FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / BMC Genomics / Pathways involved in pony body size development.
BMC genomics2021; 22(1); 58; doi: 10.1186/s12864-020-07323-1

Pathways involved in pony body size development.

Abstract: The mechanism of body growth in mammals is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the regulatory networks involved in body growth through transcriptomic analysis of pituitary and epiphyseal tissues of smaller sized Debao ponies and Mongolian horses at the juvenile and adult stages. Results: We found that growth hormone receptor (GHR) was expressed at low levels in long bones, although growth hormone (GH) was highly expressed in Debao ponies compared with Mongolian horses. Moreover, significant downregulated of the GHR pathway components m-RAS and ATF3 was found in juvenile ponies, which slowed the proliferation of bone osteocytes. However, WNT2 and PLCβ2 were obviously upregulated in juvenile Debao ponies, which led to premature mineralization of the bone extracellular matrix. Furthermore, we found that the WNT/Ca2+ pathway may be responsible for regulating body growth. GHR was demonstrated by q-PCR and Western blot analyses to be expressed at low levels in long bones of Debao ponies. Treatment with WNT antagonistI decreased the expression of WNT pathway components (P < 0.05) in vitro. Transduction of ATDC5 cells with a GHR-RNAi lentiviral vector decreased the expression of the GHR pathway components (P < 0.05). Additionally, the expression of the IGF-1 gene in the liver was lower in Debao ponies than in Mongolian horses at the juvenile and adult stages. Detection of plasma hormone concentrations showed that Debao ponies expressed higher levels of IGF-1 as juveniles and higher levels of GH as adults than Mongolian horses, indicating that the hormone regulation in Debao ponies differs from that in Mongolian horses. Conclusions: Our work provides insights into the genetic regulation of short stature growth in mammals and can provide useful information for the development of therapeutic strategies for small size.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-01-18 PubMed ID: 33461495PubMed Central: PMC7814589DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07323-1Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates the biological mechanisms behind body growth in mammals. The study used transcriptomic analysis of pony tissues and discovered specific pathways related to the differential body size observed between Debao ponies and Mongolian horses.

Research Methodology

  • The researchers used transcriptomic analysis of pituitary and epiphyseal tissues of Debao ponies and Mongolian horses during their juvenile and adult stages. Pituitary and epiphyseal tissues were specifically chosen as they play a key role in growth regulation in mammals.
  • Markers of different pathways involved in growth regulation were examined. These included Growth Hormone Receptor (GHR), m-RAS, ATF3, WNT2, and PLCβ2.
  • The study also employed q-PCR and Western blot analyses to study the expression of these markers in long bones of Debao ponies.
  • The expression of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) gene in the liver was also studied, along with measurement of plasma hormone concentrations.
  • Experimental manipulations using a WNT antagonist and a GHR-RNAi lentiviral vector were also performed to further substantiate the findings.

Key Findings

  • The study found that GHR was expressed at low levels in long bones of Debao ponies. In contrast, the Growth Hormone (GH) was highly expressed in Debao ponies compared to Mongolian horses.
  • Components of the GHR pathway such as m-RAS and ATF3 were significantly downregulated in juvenile ponies, which was found to slow down the proliferation of bone osteocytes.
  • However, other markers such as WNT2 and PLCβ2 were obviously upregulated in juvenile Debao ponies, leading to premature mineralisation of the bone extracellular matrix.
  • The researchers proposed that the WNT/Ca pathway may play a crucial role in regulating body growth.
  • The study also found that IGF-1 gene expression in the liver was lower in Debao ponies than in Mongolian horses during both juvenile and adult stages.
  • Interestingly, Debao ponies expressed higher levels of IGF-1 as juveniles and higher levels of GH as adults than Mongolian horses, indicating a different hormonal regulation pattern between the two horse breeds.

Conclusion and Implications

  • This research offers potentially important insights into the genetic regulation of body size in mammals.
  • The identified differences in pathway regulation and hormone levels between Debao ponies and Mongolian horses provide a biologic basis for their differential body sizes.
  • The findings of this study could be useful in developing therapeutic strategies for small size in humans and other mammals.

