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Frontiers in physiology2019; 10; 906; doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00906

Near-Newtonian Blood Behavior – Is It Good to Be a Camel?

Abstract: From a certain level of exercise-intensity onward, hematocrit increases in horses, which brings more oxygen carriers into the bloodstream. Camels, however, when used in competitive racing could be even in need of iron supplementation and blood transfusions due to a severe reduction of their available hematocrit compared to their resting hematocrit. Since the extrinsic and intrinsic mechanical properties of camel erythrocytes (RBC) are so different compared to RBCs of other mammals, the question arises whether this observation might be a response to endurance exercise aiming at keeping the RBC count low. Rheometry indicated dromedary camel blood to behave almost Newtonian, which is unique amongst mammals. Shear thinning did increase with the hematocrit, but remained marginal compared to horses. As a result, camel whole blood viscosity (WBV) exceeded horse WBV at high shear rates, an effect, which was significantly augmented when the packed cell volume (PCV) was increased. Therefore, in camels any infusion of RBCs into the bloodstream can increase the cardiac work and the energy input into the endothelium more effectively, which should generate vascular remodeling in the long term. Yielding, however, was completely absent in camel blood, confirming low cohesion between its components at quasi-static flow. Camel blood remained a viscous liquid without a threshold even at unphysiologically high PCVs. This can help to washout lactate when camels start to dehydrate and might contribute to the sustained working ability of these animals. The subtle pseudoplastic behavior and the high viscosity contrast across the RBC membrane point to weak coupling between blood flow and red cell behavior. We predict that RBCs flow as separate entities and can show various types of motion, which can lead to friction instead of being collectively aligned to the flow direction. In comparison to horses, this behavior will become relevant at higher RBC counts in front of flow obstacles and possibly cause vascular remodeling if the PCV rises during strenuous exercise, a matter that should be avoided.
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Publication Date: 2019-07-17 PubMed ID: 31379608PubMed Central: PMC6650724DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00906Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research examines the unique properties of camel blood compared to horse blood and the impact on exercise intensity and endurance. It suggests that camel blood behaves in a nearly Newtonian manner, which helps in withstanding dehydration and can contribute to the sustained working ability of camels.

Overview of Research

  • The study began by examining how hematocrit levels increase during intense exercise in horses by adding more oxygen carriers to the bloodstream.
  • In camels, the study found, such intense exercise could require iron and blood transfusions due to a significant reduction in available hematocrit levels compared to rest levels.

Differences in Camel and Horse RBCs

  • The researchers found noticeable differences between the mechanical properties of camel erythrocytes (RBC) and those of other mammals, leading them to consider whether camels naturally keep their RBC count low in response to endurance exercise.
  • Through rheometry, the study discovered that the blood of dromedary camels behaves almost Newtonian, a quality unique amongst mammals.
  • Although shear thinning did increase with hematocrit levels, it remained insignificant compared to horses.

Impact of Hematocrit Levels on Cardiac Efficiency

  • The research found that whole blood viscosity (WBV) in camels surpassed that in horses at high shear rates. This effect is significantly augmented when packed cell volume (PCV) is increased.
  • In camels, any infusion of RBCs can effectively increase cardiac work and energy input into the endothelium, which could lead to long-term vascular remodeling.
  • However, yielding was absent in camel blood, confirming low cohesion between its components.

PHysiological Adaptations in Camel Blood

  • Camel blood remains a viscous liquid even at high PCVs, which helps excrete lactate when camels start to dehydrate and might contribute to the animal’s sustained working ability.
  • The subtle pseudoplastic behavior and the high viscosity contrast across the RBC membrane suggest weak coupling between blood flow and red cell behavior.
  • Camel RBCs flow separately and can exhibit various types of motion, which may cause friction instead of lining up in the direction of flow.
  • In comparison to horses, this unique behavior could become interesting with higher RBC counts in front of flow obstacles and may cause vascular remodeling if the PCV rises during rigorous exercise.

Cite This Article

APA
Windberger U, Auer R, Seltenhammer M, Mach G, Skidmore JA. (2019). Near-Newtonian Blood Behavior – Is It Good to Be a Camel? Front Physiol, 10, 906. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00906

Publication

Frontiers in physiology
ISSN: 1664-042X
NlmUniqueID: 101549006
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Pages: 906
PII: 906

Researcher Affiliations

Windberger, Ursula
  • Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Auer, Roland
  • Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Seltenhammer, Monika
  • Center for Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Mach, Georg
  • Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Skidmore, Julian A
  • Camel Reproduction Center, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

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Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Pesen T, Haydaroglu M, Capar S, Parlatan U, Unlu MB. Comparison of the human's and camel's red blood cell deformability by optical tweezers and Raman spectroscopy. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023 Sep;35:101490.
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  2. Baier D, Müller T, Mohr T, Windberger U. Red Blood Cell Stiffness and Adhesion Are Species-Specific Properties Strongly Affected by Temperature and Medium Changes in Single Cell Force Spectroscopy. Molecules 2021 May 8;26(9).
    doi: 10.3390/molecules26092771pubmed: 34066773google scholar: lookup
  3. Iglesias Pastrana C, Navas González FJ, Ciani E, Marín Navas C, Delgado Bermejo JV. Thermographic ranges of dromedary camels during physical exercise: applications for physical health/welfare monitoring and phenotypic selection. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1297412.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1297412pubmed: 38173554google scholar: lookup
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