FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Immunol Immunopathol / Passive immunisation, an old idea revisited: Basic principle...
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology2016; 174; 50-63; doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.04.007

Passive immunisation, an old idea revisited: Basic principles and application to modern animal production systems.

Abstract: Immunisation by administration of antibodies (immunoglobulins) has been known for more than one hundred years as a very efficient means of obtaining immediate, short-lived protection against infection and/or against the disease-causing effects of toxins from microbial pathogens and from other sources. Thus, due to its rapid action, passive immunisation is often used to treat disease caused by infection and/or toxin exposure. However immunoglobulins may also be administered prior to exposure to infection and/or toxin, although they will not provide long-lasting protection as is seen with active immunisation (vaccination) in which an immunological memory is established by controlled exposure of the host to the pathogen in question. With multi-factorial infectious diseases in production animals, especially those that have proven hard to control by vaccination, the potential of passive immunisation remains big. This review highlights a number of examples on the use of passive immunisation for the control of infectious disease in the modern production of a range of animals, including pigs, cattle, sheep, goat, poultry and fish. Special emphasis is given on the enablement of passive immunisation strategies in these production systems through low cost and ease of use as well as on the sources, composition and purity of immunoglobulin preparations used and their benefits as compared to current measures, including vaccination (also comprising maternal vaccination), antibiotics and feed additives such as spray-dried plasma. It is concluded that provided highly efficient, relatively low-price immunoglobulin products are available, passive immunisation has a clear role in the modern animal production sector as a means of controlling infectious diseases, importantly with a very low risk of causing development of bacterial resistance, thus constituting a real and widely applicable alternative to antibiotics.
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2016-04-26 PubMed ID: 27185263PubMed Central: PMC7127230DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.04.007Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper revisits the concept of passive immunisation, where antibodies are administered to provide short-lived, immediate protection against infections and toxins. The paper discusses how passive immunisation is applicable in the animal production industry, providing an alternative method to control infectious diseases in animals.

Basic Principles of Passive Immunisation

  • This paper discusses passive immunisation, a method providing immediate protection against diseases and infections by administering antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins.
  • This form of immunisation does not provide long-term protection as it lacks the immunological memory triggered by active immunisation via vaccines.
  • However, the rapid-action capability of passive immunisation proves valuable in controlling diseases, especially those hard to contain using vaccines.

Application to Modern Animal Production Systems

  • The paper examines the potential of passive immunisation in the context of modern animal production, ranging from pigs and cattle to poultry and fish.
  • An emphasis is placed on passive immunisation strategies that offer low-cost and ease of use in these production systems.
  • The sources, composition, and purity of the administered immunoglobulin preparations are also examined alongside their benefits compared to current measures like vaccinations, antibiotics, and feed additives such as spray-dried plasma.

Passive Immunisation as a Means of Controlling Infectious Diseases

  • Concluding, the paper highlights passive immunisation’s potential as a means of disease control in the modern animal production sector with minimal risk of generating bacterial resistance.
  • Thus, passive immunisation may serve as a real, practical alternative to antibiotics usage in the industry, provided that effective, reasonably priced immunoglobulin products are available.

Cite This Article

APA
Hedegaard CJ, Heegaard PM. (2016). Passive immunisation, an old idea revisited: Basic principles and application to modern animal production systems. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 174, 50-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.04.007

Publication

Veterinary immunology and immunopathology
ISSN: 1873-2534
NlmUniqueID: 8002006
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 174
Pages: 50-63
PII: S0165-2427(16)30064-2

Researcher Affiliations

Hedegaard, Chris J
  • National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, The innate immunology Group, Denmark. Electronic address: cjhe@vet.dtu.dk.
Heegaard, Peter M H
  • National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, The innate immunology Group, Denmark.

MeSH Terms

  • Animal Husbandry / methods
  • Animal Husbandry / trends
  • Animals
  • Animals, Newborn
  • Cattle
  • Female
  • Fishes
  • Goats
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Immunity, Innate
  • Immunity, Maternally-Acquired
  • Immunization, Passive / methods
  • Immunization, Passive / trends
  • Immunization, Passive / veterinary
  • Immunoglobulins / administration & dosage
  • Immunoglobulins / isolation & purification
  • Male
  • Poultry
  • Pregnancy
  • Sheep
  • Sus scrofa