Cite This Article

APA
Fang J, Zhang D, Cao JW, Zhang L, Liu CX, Xing YP, Wang F, Xu HY, Wang SC, Ling Y, Wang W, Zhang YR, Zhou HM. (2021). Pathways involved in pony body size development. BMC Genomics, 22(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-020-07323-1

Publication

BMC genomics
ISSN: 1471-2164
NlmUniqueID: 100965258
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 22
Issue: 1
Pages: 58

Researcher Affiliations

Fang, Jun
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Zhang, Dong
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Cao, Jun Wei
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Zhang, Li
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Liu, Chun Xia
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Xing, Yan Ping
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Wang, Feng
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Xu, Hong Yang
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Wang, Shi Chao
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Ling, Yu
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Wang, Wei
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.
Zhang, Yan Ru
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China. yanrᥤ@163.com.
Zhou, Huan Min
  • College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China. huanminzhou@263.net.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Body Size
  • Dwarfism
  • Growth Hormone / genetics
  • Horses
  • Human Growth Hormone
  • Insulin-Like Growth Factor I

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References

This article includes 65 references
  1. Zhang X, Chu Q, Guo G, Dong G, Li X, Zhang Q, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Wang Y. Genome-wide association studies identified multiple genetic loci for body size at four growth stages in Chinese Holstein cattle.. PLoS One 2017;12(4):e0175971.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175971pmc: PMC5398616pubmed: 28426785google scholar: lookup
  2. Lu HL, Xu CX, Jin YT, Hero JM, Du WG. Proximate causes of altitudinal differences in body size in an agamid lizard.. Ecol Evol 2017;8(1):645–654.
    doi: 10.1002/ece3.3686pmc: PMC5756846pubmed: 29321901google scholar: lookup
  3. Cheng Y, Liu S, Su D, Lu C, Zhang X, Wu Q, Li S, Fu H, Yu H, Hao L. Distribution and linkage disequilibrium analysis of polymorphisms of GH1 gene in different populations of pigs associated with body size.. J Genet 2016;95(1):79–87.
    doi: 10.1007/s12041-015-0611-0pubmed: 27019435google scholar: lookup
  4. Reimer C, Rubin CJ, Sharifi AR, Ha NT, Weigend S, Waldmann KH, Distl O, Pant SD, Fredholm M, Schlather M, Simianer H. Analysis of porcine body size variation using re-sequencing data of miniature and large pigs.. BMC Genomics 2018;19(1):687.
    doi: 10.1186/s12864-018-5009-ypmc: PMC6146782pubmed: 30231878google scholar: lookup
  5. Hinrichs A, Kessler B, Kurome M, Blutke A, Kemter E, Bernau M, Scholz AM, Rathkolb B, Renner S, Bultmann S, Leonhardt H, de Angelis MH, Nagashima H, Hoeflich A, Blum WF, Bidlingmaier M, Wanke R, Dahlhoff M, Wolf E. Growth hormone receptor-deficient pigs resemble the pathophysiology of human Laron syndrome and reveal altered activation of signaling cascades in the liver.. Mol Metab 2018;11:113–128.
    doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.03.006pmc: PMC6001387pubmed: 29678421google scholar: lookup
  6. Wu S, Wang Y, Ning Y, Guo H, Wang X, Zhang L, Khan R, Cheng G, Wang H, Zan L. Genetic Variants in STAT3 Promoter Regions and Their Application in Molecular Breeding for Body Size Traits in Qinchuan Cattle.. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19(4):1035.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms19041035pmc: PMC5979584pubmed: 29596388google scholar: lookup
