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BMC genomics2021; 22(1); 58; doi: 10.1186/s12864-020-07323-1

Pathways involved in pony body size development.

Abstract: The mechanism of body growth in mammals is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the regulatory networks involved in body growth through transcriptomic analysis of pituitary and epiphyseal tissues of smaller sized Debao ponies and Mongolian horses at the juvenile and adult stages. Results: We found that growth hormone receptor (GHR) was expressed at low levels in long bones, although growth hormone (GH) was highly expressed in Debao ponies compared with Mongolian horses. Moreover, significant downregulated of the GHR pathway components m-RAS and ATF3 was found in juvenile ponies, which slowed the proliferation of bone osteocytes. However, WNT2 and PLCβ2 were obviously upregulated in juvenile Debao ponies, which led to premature mineralization of the bone extracellular matrix. Furthermore, we found that the WNT/Ca2+ pathway may be responsible for regulating body growth. GHR was demonstrated by q-PCR and Western blot analyses to be expressed at low levels in long bones of Debao ponies. Treatment with WNT antagonistI decreased the expression of WNT pathway components (P < 0.05) in vitro. Transduction of ATDC5 cells with a GHR-RNAi lentiviral vector decreased the expression of the GHR pathway components (P < 0.05). Additionally, the expression of the IGF-1 gene in the liver was lower in Debao ponies than in Mongolian horses at the juvenile and adult stages. Detection of plasma hormone concentrations showed that Debao ponies expressed higher levels of IGF-1 as juveniles and higher levels of GH as adults than Mongolian horses, indicating that the hormone regulation in Debao ponies differs from that in Mongolian horses. Conclusions: Our work provides insights into the genetic regulation of short stature growth in mammals and can provide useful information for the development of therapeutic strategies for small size.
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Publication Date: 2021-01-18 PubMed ID: 33461495PubMed Central: PMC7814589DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07323-1Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates the biological mechanisms behind body growth in mammals. The study used transcriptomic analysis of pony tissues and discovered specific pathways related to the differential body size observed between Debao ponies and Mongolian horses.

Research Methodology

  • The researchers used transcriptomic analysis of pituitary and epiphyseal tissues of Debao ponies and Mongolian horses during their juvenile and adult stages. Pituitary and epiphyseal tissues were specifically chosen as they play a key role in growth regulation in mammals.
  • Markers of different pathways involved in growth regulation were examined. These included Growth Hormone Receptor (GHR), m-RAS, ATF3, WNT2, and PLCβ2.
  • The study also employed q-PCR and Western blot analyses to study the expression of these markers in long bones of Debao ponies.
  • The expression of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) gene in the liver was also studied, along with measurement of plasma hormone concentrations.
  • Experimental manipulations using a WNT antagonist and a GHR-RNAi lentiviral vector were also performed to further substantiate the findings.

Key Findings

  • The study found that GHR was expressed at low levels in long bones of Debao ponies. In contrast, the Growth Hormone (GH) was highly expressed in Debao ponies compared to Mongolian horses.
  • Components of the GHR pathway such as m-RAS and ATF3 were significantly downregulated in juvenile ponies, which was found to slow down the proliferation of bone osteocytes.
  • However, other markers such as WNT2 and PLCβ2 were obviously upregulated in juvenile Debao ponies, leading to premature mineralisation of the bone extracellular matrix.
  • The researchers proposed that the WNT/Ca pathway may play a crucial role in regulating body growth.
  • The study also found that IGF-1 gene expression in the liver was lower in Debao ponies than in Mongolian horses during both juvenile and adult stages.
  • Interestingly, Debao ponies expressed higher levels of IGF-1 as juveniles and higher levels of GH as adults than Mongolian horses, indicating a different hormonal regulation pattern between the two horse breeds.

Conclusion and Implications

  • This research offers potentially important insights into the genetic regulation of body size in mammals.
  • The identified differences in pathway regulation and hormone levels between Debao ponies and Mongolian horses provide a biologic basis for their differential body sizes.
  • The findings of this study could be useful in developing therapeutic strategies for small size in humans and other mammals.

Cite This Article

APA
Fang J, Zhang D, Cao JW, Zhang L, Liu CX, Xing YP, Wang F, Xu HY, Wang SC, Ling Y, Wang W, Zhang YR, Zhou HM. (2021). Pathways involved in pony body size development. BMC Genomics, 22(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-020-07323-1

Publication

BMC genomics
ISSN: 1471-2164
NlmUniqueID: 100965258
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 22
Issue: 1
Pages: 58

Researcher Affiliations

Fang, Jun
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Zhang, Dong
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Cao, Jun Wei
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Zhang, Li
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Liu, Chun Xia
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Xing, Yan Ping
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Wang, Feng
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Xu, Hong Yang
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Wang, Shi Chao
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Ling, Yu
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Wang, Wei
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Zhang, Yan Ru
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China. yanrᥤ@163.com.
Zhou, Huan Min
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China. huanminzhou@263.net.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Body Size
  • Dwarfism
  • Growth Hormone / genetics
  • Horses
  • Human Growth Hormone
  • Insulin-Like Growth Factor I

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Citations

This article has been cited 5 times.
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