References

This article includes 219 references
  1. Altmann K, Mukkur TK. Passive immunisation of neonatal lambs against infection with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli via colostrum of ewes immunised with crude and purified K99 pili.. Res Vet Sci 1983 Sep;35(2):234-9.
    pubmed: 6138826
  2. Arasteh N, Aminirissehei AH, Yousif A, Albright LJ, Durance TD. Passive immunization of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgY). Aquaculture 2004;231:23–36.
  3. Balan P, Han KS, Dukkipati VS, Moughan PJ. Recovery of intact IgG in the gastrointestinal tract of the growing rat following ingestion of an ovine serum immunoglobulin.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014 Apr;98(2):209-14.
    pubmed: 23441910doi: 10.1111/jpn.12060google scholar: lookup
  4. Barman TK, Sharma VD, Kumar S. Protective efficacy of maternal antibodies induced by Salmonella toxoid (vaccine).. Indian J Exp Biol 2005 Feb;43(2):163-6.
    pubmed: 15782817
  5. Barton MD. Antibiotic use in animal feed and its impact on human healt.. Nutr Res Rev 2000 Dec;13(2):279-99.
    pubmed: 19087443doi: 10.1079/095442200108729106google scholar: lookup
  6. Baxter D. Active and passive immunity, vaccine types, excipients and licensing.. Occup Med (Lond) 2007 Dec;57(8):552-6.
    pubmed: 18045976doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqm110google scholar: lookup
  7. Bester LA, Essack SY. Observational study of the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter spp. from different poultry production systems in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.. J Food Prot 2012 Jan;75(1):154-9.
    pubmed: 22221370doi: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-237google scholar: lookup
  8. Bhandari SK, Xu B, Nyachoti CM, Giesting DW, Krause DO. Evaluation of alternatives to antibiotics using an Escherichia coli K88+ model of piglet diarrhea: effects on gut microbial ecology.. J Anim Sci 2008 Apr;86(4):836-47.
    pubmed: 18192551doi: 10.2527/jas.2006-822google scholar: lookup
  9. Bleyen N, Ons E, De Gussem M, Goddeeris BM. Passive immunization against Histomonas meleagridis does not protect turkeys from an experimental infection.. Avian Pathol 2009 Feb;38(1):71-6.
    pubmed: 19156583doi: 10.1080/03079450802641255google scholar: lookup
  10. Brambell FW. The transmission of immunity from mother to young and the catabolism of immunoglobulins.. Lancet 1966 Nov 19;2(7473):1087-93.
    pubmed: 4162525doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(66)92190-8google scholar: lookup
  11. Brandtzaeg P. The mucosal immune system and its integration with the mammary glands.. J Pediatr 2010 Feb;156(2 Suppl):S8-15.
    pubmed: 20105666doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.11.014google scholar: lookup
  12. CDC. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States. Center of Disease Control 2013.
  13. Calmette A. The Treatment of Animals Poisoned with Snake Venom by the Injection of Antivenomous Serum.. Br Med J 1896 Aug 15;2(1859):399-400.
    pmc: PMC2509956pubmed: 20756388doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.1859.399google scholar: lookup
  14. Carlander D, Kollberg H, Wejåker PE, Larsson A. Peroral immunotherapy with yolk antibodies for the prevention and treatment of enteric infections.. Immunol Res 2000;21(1):1-6.
    pmc: PMC7090601pubmed: 10803878doi: 10.1385/ir:21:1:1google scholar: lookup
  15. Cervenak J, Kacskovics I. The neonatal Fc receptor plays a crucial role in the metabolism of IgG in livestock animals.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009 Mar 15;128(1-3):171-7.
    pubmed: 19027179doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.300google scholar: lookup
  16. Chae C. Commercial porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines: efficacy and clinical application.. Vet J 2012 Nov;194(2):151-7.
    pubmed: 22841450doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.031google scholar: lookup
  17. Chalghoumi R, Beckers Y, Portetelle D, Thewis A. Hen egg yolk antibodies (IgY), production and use for passive immunization against bacterial enteric infections in chicken: a review. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. 2009;13:295–308.
  18. Chernysheva LV, Friendship RM, Gyles CL, Dewey CE. Field trial assessment of the efficacy of specific egg-yolk antibody product for control of postweaning E. coli diarrhea.. Vet Ther 2003 Fall;4(3):279-84.
    pubmed: 15136989
  19. Combs DK, Crabb JH, Bringe AN, Ruch FE, Lopez JW. Protection of neonatal calves against K99-E-Coli and Coronavirus using a colostrum-derived immunoglobul in preparation. Agri-Practice 1993;14:13–16.
  20. Corbeil S, Lapatra SE, Anderson ED, Jones J, Vincent B, Hsu YL, Kurath G. Evaluation of the protective immunogenicity of the N, P, M, NV and G proteins of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss using DNA vaccines.. Dis Aquat Organ 1999 Dec 22;39(1):29-36.
    pubmed: 11407402doi: 10.3354/dao039029google scholar: lookup
  21. Crisman MV, Scarratt WK. Immunodeficiency disorders in horses.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2008 Aug;24(2):299-310, vi.
    pubmed: 18652957doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2008.03.003google scholar: lookup
  22. Curtis J, Bourne FJ. Half-lives of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM in the serum of new-born pigs.. Immunology 1973 Jan;24(1):147-55.
    pmc: PMC1422873pubmed: 4685369
  23. Danielsen M, Pedersen LJ, Bendixen E. An in vivo characterization of colostrum protein uptake in porcine gut during early lactation.. J Proteomics 2011 Jan 1;74(1):101-9.
    pubmed: 20831910doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.08.011google scholar: lookup
  24. Davidson GP, Whyte PB, Daniels E, Franklin K, Nunan H, McCloud PI, Moore AG, Moore DJ. Passive immunisation of children with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus.. Lancet 1989 Sep 23;2(8665):709-12.
    pubmed: 2570959doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90771-xgoogle scholar: lookup
  25. de Kraker ME, Davey PG, Grundmann H. Mortality and hospital stay associated with resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteremia: estimating the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe.. PLoS Med 2011 Oct;8(10):e1001104.
    pmc: PMC3191157pubmed: 22022233doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001104google scholar: lookup
  26. De Briyne N, Atkinson J, Pokludová L, Borriello SP. Antibiotics used most commonly to treat animals in Europe.. Vet Rec 2014 Oct 4;175(13):325.
    pmc: PMC4215272pubmed: 24899065doi: 10.1136/vr.102462google scholar: lookup
  27. Deprez P, Van den Hende C, Muylle E, Oyaert W. The influence of the administration of sow's milk on the post-weaning excretion of hemolytic E. coli in the pig.. Vet Res Commun 1986 Nov;10(6):469-78.
    pubmed: 3541366doi: 10.1007/bf02214010google scholar: lookup
  28. Díaz P, Malavé C, Zerpa N, Vázquez H, D'Suze G, Montero Y, Castillo C, Alagón A, Sevcik C. IgY pharmacokinetics in rabbits: implications for IgY use as antivenoms.. Toxicon 2014 Nov;90:124-33.
    pubmed: 25111201doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.07.021google scholar: lookup
  29. Diraviyam T, Zhao B, Wang Y, Schade R, Michael A, Zhang X. Effect of chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY) against diarrhea in domesticated animals: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. PLoS One 2014;9(5):e97716.
    pmc: PMC4028221pubmed: 24846286doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097716google scholar: lookup
  30. Dohms JE, Saif YM, Bacon WL. Metabolism and passive transfer of immunoglobulins in the turkey hen.. Am J Vet Res 1978 Sep;39(9):1472-81.
    pubmed: 697159
  31. Dohms JE, Saif YM, Bacon WL. Studies on metabolism and concentrations of immunoglobulin G in the newly hatched turkey poult.. Am J Vet Res 1978 Sep;39(9):1466-71.
    pubmed: 697158
  32. Dvorak CM, Lilla MP, Baker SR, Murtaugh MP. Multiple routes of porcine circovirus type 2 transmission to piglets in the presence of maternal immunity.. Vet Microbiol 2013 Oct 25;166(3-4):365-74.
    pubmed: 23867083doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.011google scholar: lookup
  33. ECDC/EMEA. The bacterial challenge: time to react. ECDC/EMEA 2009;54.
  34. EMEA. Coliprotec F4 E. coli O8:K87 Vaccine (live). European Medicines Agency 2015.
  35. Eibl MM. History of immunoglobulin replacement.. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2008 Nov;28(4):737-64, viii.
    pubmed: 18940572doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2008.06.004google scholar: lookup
  36. El-Loly MM. Bovine milk immunoglobulins in relation to human health. Int. J. Dairy Sci. 2007;2:183–195.