  7. Bouwman AC, Daetwyler HD, Chamberlain AJ. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for cattle stature identifies common genes that regulate body size in mammals.. Nat Genet 2018;50(3):362–367.
    doi: 10.1038/s41588-018-0056-5pubmed: 29459679google scholar: lookup
  8. Lango Allen H, Estrada K, Lettre G. Hundreds of variants clustered in genomic loci and biological pathways affect human height.. Nature 2010;467(7317):832–838.
    doi: 10.1038/nature09410pmc: PMC2955183pubmed: 20881960google scholar: lookup
  9. Signer-Hasler H, Flury C, Haase B, Burger D, Simianer H, Leeb T, Rieder S. A genome-wide association study reveals loci influencing height and other conformation traits in horses.. PLoS One 2012;7(5):e37282.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037282pmc: PMC3353922pubmed: 22615965google scholar: lookup
  10. Metzger J, Rau J, Naccache F, Bas Conn L, Lindgren G, Distl O. Genome data uncover four synergistic key regulators for extremely small body size in horses.. BMC Genomics 2018;19(1):492.
    doi: 10.1186/s12864-018-4877-5pmc: PMC6019228pubmed: 29940849google scholar: lookup
  11. Norton EM, Avila F, Schultz NE, Mickelson JR, Geor RJ, McCue ME. Evaluation of an HMGA2 variant for pleiotropic effects on height and metabolic traits in ponies.. J Vet Intern Med 2019;33(2):942–952.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15403pmc: PMC6430908pubmed: 30666754google scholar: lookup
  12. Moser SC, van der Eerden BCJ. Osteocalcin-A Versatile Bone-Derived Hormone.. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019;9:794.
    doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00794pmc: PMC6335246pubmed: 30687236google scholar: lookup
  13. Brotto M, Bonewald L. Bone and muscle: Interactions beyond mechanical.. Bone 2015;80:109–114.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.010pmc: PMC4600532pubmed: 26453500google scholar: lookup
  14. Dugarjaviin M, Yang H. Progress in the study of genetic diversity of Mongolian horse.. Yi Chuan 2008;30(3):269–276.
    doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1005.2008.269pubmed: 18331992google scholar: lookup
  15. Li LF, Guan WJ, Hua Y, Bai XJ, Ma YH. Establishment and characterization of a fibroblast cell line from the Mongolian horse.. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol -Animal 2009;45:311–316.
    doi: 10.1007/s11626-009-9183-8pubmed: 19263179google scholar: lookup
  16. Kader A, Liu X, Dong K, Song S, Pan J, Yang M, Chen X, He X, Jiang L, Ma Y. Identification of copy number variations in three Chinese horse breeds using 70K single nucleotide polymorphism bead Chip array.. Anim Genet 2016;47(5):560–569.
    doi: 10.1111/age.12451pubmed: 27440410google scholar: lookup
  17. Kang MJ. Novel genetic cause of idiopathic short stature.. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2017;22(3):153–157.
    doi: 10.6065/apem.2017.22.3.153pmc: PMC5642075pubmed: 29025200google scholar: lookup
  18. Fassone L, Corneli G, Bellone S, Camacho-Hübner C, Aimaretti G, Cappa M, Ubertini G, Bona MDG. Growth hormone receptor gene mutations in two Italian patients with Laron syndrome.. J Endocrinol Investig 2007;30:417–420.
    doi: 10.1007/BF03346320pubmed: 17598975google scholar: lookup
  19. Wade CM, Giulotto E, Sigurdsson S. Genome sequence, comparative analysis, and population genetics of the domestic horse.. Science 2009;326(5954):865–867.
    doi: 10.1126/science.1178158pmc: PMC3785132pubmed: 19892987google scholar: lookup
  20. Coleman SJ, Zeng Z, Hestand MS, Liu J, Macleod JN. Analysis of unannotated equine transcripts identified by mRNA sequencing.. PLoS One 2013;8(7):e70125.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070125pmc: PMC3726457pubmed: 23922931google scholar: lookup
  21. Coleman SJ, Zeng Z, Wang K, Luo S, Khrebtukova I, Mienaltowski MJ, Schroth GP, Liu J, MacLeod JN. Structural annotation of equine protein-coding genes determined by mRNA sequencing.. Anim Genet 2010;41(Suppl 2):121–130.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02118.xpubmed: 21070285google scholar: lookup
