar: lookup
        98. Kawamura K, Chu CR, Sobajima S, Robbins PD, Fu FH, Izzo NJ, Niyibizi C. Adenoviral-mediated transfer of TGF-beta1 but not IGF-1 induces chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in pellet cultures.. Exp Hematol 2005 Aug;33(8):865-72.
          doi: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.05.010pubmed: 16038778google scholar: lookup
        99. Akens MK, Hurtig MB. Influence of species and anatomical location on chondrocyte expansion.. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2005 May 17;6:23.
          doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-6-23pubmed: 15904515google scholar: lookup
        100. De Ceuninck F, Caliez A, Dassencourt L, Anract P, Renard P. Pharmacological disruption of insulin-like growth factor 1 binding to IGF-binding proteins restores anabolic responses in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes.. Arthritis Res Ther 2004;6(5):R393-403.
          doi: 10.1186/ar1201pubmed: 15380039google scholar: lookup
        101. Buckwalter JA, Martin JA, Olmstead M, Athanasiou KA, Rosenwasser MP, Mow VC. Osteochondral repair of primate knee femoral and patellar articular surfaces: implications for preventing post-traumatic osteoarthritis.. Iowa Orthop J 2003;23:66-74.
          pubmed: 14575253
        102. Im HJ, Pacione C, Chubinskaya S, Van Wijnen AJ, Sun Y, Loeser RF. Inhibitory effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 and osteogenic protein-1 on fibronectin fragment- and interleukin-1beta-stimulated matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression in human chondrocytes.. J Biol Chem 2003 Jul 11;278(28):25386-94.
          doi: 10.1074/jbc.M302048200pubmed: 12734180google scholar: lookup
        Subscribe to our newsletter
        Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.