  37. Eterradossi N, Toquin D, Abbassi H, Rivallan G, Cotte JP, Guittet M. Passive protection of specific pathogen free chicks against infectious bursal disease by in-ovo injection of semi-purified egg-yolk antiviral immunoglobulins.. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 1997 Aug;44(6):371-83.
    pubmed: 9283288doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1997.tb00988.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  38. FAHEY JL, SELL S. THE IMMUNOGLOBULINS OF MICE. V. THE METABOLIC (CATABOLIC) PROPERTIES OF FIVE IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASSES.. J Exp Med 1965 Jul 1;122(1):41-58.
    pmc: PMC2138025pubmed: 14330751doi: 10.1084/jem.122.1.41google scholar: lookup
  39. Fairbrother JM, Nadeau E, Gyles CL. Escherichia coli in postweaning diarrhea in pigs: an update on bacterial types, pathogenesis, and prevention strategies.. Anim Health Res Rev 2005 Jun;6(1):17-39.
    pubmed: 16164007doi: 10.1079/ahr2005105google scholar: lookup
  40. Fleckenstein JM, Hardwidge PR, Munson GP, Rasko DA, Sommerfelt H, Steinsland H. Molecular mechanisms of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection.. Microbes Infect 2010 Feb;12(2):89-98.
    pubmed: 19883790doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2009.10.002google scholar: lookup
  41. Foged NT, Klemm P, Elling F, Jorsal SE, Zeuthen J. Monoclonal antibodies to K88ab, K88ac and K88ad fimbriae from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.. Microb Pathog 1986 Feb;1(1):57-69.
    pubmed: 2907768doi: 10.1016/0882-4010(86)90032-xgoogle scholar: lookup
  42. Foisnet A, Farmer C, David C, Quesnel H. Relationships between colostrum production by primiparous sows and sow physiology around parturition.. J Anim Sci 2010 May;88(5):1672-83.
    pubmed: 20118422doi: 10.2527/jas.2009-2562google scholar: lookup
  43. Forrest HL, Garcia A, Danner A, Seiler JP, Friedman K, Webster RG, Jones JC. Effect of passive immunization on immunogenicity and protective efficacy of vaccination against a Mexican low-pathogenic avian H5N2 influenza virus.. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013 Nov;7(6):1194-201.
    pmc: PMC4495725pubmed: 23889740doi: 10.1111/irv.12140google scholar: lookup
  44. Fort M, Sibila M, Allepuz A, Mateu E, Roerink F, Segalés J. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination of conventional pigs prevents viremia against PCV2 isolates of different genotypes and geographic origins.. Vaccine 2008 Feb 20;26(8):1063-71.
    pubmed: 18237827doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.12.019google scholar: lookup
  45. Fort M, Sibila M, Pérez-Martín E, Nofrarías M, Mateu E, Segalés J. One dose of a porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) sub-unit vaccine administered to 3-week-old conventional piglets elicits cell-mediated immunity and significantly reduces PCV2 viremia in an experimental model.. Vaccine 2009 Jun 19;27(30):4031-7.
    pubmed: 19379787doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.028google scholar: lookup
  46. Francis MJ, Black L. Effect of the sow vaccination regimen on the decay rate of maternally derived foot-and-mouth disease antibodies in piglets.. Res Vet Sci 1984 Jul;37(1):72-6.
    pubmed: 6089285
  47. Francis MJ, Black L. The effect of vaccination regimen on the transfer of foot and mouth disease antibodies from the sow to her piglets.. J Hyg (Lond) 1984 Aug;93(1):123-31.
    pmc: PMC2129267pubmed: 6086746doi: 10.1017/s0022172400061003google scholar: lookup
  48. Froude JW, Stiles B, Pelat T, Thullier P. Antibodies for biodefense.. MAbs 2011 Nov-Dec;3(6):517-27.
    pmc: PMC3242838pubmed: 22123065doi: 10.4161/mabs.3.6.17621google scholar: lookup
  49. Fu ZF, Hampson DJ, Wilks CR. Transfer of maternal antibody against group A rotavirus from sows to piglets and serological responses following natural infection.. Res Vet Sci 1990 May;48(3):365-73.
    pubmed: 2359885
  50. Gaastra W, Svennerholm AM. Colonization factors of human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC).. Trends Microbiol 1996 Nov;4(11):444-52.
    pubmed: 8950814doi: 10.1016/0966-842x(96)10068-8google scholar: lookup
  51. Gan H, He H, Sato A, Hatta H, Nakao M, Somamoto T. Ulcer disease prophylaxis in koi carp by bath immersion with chicken egg yolk containing anti-Aeromonas salmonicida IgY.. Res Vet Sci 2015 Apr;99:82-6.
    pubmed: 25687817doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.01.016google scholar: lookup
  52. Garcia PG, Silva VL, Diniz CG. Occurrence and antimicrobial drug susceptibility patterns of commensal and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in fecal microbiota from children with and without acute diarrhea.. J Microbiol 2011 Feb;49(1):46-52.
    pubmed: 21369978doi: 10.1007/s12275-011-0172-8google scholar: lookup
  53. Garcia-Migura L, Hendriksen RS, Fraile L, Aarestrup FM. Antimicrobial resistance of zoonotic and commensal bacteria in Europe: the missing link between consumption and resistance in veterinary medicine.. Vet Microbiol 2014 May 14;170(1-2):1-9.
    pubmed: 24589430doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.01.013google scholar: lookup
  54. Gerber PF, Garrocho FM, Lana AM, Lobato ZI. Fetal infections and antibody profiles in pigs naturally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2).. Can J Vet Res 2012 Jan;76(1):38-44.
    pmc: PMC3244286pubmed: 22754093
  55. Gerber PF, Xiao CT, Chen Q, Zhang J, Halbur PG, Opriessnig T. The spray-drying process is sufficient to inactivate infectious porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in plasma.. Vet Microbiol 2014 Nov 7;174(1-2):86-92.
    pmc: PMC7117534pubmed: 25281254doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.09.008google scholar: lookup
  56. Glávits R, Rátz F, Palya V, Molnár E, Nemesi M. Pathological and immunological study of goose embryos and goslings inoculated with an attenuated strain of Derzsy's disease virus.. Acta Vet Hung 1991;39(1-2):39-47.
    pubmed: 1661061
  57. Godden S. Colostrum management for dairy calves.. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2008 Mar;24(1):19-39.
    pmc: PMC7127126pubmed: 18299030doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.10.005google scholar: lookup
  58. Goldman AS. Human milk, leukocytes, and immunity.. J Pediatr 1977 Jan;90(1):167-8.
    pubmed: 830887doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(77)80805-6google scholar: lookup
  59. Gómez-Verduzco G, Téllez G, Quintana AL, Isibasi A, Ortiz-Navarrete V. Humoral immune response in breeding hens and protective immunity provided by administration of purified Salmonella Gallinarum porins.. Poult Sci 2010 Mar;89(3):495-500.
    pubmed: 20181865doi: 10.3382/ps.2009-00448google scholar: lookup
  60. Greenberg PD, Cello JP. Treatment of severe diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum with oral bovine immunoglobulin concentrate in patients with AIDS.. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1996 Dec 1;13(4):348-54.
    pubmed: 8948373doi: 10.1097/00042560-199612010-00008google scholar: lookup
  61. Gutierrez MA, Miyazaki T, Hatta H, Kim M. Protective properties of egg-Yolk Igy containing anti-Edwardsiella-Tarda antibody against Paracolo disease in the Japanese eel, Anguilla-Japonica temminck and schlegel. J. Fish Dis. 1993;16:113–122.
  62. Gyles CL. Escherichia Coli in Domestic Animals and Humans. CAB International 1994.
  63. Haggard DL, Springer JA, Vosdingh RA. Efficacy of a single annual booster inoculation of cows with Escherichia-Coli bacterin for preventing enteric colibacillosis in neonatal calves. Vet. Med. Sm. Anim. Clin. 1982;77:1525–1527.
  64. Haines AN, Flajnik MF, Rumfelt LL, Wourms JP. Immunoglobulins in the eggs of the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum.. Dev Comp Immunol 2005;29(5):417-30.
    pubmed: 15707663doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2004.08.007google scholar: lookup
  65. Hamal KR, Burgess SC, Pevzner IY, Erf GF. Maternal antibody transfer from dams to their egg yolks, egg whites, and chicks in meat lines of chickens.. Poult Sci 2006 Aug;85(8):1364-72.
    pubmed: 16903465doi: 10.1093/ps/85.8.1364google scholar: lookup
  66. Harman RJ, Doherty TV, Mccloskey MJ. Colostrx supplement protects against challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia-Coli in neonatal dairy calves. Agri-Practice 1991;12 41-&.
  67. Hedegaard CJ, Strube ML, Hansen MB, Lindved BK, Lihme A, Boye M, Heegaard PM. Natural Pig Plasma Immunoglobulins Have Anti-Bacterial Effects: Potential for Use as Feed Supplement for Treatment of Intestinal Infections in Pigs.. PLoS One 2016;11(1):e0147373.