  22. Liu XX, Pan JF, Zhao QJ, He XH, Pu YB, Han JL, Ma YH, Jiang L. Detecting selection signatures on the X chromosome of the Chinese Debao pony.. J Anim Breed Genet 2018;135(1):84–92.
    doi: 10.1111/jbg.12314pubmed: 29345071google scholar: lookup
  23. Kader A, Li Y, Dong K, Irwin DM, Zhao Q, He X, Liu J, Pu Y, Gorkhali NA, Liu X, Jiang L, Li X, Guan W, Zhang Y, Wu DD, Ma Y. Population Variation Reveals Independent Selection toward Small Body Size in Chinese Debao Pony.. Genome Biol Evol 2015;8(1):42–50.
    doi: 10.1093/gbe/evv245pmc: PMC4758242pubmed: 26637467google scholar: lookup
  24. Bozzola M, Travaglino P, Marziliano N. The shortness of pygmies is associated with severe under-expression of the growth hormone receptor.. Mol Genet Metab 2009;98(3):310–313.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.05.009pubmed: 19541519google scholar: lookup
  25. Venken K, Schuit F, Van Lommel L. Growth without growth hormone receptor: estradiol is a major growth hormone-independent regulator of hepatic IGF-I synthesis.. J Bone Miner Res 2005;20(12):2138–2149.
    doi: 10.1359/JBMR.050811pubmed: 16294267google scholar: lookup
  26. Baliram R, Latif R, Morshed SA, Zaidi M, Davies TF. T3 Regulates a Human Macrophage-Derived TSH-β Splice Variant: Implications for Human Bone Biology.. Endocrinology 2016;157(9):3658–3667.
    doi: 10.1210/en.2015-1974pmc: PMC5007892pubmed: 27300765google scholar: lookup
  27. Bargi-Souza P, Romano RM, Goulart-Silva F, Brunetto EL, Nunes MT. T(3) rapidly regulates several steps of alpha subunit glycoprotein (CGA) synthesis and secretion in the pituitary of male rats: potential repercussions on TSH, FSH and LH secretion.. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015;409:73–81.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.04.002pubmed: 25869399google scholar: lookup
  28. Bunda S, Kommaraju K, Heir P, Ohh M. SOCS-1 mediates ubiquitylation and degradation of GM-CSF receptor.. PLoS One 2013;8(9):e76370.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076370pmc: PMC3784415pubmed: 24086733google scholar: lookup
  29. Vesterlund M, Zadjali F, Persson T, Nielsen ML, Kessler BM, Norstedt G, Flores-Morales A. The SOCS2 ubiquitin ligase complex regulates growth hormone receptor levels.. PLoS One 2011;6(9):e25358.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025358pmc: PMC3183054pubmed: 21980433google scholar: lookup
  30. Ungureanu D, Wu J, Pekkala T, Niranjan Y, Young C, Jensen ON, Xu CF, Neubert TA, Skoda RC, Hubbard SR, Silvennoinen O. The pseudokinase domain of JAK2 is a dual-specificity protein kinase that negatively regulates cytokine signaling.. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2011;18(9):971–976.
    doi: 10.1038/nsmb.2099pmc: PMC4504201pubmed: 21841788google scholar: lookup
  31. Vert A, Castro J, Ribó M, Benito A, Vilanova M. Activating transcription factor 3 is crucial for antitumor activity and to strengthen the antiviral properties of Onconase.. Oncotarget 2017;8(7):11692–11707.
    doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.14302pmc: PMC5355296pubmed: 28035074google scholar: lookup
  32. Weng S, Zhou L, Deng Q, Wang J, Yu Y, Zhu J, Yuan Y. Niclosamide induced cell apoptosis via upregulation of ATF3 and activation of PERK in Hepatocellular carcinoma cells.. BMC Gastroenterol 2016;16:–25.
    pmc: PMC4766699pubmed: 26917416doi: 10.1186/s12876-016-0442-3google scholar: lookup
  33. Yoon TM, Kim SA, Lee DH, Lee JK, Park YL, Lee KH, Chuang IJ, Joo YE. EGR1 regulates radiation-induced apoptosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.. Oncol Rep 2015;33(4):1717–1722.
    doi: 10.3892/or.2015.3747pubmed: 25710185google scholar: lookup