    pmc: PMC4744083pubmed: 26824607doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147373google scholar: lookup
  68. Hernández-Castellano LE, Argüello A, Almeida AM, Castro N, Bendixen E. Colostrum protein uptake in neonatal lambs examined by descriptive and quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.. J Dairy Sci 2015 Jan;98(1):135-47.
    pubmed: 25465637doi: 10.3168/jds.2014-8143google scholar: lookup
  69. Hershberger PK, Gregg JL, Grady CA, LaPatra SE, Winton JR. Passive immunization of Pacific herring against viral hemorrhagic septicemia.. J Aquat Anim Health 2011 Sep;23(3):140-7.
    pubmed: 22216713doi: 10.1080/08997659.2011.616838google scholar: lookup
  70. Hirano T, Hom C, Ovary Z. Half-life of murine IgE antibodies in the mouse.. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1983;71(2):182-4.
    pubmed: 6840875doi: 10.1159/000233385google scholar: lookup
  71. Hong TT, Linh NQ, Ogle B, Lindberg JE. Survey on the prevalence of diarrhoea in pre-weaning piglets and on feeding systems as contributing risk factors in smallholdings in Central Vietnam.. Trop Anim Health Prod 2006 Jul;38(5):397-405.
    pubmed: 17165611doi: 10.1007/s11250-006-4399-zgoogle scholar: lookup
  72. Hong J, Kim JM, Jung WK, Kim SH, Bae W, Koo HC, Gil J, Kim M, Ser J, Park YH. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter spp. isolated from chicken meat, pork, and beef in Korea, from 2001 to 2006.. J Food Prot 2007 Apr;70(4):860-6.
    pubmed: 17477253doi: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.4.860google scholar: lookup
  73. Hsu JL, Safdar N. Polyclonal immunoglobulins and hyperimmune globulins in prevention and management of infectious diseases.. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2011 Dec;25(4):773-88.
    pubmed: 22054755doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2011.07.005google scholar: lookup
  74. Hunt E, Fu Q, Armstrong MU, Rennix DK, Webster DW, Galanko JA, Chen W, Weaver EM, Argenzio RA, Rhoads JM. Oral bovine serum concentrate improves cryptosporidial enteritis in calves.. Pediatr Res 2002 Mar;51(3):370-6.
    pubmed: 11861944doi: 10.1203/00006450-200203000-00017google scholar: lookup
  75. Hurley WL, Theil PK. Perspectives on immunoglobulins in colostrum and milk.. Nutrients 2011 Apr;3(4):442-74.
    pmc: PMC3257684pubmed: 22254105doi: 10.3390/n぀442google scholar: lookup
  76. Imberechts H, Deprez P, Van Driessche E, Pohl P. Chicken egg yolk antibodies against F18ab fimbriae of Escherichia coli inhibit shedding of F18 positive E. coli by experimentally infected pigs.. Vet Microbiol 1997 Mar;54(3-4):329-41.
    pubmed: 9100333doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(96)01293-xgoogle scholar: lookup
  77. Inoue AY, Berchieri A Jr, Bernardino A, Paiva JB, Sterzo EV. Passive immunity of progeny from broiler breeders vaccinated with oil-emulsion bacterin against Salmonella enteritidis.. Avian Dis 2008 Dec;52(4):567-71.
    pubmed: 19166046doi: 10.1637/8096-082707-reg.1google scholar: lookup
  78. Inoue S, Park C, Hatta H. Production of polyclonal rabies virus antibodies in birds. Current Laboratory Techniques in Rabies Diagnosis, Research and Prevention 2015.
  79. Jasion VS, Burnett BP. Survival and digestibility of orally-administered immunoglobulin preparations containing IgG through the gastrointestinal tract in humans.. Nutr J 2015 Mar 7;14:22.
    pmc: PMC4355420pubmed: 25880525doi: 10.1186/s12937-015-0010-7google scholar: lookup
  80. Johansen M, Andresen LO, Thomsen LK, Busch ME, Wachmann H, Jorsal SE, Gyles CL. Prevention of edema disease in pigs by passive immunization.. Can J Vet Res 2000 Jan;64(1):9-14.
    pmc: PMC1189574pubmed: 10680650
  81. Jones C, Heinrichs J. Colostrum Supplements and Replacer Penn State. 2005.
  82. Jones PW, Collins P, Aitken MM. Passive protection of calves against experimental infection with Salmonella typhimurium.. Vet Rec 1988 Nov 19;123(21):536-41.
    pubmed: 3061151doi: 10.1136/vr.123.21.536google scholar: lookup
  83. Kariyawasam S, Wilkie BN, Gyles CL. Resistance of broiler chickens to Escherichia coli respiratory tract infection induced by passively transferred egg-yolk antibodies.. Vet Microbiol 2004 Mar 5;98(3-4):273-84.
    pubmed: 15036536doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.10.022google scholar: lookup
  84. Keller MA, Stiehm ER. Passive immunity in prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000 Oct;13(4):602-14.
    pmc: PMC88952pubmed: 11023960doi: 10.1128/cmr.13.4.602google scholar: lookup
  85. Kelly GS. Bovine colostrums: a review of clinical uses.. Altern Med Rev 2003 Nov;8(4):378-94.
    pubmed: 14653766
  86. Kim J, Mohanty S, Ganesan LP, Hua K, Jarjoura D, Hayton WL, Robinson JM, Anderson CL. FcRn in the yolk sac endoderm of mouse is required for IgG transport to fetus.. J Immunol 2009 Mar 1;182(5):2583-9.
    pmc: PMC2676880pubmed: 19234152doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803247google scholar: lookup
  87. Kitching RP, Salt JS. The interference by maternally-derived antibody with active immunization of farm animals against foot-and-mouth disease.. Br Vet J 1995 Jul-Aug;151(4):379-89.
    pmc: PMC7130139pubmed: 7552194doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(95)80127-8google scholar: lookup
  88. Kovacs-Nolan J, Mine Y. Egg yolk antibodies for passive immunity.. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2012;3:163-82.
    pubmed: 22136128doi: 10.1146/annurev-food-022811-101137google scholar: lookup
  89. Kowalczyk K, Daiss J, Halpern J, Roth TF. Quantitation of maternal-fetal IgG transport in the chicken.. Immunology 1985 Apr;54(4):755-62.
    pmc: PMC1453552pubmed: 3980047
  90. Kristensen CS, Baadsgaard NP, Toft N. A meta-analysis comparing the effect of PCV2 vaccines on average daily weight gain and mortality rate in pigs from weaning to slaughter.. Prev Vet Med 2011 Mar 1;98(4):250-8.
    pubmed: 21239076doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.11.015google scholar: lookup
  91. Kurath G, Garver KA, Corbeil S, Elliott DG, Anderson ED, LaPatra SE. Protective immunity and lack of histopathological damage two years after DNA vaccination against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in trout.. Vaccine 2006 Jan 16;24(3):345-54.
    pubmed: 16154239doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.068google scholar: lookup
  92. Kweon CH, Kwon BJ, Lee JG, Kwon GO, Kang YB. Derivation of attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) as vaccine candidate.. Vaccine 1999 Jun 4;17(20-21):2546-53.
    pmc: PMC7125954pubmed: 10418901doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00059-6google scholar: lookup
  93. LaFrentz BR, LaPatra SE, Jones GR, Cain KD. Passive immunization of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), against Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease and rainbow trout fry syndrome.. J Fish Dis 2003 Jul;26(7):371-84.
    pubmed: 12946006doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00468.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  94. Lardinois A, van den Berg T, Lambrecht B, Steensels M. A model for the transfer of passive immunity against Newcastle disease and avian influenza in specific pathogen free chickens.. Avian Pathol 2014;43(2):118-24.
    pubmed: 24397892doi: 10.1080/03079457.2014.880407google scholar: lookup
  95. Larsh JE. Transmission from mother to offspring of immunity against the mouse cestode, Hymenolepis nana var fraterna. Am. J. Hyg. 1942;36:187–194.
  96. Larson BL, Heary HL Jr, Devery JE. Immunoglobulin production and transport by the mammary gland.. J Dairy Sci 1980 Apr;63(4):665-71.
    pubmed: 7189763doi: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(80)82988-2google scholar: lookup
  97. Larsson A, Karlsson-Parra A, Sjöquist J. Use of chicken antibodies in enzyme immunoassays to avoid interference by rheumatoid factors.. Clin Chem 1991 Mar;37(3):411-4.
    pubmed: 2004449
  98. Le Rousic S, Klein N, Houghton S, Charleston B. Use of colostrum from rotavirus-immunised cows as a single feed to prevent rotavirus-induced diarrhoea in calves.. Vet Rec 2000 Aug 5;147(6):160-1.
    pubmed: 10975332doi: 10.1136/vr.147.6.160google scholar: lookup
  99. Le Roy D, Crouzier C, Dho-Moulin M, Dumont AS, Bouchet A, Lafont JP, Andremont A. Results of passive and active immunization directed against ferric aerobactin in experimental enterobacterial infections in mice and chickens.. Res Microbiol 1995 Feb;146(2):167-74.
    pubmed: 7652210doi: 10.1016/0923-2508(96)80894-1google scholar: lookup
  100. Lee SB, Mine Y, Stevenson RM. Effects of hen egg yolk immunoglobulin in passive protection of rainbow trout against Yersinia ruckeri.. J Agric Food Chem 2000 Jan;48(1):110-5.
    pubmed: 10637061doi: 10.1021/jf9906073google scholar: lookup
  101. Lee SH, Lillehoj HS, Park DW, Jang SI, Morales A, García D, Lucio E, Larios R, Victoria G, Marrufo D, Lillehoj EP. Induction of passive immunity in broiler chickens against Eimeria acervulina by hyperimmune egg yolk immunoglobulin Y.. Poult Sci 2009 Mar;88(3):562-6.
    pubmed: 19211525doi: 10.3382/ps.2008-00340google scholar: lookup
  102. Lee SH, Lillehoj HS, Park DW, Jang SI, Morales A, García D, Lucio E, Larios R, Victoria G, Marrufo D, Lillehoj EP. Protective effect of hyperimmune egg yolk IgY antibodies against Eimeria tenella and Eimeria maxima infections.. Vet Parasitol 2009 Jul 7;163(1-2):123-6.
    pubmed: 19450929doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.04.020google scholar: lookup
  103. Levast B, Berri M, Wilson HL, Meurens F, Salmon H. Development of gut immunoglobulin A production in piglet in response to innate and environmental factors.. Dev Comp Immunol 2014 May;44(1):235-44.
    pubmed: 24384471doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.12.012google scholar: lookup
  104. Li CH, Lu XJ, Li DF, Chen J. Passive protective effect of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins against experimental Vibrio anguillarum infection in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis).. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2014 Mar;37(1):108-14.
    pubmed: 24486630doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.01.018google scholar: lookup
  105. Liebler-Tenorio EM, Riedel-Caspari G, Pohlenz JF. Uptake of colostral leukocytes in the intestinal tract of newborn calves.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002 Feb;85(1-2):33-40.
    pubmed: 11867165doi: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00404-4google scholar: lookup
  106. Lihme A, Hansen MB, Andersen IV, Burnouf T. A novel core fractionation process of human plasma by expanded bed adsorption chromatography.. Anal Biochem 2010 Apr 1;399(1):102-9.
    pubmed: 19995544doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.12.002google scholar: lookup
  107. Lin MY, Kleven SH. Transferred humoral immunity in chickens to Mycoplasma gallisepticum.. Avian Dis 1984 Jan-Mar;28(1):79-87.
    pubmed: 6721806
  108. Lin WQ, Lam KM, Clark WE. Active and passive immunization of ducks against duck viral enteritis.. Avian Dis 1984 Oct-Dec;28(4):968-73.
    pubmed: 6098257
  109. Lin TL, Clark TG, Dickerson H. Passive immunization of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) against the ciliated protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis by use of murine monoclonal antibodies.. Infect Immun 1996 Oct;64(10):4085-90.
    pmc: PMC174341pubmed: 8926073doi: 10.1128/iai.64.10.4085-4090.1996google scholar: lookup
  110. Lindenstrom T, Buchmann K. Acquired resistance in rainbow trout against Gyrodactylus derjavini.. J Helminthol 2000 Jun;74(2):155-60.
    pubmed: 10881287
  111. Lloyd S, Soulsby EJL. Passive transfer of immunity to neonatal calves against metacestodes of Taenia-Saginata. Vet. Parasitol. 1976;2:355–362.
  112. Lorenzen N, Olesen NJ, Jørgensen PE. Neutralization of Egtved virus pathogenicity to cell cultures and fish by monoclonal antibodies to the viral G protein.. J Gen Virol 1990 Mar;71 ( Pt 3):561-7.
    pubmed: 1690259doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-71-3-561google scholar: lookup
  113. Lu Y, Liu J, Jin L, Li X, Zhen Y, Xue H, You J, Xu Y. Passive protection of shrimp against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) using specific antibody from egg yolk of chickens immunized with inactivated virus or a WSSV-DNA vaccine.. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2008 Nov;25(5):604-10.
    pubmed: 18805492doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.08.010google scholar: lookup
  114. Madec F, Rose N, Grasland B, Cariolet R, Jestin A. Post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and other PCV2-related problems in pigs: a 12-year experience.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2008 Sep;55(7):273-83.
    pubmed: 18631230doi: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01035.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  115. Madson DM, Patterson AR, Ramamoorthy S, Pal N, Meng XJ, Opriessnig T. Effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination of the dam on PCV2 replication in utero.. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2009 Jun;16(6):830-4.
    pmc: PMC2691039pubmed: 19357312doi: 10.1128/cvi.00455-08google scholar: lookup
  116. Malek A. Role of IgG antibodies in association with placental function and immunologic diseases in human pregnancy.. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013 Mar;9(3):235-49.
    pubmed: 23445198doi: 10.1586/eci.12.99google scholar: lookup
  117. Malik MW, Ayub N, Qureshi IZ. Passive immunization using purified IgYs against infectious bursal disease of chickens in Pakistan.. J Vet Sci 2006 Mar;7(1):43-6.
    pmc: PMC3242084pubmed: 16434848doi: 10.4142/jvs.2006.7.1.43google scholar: lookup
  118. Mancini N, Solforosi L, Clementi N, De Marco D, Clementi M, Burioni R. A potential role for monoclonal antibodies in prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of influenza.. Antiviral Res 2011 Oct;92(1):15-26.
    pubmed: 21798290doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.07.013google scholar: lookup
  119. Marquardt RR, Jin LZ, Kim JW, Fang L, Frohlich AA, Baidoo SK. Passive protective effect of egg-yolk antibodies against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88+ infection in neonatal and early-weaned piglets.. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1999 Apr;23(4):283-8.
    pubmed: 10225287doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1999.tb01249.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  120. Marshall K. Therapeutic applications of whey protein.. Altern Med Rev 2004 Jun;9(2):136-56.
    pubmed: 15253675
  121. Matte JJ, Girard CL, Seoane JR, Brisson GJ. Absorption of colostral immunoglobulin G in the newborn dairy calf.. J Dairy Sci 1982 Sep;65(9):1765-70.
    pubmed: 7142535doi: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(82)82414-4google scholar: lookup
  122. McClead RE, Gregory SA. Resistance of bovine colostral anti-cholera toxin antibody to in vitro and in vivo proteolysis.. Infect Immun 1984 May;44(2):474-8.
    pmc: PMC263544pubmed: 6425223doi: 10.1128/iai.44.2.474-478.1984google scholar: lookup
  123. McConnell MA, Buchan G, Borissenko MV, Brooks HJL. A comparison of IgG and IgG1 activity in an early milk concentrate from non-immunised cows and a milk from hyperimmunised animals. Food Res. Int. 2001;34:255–261.
  124. McGuire TC, Crawford TB, Hallowell AL, Macomber LE. Failure of colostral immunoglobulin transfer as an explanation for most infections and deaths of neonatal foals.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1977 Jun 1;170(11):1302-4.
    pubmed: 863776
  125. McKeown NE, Opriessnig T, Thomas P, Guenette DK, Elvinger F, Fenaux M, Halbur PG, Meng XJ. Effects of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) maternal antibodies on experimental infection of piglets with PCV2.. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005 Nov;12(11):1347-51.
    pmc: PMC1287757pubmed: 16275955doi: 10.1128/cdli.12.11.1347-1351.2005google scholar: lookup
  126. Melkebeek V, Goddeeris BM, Cox E. ETEC vaccination in pigs.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013 Mar 15;152(1-2):37-42.
    pubmed: 23068270doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.09.024google scholar: lookup
  127. Mendez Arancibia E, Pitart C, Ruiz J, Marco F, Gascón J, Vila J. Evolution of antimicrobial resistance in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli causing traveller's diarrhoea.. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009 Aug;64(2):343-7.
    pubmed: 19474067doi: 10.1093/jac/dkp178google scholar: lookup
  128. Michael A, Meenatchisundaram S, Parameswari G, Subbraj T, Selvakumaran R, Ramalingam S. Chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY) as an alternative to mammalian antibodies. Ind. J. Sci. Technol. 2010;3:468–474.
  129. Morgan DR, DuPont HL, Gonik B, Kohl S. Cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood and colostral leukocytes against Shigella species.. Infect Immun 1984 Oct;46(1):25-33.
    pmc: PMC261416pubmed: 6384045doi: 10.1128/iai.46.1.25-33.1984google scholar: lookup
  130. Morrison SL, Mohammed MS, Wims LA, Trinh R, Etches R. Sequences in antibody molecules important for receptor-mediated transport into the chicken egg yolk.. Mol Immunol 2002 Jan;38(8):619-25.
    pubmed: 11792430doi: 10.1016/s0161-5890(01)00095-5google scholar: lookup
  131. Mukkur TK, Walker KH, McDowell GH. Passive immunisation of neonatal lambs via colostrum and milk of ewes previously immunised with live attenuated Salmonella typhimurium protects neonatal lambs from experimental salmonellosis.. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1998 Oct;21(4):327-36.
    pubmed: 9775362doi: 10.1016/s0147-9571(97)00021-0google scholar: lookup
  132. Murphy JM, Hagey JV, Chigerwe M. Comparison of serum immunoglobulin G half-life in dairy calves fed colostrum, colostrum replacer or administered with intravenous bovine plasma.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014 Apr 15;158(3-4):233-7.
    pmc: PMC7112895pubmed: 24534145doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.01.008google scholar: lookup
  133. Nagy B. Vaccination of cows with a K99 extract to protect newborn calves against experimental enterotoxic colibacillosis.. Infect Immun 1980 Jan;27(1):21-4.
    pmc: PMC550715pubmed: 6987168doi: 10.1128/iai.27.1.21-24.1980google scholar: lookup
  134. Nath LC, Anderson GA, Savage CJ, McKinnon AO. Use of stored equine colostrum for the treatment of foals perceived to be at risk for failure of transfer of passive immunity.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010 May 15;236(10):1085-90.
    pubmed: 20470070doi: 10.2460/javma.236.10.1085google scholar: lookup
  135. Nemeth NM, Bowen RA. Dynamics of passive immunity to West Nile virus in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus).. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007 Feb;76(2):310-7.
    pubmed: 17297041
  136. Niewold TA, van Dijk AJ, Geenen PL, Roodink H, Margry R, van der Meulen J. Dietary specific antibodies in spray-dried immune plasma prevent enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 (ETEC) post weaning diarrhoea in piglets.. Vet Microbiol 2007 Oct 6;124(3-4):362-9.
    pubmed: 17524575doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.04.034google scholar: lookup
  137. Nollet H, Deprez P, Van Driessche E, Muylle E. Protection of just weaned pigs against infection with F18+ Escherichia coli by non-immune plasma powder.. Vet Microbiol 1999 Feb 23;65(1):37-45.
    pubmed: 10068126doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(98)00282-xgoogle scholar: lookup
  138. Oanh TK, Nguyen VK, De Greve H, Goddeeris BM. Protection of piglets against Edema disease by maternal immunization with Stx2e toxoid.. Infect Immun 2012 Jan;80(1):469-73.
    pmc: PMC3255682pubmed: 22083704doi: 10.1128/iai.05539-11google scholar: lookup
  139. Oh Y, Seo HW, Han K, Park C, Chae C. Protective effect of the maternally derived porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-specific cellular immune response in piglets by dam vaccination against PCV2 challenge.. J Gen Virol 2012 Jul;93(Pt 7):1556-1562.
    pubmed: 22495234doi: 10.1099/vir.0.041749-0google scholar: lookup
  140. Opriessnig T, Patterson AR, Elsener J, Meng XJ, Halbur PG. Influence of maternal antibodies on efficacy of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination to protect pigs from experimental infection with PCV2.. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2008 Mar;15(3):397-401.
    pmc: PMC2268265pubmed: 18094109doi: 10.1128/cvi.00416-07google scholar: lookup
  141. Owusu-Asiedu A, Baidoot SK, Nyachoti CM, Marquardt RR. Response of early-weaned pigs to spray-dried porcine or animal plasma-based diets supplemented with egg-yolk antibodies against enterotoxigenic Escherichia colil.. J Anim Sci 2002 Nov;80(11):2895-903.
    pubmed: 12462257doi: 10.2527/2002.80112895xgoogle scholar: lookup
  142. Owusu-Asiedu A, Nyachoti CM, Baidoo SK, Marquardt RR, Yang X. Response of early-weaned pigs to an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (K88) challenge when fed diets containing spray-dried porcine plasma or pea protein isolate plus egg yolk antibody.. J Anim Sci 2003 Jul;81(7):1781-9.
    pubmed: 12854815doi: 10.2527/2003.8171781xgoogle scholar: lookup
  143. Owusu-Asiedu A, Nyachoti CM, Marquardt RR. Response of early-weaned pigs to an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (K88) challenge when fed diets containing spray-dried porcine plasma or pea protein isolate plus egg yolk antibody, zinc oxide, fumaric acid, or antibiotic.. J Anim Sci 2003 Jul;81(7):1790-8.
    pubmed: 12854816doi: 10.2527/2003.8171790xgoogle scholar: lookup
  144. Palmeira P, Quinello C, Silveira-Lessa AL, Zago CA, Carneiro-Sampaio M. IgG placental transfer in healthy and pathological pregnancies.. Clin Dev Immunol 2012;2012:985646.
    pmc: PMC3251916pubmed: 22235228doi: 10.1155/2012/985646google scholar: lookup
  145. Parreño V, Béjar C, Vagnozzi A, Barrandeguy M, Costantini V, Craig MI, Yuan L, Hodgins D, Saif L, Fernández F. Modulation by colostrum-acquired maternal antibodies of systemic and mucosal antibody responses to rotavirus in calves experimentally challenged with bovine rotavirus.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004 Jul;100(1-2):7-24.
    pmc: PMC7127479pubmed: 15182992doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.02.007google scholar: lookup
  146. Pasick J, Berhane Y, Ojkic D, Maxie G, Embury-Hyatt C, Swekla K, Handel K, Fairles J, Alexandersen S. Investigation into the role of potentially contaminated feed as a source of the first-detected outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea in Canada.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014 Oct;61(5):397-410.
    pmc: PMC4282400pubmed: 25098383doi: 10.1111/tbed.12269google scholar: lookup
  147. Pasnik DJ, Evans JJ, Klesius PH. Passive immunization of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) provides significant protection against Streptococcus agalactiae.. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2006 Oct;21(4):365-71.
    pubmed: 16531069doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.01.001google scholar: lookup
  148. Pasnik DJ, Evans JJ, Klesius PH. Specific serum antibody responses in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) provide limited protection against Streptococcus ictaluri challenge.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011 Nov 15;144(1-2):144-6.
    pubmed: 21962634doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.11.015google scholar: lookup
  149. Patel S. Emerging trends in nutraceutical applications of whey protein and its derivatives.. J Food Sci Technol 2015 Nov;52(11):6847-58.
    pmc: PMC4744604pubmed: 26884639doi: 10.1007/s13197-015-1894-0google scholar: lookup
  150. Pérez-Bosque A, Amat C, Polo J, Campbell JM, Crenshaw J, Russell L, Moretó M. Spray-dried animal plasma prevents the effects of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B on intestinal barrier function in weaned rats.. J Nutr 2006 Nov;136(11):2838-43.
    pubmed: 17056810doi: 10.1093/jn/136.11.2838google scholar: lookup
  151. Petschow BW, Talbott RD. Reduction in virus-neutralizing activity of a bovine colostrum immunoglobulin concentrate by gastric acid and digestive enzymes.. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1994 Aug;19(2):228-35.
    pubmed: 7815246doi: 10.1097/00005176-199408000-00014google scholar: lookup
  152. Pierce JL, Cromwell GL, Lindemann MD, Russell LE, Weaver EM. Effects of spray-dried animal plasma and immunoglobulins on performance of early weaned pigs.. J Anim Sci 2005 Dec;83(12):2876-85.
    pubmed: 16282627doi: 10.2527/2005.83122876xgoogle scholar: lookup
  153. Polo J, Rodríguez C, Ródenas J, Russell LE, Campbell JM, Crenshaw JD, Torrallardona D, Pujols J. Ultraviolet Light (UV) Inactivation of Porcine Parvovirus in Liquid Plasma and Effect of UV Irradiated Spray Dried Porcine Plasma on Performance of Weaned Pigs.. PLoS One 2015;10(7):e0133008.
    pmc: PMC4501813pubmed: 26171968doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133008google scholar: lookup
  154. Qadri F, Bhuiyan TR, Sack DA, Svennerholm AM. Immune responses and protection in children in developing countries induced by oral vaccines.. Vaccine 2013 Jan 7;31(3):452-60.
    pubmed: 23153448doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.012google scholar: lookup
  155. Qiu X, Wong G, Audet J, Bello A, Fernando L, Alimonti JB, Fausther-Bovendo H, Wei H, Aviles J, Hiatt E, Johnson A, Morton J, Swope K, Bohorov O, Bohorova N, Goodman C, Kim D, Pauly MH, Velasco J, Pettitt J, Olinger GG, Whaley K, Xu B, Strong JE, Zeitlin L, Kobinger GP. Reversion of advanced Ebola virus disease in nonhuman primates with ZMapp.. Nature 2014 Oct 2;514(7520):47-53.
    pmc: PMC4214273pubmed: 25171469doi: 10.1038/nature13777google scholar: lookup
  156. Quigley JD, Drew MD. Effects of oral antibiotics or bovine plasma on survival, health and growth in dairy calves challenged with Escherichia coli. Food Agr. Immunol. 2000;12:311–318.
  157. Quigley J. Passive immunity in newborn calves. Adv. Dairy Technol. 2002;14:273–292.
  158. Rahimi S, Shiraz ZM, Salehi TZ, Torshizi MAK, Grimes JL. Prevention of salmonella infection in poultry by specific egg-Derived antibody. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 2007.
  159. Raida MK, Buchmann K. Bath vaccination of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) against Yersinia ruckeri: effects of temperature on protection and gene expression.. Vaccine 2008 Feb 20;26(8):1050-62.
    pubmed: 18237828doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.12.029google scholar: lookup
  160. Rauta PR, Nayak B, Das S. Immune system and immune responses in fish and their role in comparative immunity study: a model for higher organisms.. Immunol Lett 2012 Nov-Dec;148(1):23-33.
    pubmed: 22902399doi: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.08.003google scholar: lookup
  161. Reynolds DL, Maraqa AD. Protective immunity against Newcastle disease: the role of antibodies specific to Newcastle disease virus polypeptides.. Avian Dis 2000 Jan-Mar;44(1):138-44.
    pubmed: 10737654
  162. Reynolds D, Akinc S, Ali A. Passively administered antibodies alleviate stunting syndrome in turkey poults.. Avian Dis 2000 Apr-Jun;44(2):439-42.
    pubmed: 10879925
  163. Rhee JH, Lee SE, Kim SY. Mucosal vaccine adjuvants update.. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2012 Jul;1(1):50-63.
    pmc: PMC3623511pubmed: 23596577doi: 10.7774/cevr.2012.1.1.50google scholar: lookup
  164. Rickard MD, Boddington EB, McQuade N. Vaccination of lambs against Taenia ovis infection using antigens collected during in vitro cultivation of larvae: passive protection via colostrum from vaccinated ewes and the duration of immunity from a single vaccination.. Res Vet Sci 1977 Nov;23(3):368-71.
    pubmed: 605303
  165. Robison JD, Stott GH, DeNise SK. Effects of passive immunity on growth and survival in the dairy heifer.. J Dairy Sci 1988 May;71(5):1283-7.
    pubmed: 3135297doi: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(88)79684-8google scholar: lookup
  166. Rose ME, Orlans E, Buttress N. Immunoglobulin classes in the hen's egg: their segregation in yolk and white.. Eur J Immunol 1974 Jul;4(7):521-3.
    pubmed: 4213170doi: 10.1002/eji.1830040715google scholar: lookup
  167. Rubbenstroth D, Rautenschlein S. Investigations on the protective role of passively transferred antibodies against avian metapneumovirus infection in turkeys.. Avian Pathol 2009 Dec;38(6):427-36.
    pubmed: 19937531doi: 10.1080/03079450903349204google scholar: lookup
  168. Saif LJ, Fernandez FM. Group A rotavirus veterinary vaccines.. J Infect Dis 1996 Sep;174 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S98-106.
    pmc: PMC7110367pubmed: 8752298doi: 10.1093/infdis/174.supplement_1.s98google scholar: lookup
  169. Salinas I, Zhang YA, Sunyer JO. Mucosal immunoglobulins and B cells of teleost fish.. Dev Comp Immunol 2011 Dec;35(12):1346-65.
    pmc: PMC3428141pubmed: 22133710doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.11.009google scholar: lookup
  170. Salinas I. The Mucosal Immune System of Teleost Fish.. Biology (Basel) 2015 Aug 12;4(3):525-39.
    pmc: PMC4588148pubmed: 26274978doi: 10.3390/biology4030525google scholar: lookup
  171. Salmon H, Berri M, Gerdts V, Meurens F. Humoral and cellular factors of maternal immunity in swine.. Dev Comp Immunol 2009 Mar;33(3):384-93.
    pubmed: 18761034doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.07.007google scholar: lookup
  172. Sarker SA, Casswall TH, Mahalanabis D, Alam NH, Albert MJ, Brüssow H, Fuchs GJ, Hammerström L. Successful treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in children with immunoglobulin from immunized bovine colostrum.. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998 Dec;17(12):1149-54.
    pubmed: 9877365doi: 10.1097/00006454-199812000-00010google scholar: lookup
  173. Sarker SA, Pant N, Juneja LR, Hammarström L. Successful treatment of rotavirus-induced diarrhoea in suckling mice with egg yolk immunoglobulin.. J Health Popul Nutr 2007 Dec;25(4):465-8.
    pmc: PMC2754009pubmed: 18402190
  174. Schade R, Calzado EG, Sarmiento R, Chacana PA, Porankiewicz-Asplund J, Terzolo HR. Chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY-technology): a review of progress in production and use in research and human and veterinary medicine.. Altern Lab Anim 2005 Apr;33(2):129-54.
    pubmed: 16180988doi: 10.1177/026119290503300208google scholar: lookup
  175. Schuijffel DF, van Empel PC, Pennings AM, van Putten JP, Nuijten PJ. Passive immunization of immune-suppressed animals: chicken antibodies protect against Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection.. Vaccine 2005 May 16;23(26):3404-11.
    pubmed: 15837364doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.095google scholar: lookup
  176. Shahid NS, Steinhoff MC, Roy E, Begum T, Thompson CM, Siber GR. Placental and breast transfer of antibodies after maternal immunization with polysaccharide meningococcal vaccine: a randomized, controlled evaluation.. Vaccine 2002 May 22;20(17-18):2404-9.
    pubmed: 12009297doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00061-0google scholar: lookup
  177. Shahzad MI, Naeem K, Mukhtar M, Khanum A. Passive immunization against highly pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) strain H7N3 with antiserum generated from viral polypeptides protect poultry birds from lethal viral infection.. Virol J 2008 Nov 28;5:144.
    pmc: PMC2627827pubmed: 19040734doi: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-144google scholar: lookup
  178. Shelby RA, Shoemaker CA, Klesius PH. Passive immunization of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus with anti-Flavobacterium columnare sera.. Dis Aquat Organ 2007 Sep 14;77(2):143-7.
    pubmed: 17972756doi: 10.3354/dao01828google scholar: lookup
  179. Sheoran AS, Karzenski SS, Whalen JW, Crisman MV, Powell DG, Timoney JF. Prepartum equine rotavirus vaccination inducing strong specific IgG in mammary secretions.. Vet Rec 2000 Jun 3;146(23):672-3.
    pubmed: 10883857doi: 10.1136/vr.146.23.672google scholar: lookup
  180. Sherman DM, Acres SD, Sadowski PL, Springer JA, Bray B, Raybould TJ, Muscoplat CC. Protection of calves against fatal enteric colibacillosis by orally administered Escherichia coli K99-specific monoclonal antibody.. Infect Immun 1983 Nov;42(2):653-8.
    pmc: PMC264479pubmed: 6358029doi: 10.1128/iai.42.2.653-658.1983google scholar: lookup
  181. Shibata I, Okuda Y, Kitajima K, Asai T. Shedding of porcine circovirus into colostrum of sows.. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 2006 Aug;53(6):278-80.
    pubmed: 16907959doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00953.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  182. Si W, Yu S, Chen L, Wang X, Zhang W, Liu S, Li G. Passive protection against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection from maternally derived antibodies of hens vaccinated with a ghost vaccine.. Res Vet Sci 2014 Oct;97(2):191-3.
    pubmed: 25200368doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.08.001google scholar: lookup
  183. Siso MIG. The biotechnological utilization of cheese whey: a review. Bioresour. Technol. 1996;57:1–11.
  184. Smith NC, Wallach M, Petracca M, Braun R, Eckert J. Maternal transfer of antibodies induced by infection with Eimeria maxima partially protects chickens against challenge with Eimeria tenella.. Parasitology 1994 Dec;109 ( Pt 5):551-7.
    pubmed: 7831090doi: 10.1017/s0031182000076423google scholar: lookup
  185. Smolenski G, Haines S, Kwan FY, Bond J, Farr V, Davis SR, Stelwagen K, Wheeler TT. Characterisation of host defence proteins in milk using a proteomic approach.. J Proteome Res 2007 Jan;6(1):207-15.
    pubmed: 17203965doi: 10.1021/pr0603405google scholar: lookup
  186. Snodgrass DR, Nagy LK, Sherwood D, Campbell I. Passive immunity in calf diarrhea: vaccination with K99 antigen of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and rotavirus.. Infect Immun 1982 Aug;37(2):586-91.
    pmc: PMC347573pubmed: 6288567doi: 10.1128/iai.37.2.586-591.1982google scholar: lookup
  187. Snoeck V, Huyghebaert N, Cox E, Vermeire A, Vancaeneghem S, Remon JP, Goddeeris BM. Enteric-coated pellets of F4 fimbriae for oral vaccination of suckling piglets against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003 Dec 15;96(3-4):219-27.
    pubmed: 14592734doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2003.08.003google scholar: lookup
  188. Snoeck V, Cox E, Verdonck F, Joensuu JJ, Goddeeris BM. Influence of porcine intestinal pH and gastric digestion on antigenicity of F4 fimbriae for oral immunisation.. Vet Microbiol 2004 Jan 14;98(1):45-53.
    pubmed: 14738781doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.10.020google scholar: lookup
  189. Swain P, Dash S, Bal J, Routray P, Sahoo PK, Sahoo SK, Saurabh S, Gupta SD, Meher PK. Passive transfer of maternal antibodies and their existence in eggs, larvae and fry of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Ham.).. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2006 Apr;20(4):519-27.
    pubmed: 16157486doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.06.011google scholar: lookup
  190. Tacket CO, Losonsky G, Link H, Hoang Y, Guesry P, Hilpert H, Levine MM. Protection by milk immunoglobulin concentrate against oral challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.. N Engl J Med 1988 May 12;318(19):1240-3.
    pubmed: 3283555doi: 10.1056/nejm198805123181904google scholar: lookup
  191. Tennent-Brown B. Plasma therapy in foals and adult horses.. Compend Contin Educ Vet 2011 Oct;33(10):E1-4.
    pubmed: 22012844
  192. Tesar DB, Cheung EJ, Bjorkman PJ. The chicken yolk sac IgY receptor, a mammalian mannose receptor family member, transcytoses IgY across polarized epithelial cells.. Mol Biol Cell 2008 Apr;19(4):1587-93.
    pmc: PMC2291411pubmed: 18256279doi: 10.1091/mbc.e07-09-0972google scholar: lookup
  193. Traxler GS, Anderson E, LaPatra SE, Richard J, Shewmaker B, Kurath G. Naked DNA vaccination of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar against IHNV.. Dis Aquat Organ 1999 Nov 30;38(3):183-90.
    pubmed: 10686669doi: 10.3354/dao038183google scholar: lookup
  194. Tsubokura K, Berndtson E, Bogstedt A, Kaijser B, Kim M, Ozeki M, Hammarström L. Oral administration of antibodies as prophylaxis and therapy in Campylobacter jejuni-infected chickens.. Clin Exp Immunol 1997 Jun;108(3):451-5.
    pmc: PMC1904686pubmed: 9182891doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1997.3901288.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  195. Tsunemitsu H, Shimizu M, Hirai T, Yonemichi H, Kudo T, Mori K, Onoe S. Protection against bovine rotaviruses in newborn calves by continuous feeding of immune colostrum.. Nihon Juigaku Zasshi 1989 Apr;51(2):300-8.
    pubmed: 2544759doi: 10.1292/jvms1939.51.300google scholar: lookup
  196. Tuboly S, Bernáth S. Intestinal absorption of colostral lymphoid cells in newborn animals.. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002;503:107-14.
    pubmed: 12026009doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0559-4_12google scholar: lookup
  197. Umino Y, Kohama T, Kohase M, Sugiura A, Klenk HD, Rott R. Protective effect of antibodies to two viral envelope glycoproteins on lethal infection with Newcastle disease virus.. Arch Virol 1987;94(1-2):97-107.
    pubmed: 3579609doi: 10.1007/bf01313728google scholar: lookup
  198. Van den Broeck W, Cox E, Goddeeris BM. Induction of immune responses in pigs following oral administration of purified F4 fimbriae.. Vaccine 1999 Apr 9;17(15-16):2020-9.
    pubmed: 10217602doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00406-xgoogle scholar: lookup
  199. Van den Broeck W, Cox E, Goddeeris BM. Receptor-dependent immune responses in pigs after oral immunization with F4 fimbriae.. Infect Immun 1999 Feb;67(2):520-6.
    pmc: PMC96350pubmed: 9916054doi: 10.1128/iai.67.2.520-526.1999google scholar: lookup
  200. Vanavichial B. Provision of immunoglobulins to sucking piglets can enhance post-weaning growth performance. Department of Animal Science. Massey University New Zealand: 1998.
  201. Vega C, Bok M, Chacana P, Saif L, Fernandez F, Parreño V. Egg yolk IgY: protection against rotavirus induced diarrhea and modulatory effect on the systemic and mucosal antibody responses in newborn calves.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011 Aug 15;142(3-4):156-69.
    pmc: PMC3155943pubmed: 21652087doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.05.003google scholar: lookup
  202. Vidarsson G, Dekkers G, Rispens T. IgG subclasses and allotypes: from structure to effector functions.. Front Immunol 2014;5:520.
    pmc: PMC4202688pubmed: 25368619doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00520google scholar: lookup
  203. Vidor E. Vaccination of newborns against hepatitis A in the presence of maternally derived antibodies.. J Comp Pathol 2007 Jul;137 Suppl 1:S42-5.
    pubmed: 17555761doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.04.011google scholar: lookup
  204. Virdi V, Coddens A, De Buck S, Millet S, Goddeeris BM, Cox E, De Greve H, Depicker A. Orally fed seeds producing designer IgAs protect weaned piglets against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013 Jul 16;110(29):11809-14.
    pmc: PMC3718133pubmed: 23801763doi: 10.1073/pnas.1301975110google scholar: lookup
  205. Voss EW Jr, Groberg WJ Jr, Fryer JL. Metabolism of coho salmon Ig. Catabolic rate of coho salmon tetrameric Ig in serum.. Mol Immunol 1980 Apr;17(4):445-52.
    pubmed: 7393235doi: 10.1016/0161-5890(80)90084-xgoogle scholar: lookup
  206. WHO. The Evolving Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance Options for Action. World Health Organisation 2012.
  207. Watson DL. Biological half-life of ovine antibody in neonatal lambs and adult sheep following passive immunization.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1992 Jan 15;30(2-3):221-32.
    pubmed: 1595189doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(92)90140-lgoogle scholar: lookup
  208. Weaver DM, Tyler JW, VanMetre DC, Hostetler DE, Barrington GM. Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins in calves.. J Vet Intern Med 2000 Nov-Dec;14(6):569-77.
    pubmed: 11110376doi: 10.1892/0891-6640(2000)014<0569:ptocii>2.3.co;2google scholar: lookup
  209. Wilkins PA, Glaser AL, McDonnell SM. Passive transfer of naturally acquired specific immunity against West Nile Virus to foals in a semi-feral pony herd.. J Vet Intern Med 2006 Jul-Aug;20(4):1045-7.
    pubmed: 16955839doi: 10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[1045:ptonas]2.0.co;2google scholar: lookup
  210. Wilson WD, Mihalyi JE, Hussey S, Lunn DP. Passive transfer of maternal immunoglobulin isotype antibodies against tetanus and influenza and their effect on the response of foals to vaccination.. Equine Vet J 2001 Nov;33(7):644-50.
    pubmed: 11770984doi: 10.2746/042516401776249435google scholar: lookup
  211. Wilson WD. Vaccination programs for foals and weanlings. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the AAEP, American Association of Equine Practitioners Albuquerque (NM); 1999. pp. 254–263.
  212. Wittum TE, Perino LJ. Passive immune status at postpartum hour 24 and long-term health and performance of calves.. Am J Vet Res 1995 Sep;56(9):1149-54.
    pubmed: 7486391
  213. Wu CJ, Wang H, Chan YL, Li TL. Passive immune-protection of small abalone against Vibrio alginolyticus infection by anti-Vibrio IgY-encapsulated feed.. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2011 Apr-May;30(4-5):1042-8.
    pubmed: 21300158doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.01.026google scholar: lookup
  214. Ylitalo S, Uhari M, Rasi S, Pudas J, Leppäluoto J. Rotaviral antibodies in the treatment of acute rotaviral gastroenteritis.. Acta Paediatr 1998 Mar;87(3):264-7.
    pubmed: 9560031doi: 10.1080/08035259850157291google scholar: lookup
  215. Yokoyama H, Hashi T, Umeda K, Icatlo FC Jr, Kuroki M, Ikemori Y, Kodama Y. Effect of oral egg antibody in experimental F18+ Escherichia coli infection in weaned pigs.. J Vet Med Sci 1997 Oct;59(10):917-21.
    pubmed: 9362041doi: 10.1292/jvms.59.917google scholar: lookup
  216. Yolken RH, Losonsky GA, Vonderfecht S, Leister F, Wee SB. Antibody to human rotavirus in cow's milk.. N Engl J Med 1985 Mar 7;312(10):605-10.
    pubmed: 2983202doi: 10.1056/nejm198503073121002google scholar: lookup
  217. Zeitlin L, Cone RA, Whaley KJ. Using monoclonal antibodies to prevent mucosal transmission of epidemic infectious diseases.. Emerg Infect Dis 1999 Jan-Feb;5(1):54-64.
    pmc: PMC2627706pubmed: 10081672doi: 10.3201/eid0501.990107google scholar: lookup
  218. Zhang Q, Cundiff JK, Maria SD, McMahon RJ, Wickham MS, Faulks RM, van Tol EA. Differential digestion of human milk proteins in a simulated stomach model.. J Proteome Res 2014 Feb 7;13(2):1055-64.
    pubmed: 24694256doi: 10.1021/pr401051ugoogle scholar: lookup
  219. Zhou M, Duan Q, Zhu X, Guo Z, Li Y, Hardwidge PR, Zhu G. Both flagella and F4 fimbriae from F4ac+ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli contribute to attachment to IPEC-J2 cells in vitro.. Vet Res 2013 May 13;44(1):30.
    pmc: PMC3655849pubmed: 23668601doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-30google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.