  34. Li L, Zhao LM, Dai SL, Cui XW, Lv HL, Chen L, Shan BE. Periplocin extracted from cortex Periplocae induced apoptosis of gastric Cancer cells via the ERK1/2-EGR1 pathway.. Cell Physiol Biochem 2016;38(5):1939–1951.
    doi: 10.1159/000445555pubmed: 27160973google scholar: lookup
  35. Wu X, Zhou S, Zhu N, Wang X, Jin W, Song X, Chen A. Resveratrol attenuates hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced Ca2+ overload by inhibiting the Wnt5a/Frizzled-2 pathway in rat H9c2 cells.. Mol Med Rep 2014;10:2542–2548.
    doi: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2488pubmed: 25120137google scholar: lookup
  36. Julià A, González I, Fernández-Nebro A. A genome-wide association study identifies SLC8A3 as a susceptibility locus for ACPA-positive rheumatoid arthritis.. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016;55(6):1106–1111.
    doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew035pubmed: 26983453google scholar: lookup
  37. Wei Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Bai L. Transient receptor potential Vanilloid 5 mediates Ca2+ influx and inhibits chondrocyte autophagy in a rat osteoarthritis model.. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017;42(1):319–332.
    doi: 10.1159/000477387pubmed: 28535500google scholar: lookup
  38. Misawa A, Orimo H. lncRNA HOTAIR inhibits mineralization in Osteoblastic osteosarcoma cells by epigenetically repressing ALPL.. Calcif Tissue Int 2018;103(4):422–430.
    doi: 10.1007/s00223-018-0434-0pubmed: 29846771google scholar: lookup
  39. Ambroszkiewicz J, Chełchowska M, Szamotulska K, Rowicka G, Klemarczyk W, Strucińska M, Gajewska J. The Assessment of Bone Regulatory Pathways, Bone Turnover, and Bone Mineral Density in Vegetarian and Omnivorous Children.. Nutrients 2018;10(2):183.
    doi: 10.3390/nဂ0183pmc: PMC5852759pubmed: 29414859google scholar: lookup
  40. Hoch JM, Mattacola CG, Medina McKeon JM, Howard JS, Lattermann C. Serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (sCOMP) is elevated in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2011;19(12):1396–1404.
    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.09.005pmc: PMC3962955pubmed: 22001901google scholar: lookup
  41. Boyle WJ, Simonet WS, Lacey DL. Osteoclast differentiation and activation.. Nature 2003;423(6937):337–342.
    doi: 10.1038/nature01658pubmed: 12748652google scholar: lookup
  42. Makkawi H, Hoch S, Burns E, Hosur K, Hajishengallis G, Kirschning CJ, Nussbaum G. Porphyromonas gingivalis Stimulates TLR2-PI3K Signaling to Escape Immune Clearance and Induce Bone Resorption Independently of MyD88.. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017;7:359.
    doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00359pmc: PMC5550410pubmed: 28848717google scholar: lookup
  43. Yu X, Hu Y, Freire M, Yu P, Kawai T, Han X. Role of toll-like receptor 2 in inflammation and alveolar bone loss in experimental peri-implantitis versus periodontitis.. J Periodontal Res 2018;53(1):98–106.
    doi: 10.1111/jre.12492pmc: PMC5760345pubmed: 28872184google scholar: lookup
  44. Wong BR, Josien R, Choi Y. TRANCE is a TNF family member that regulates dendritic cell and osteoclast function.. J Leukoc Biol 1999;65(6):715–724.
    doi: 10.1002/jlb.65.6.715pubmed: 10380891google scholar: lookup
  45. Dougall WC, Glaccum M, Charrier K, Rohrbach K, Brasel K, De Smedt T, Daro E, Smith J, Tometsko ME, Maliszewski CR, Armstrong A, Shen V, Bain S, Cosman D, Anderson D, Morrissey PJ, Peschon JJ, Schuh J. RANK is essential for osteoclast and lymph node development.. Genes Dev 1999;13(18):2412–2424.
    doi: 10.1101/gad.13.18.2412pmc: PMC317030pubmed: 10500098google scholar: lookup
  46. Mildmay-White A, Khan W. Cell surface markers on adipose-derived stem cells: a systematic review.. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2017;12(6):484–492.
    doi: 10.2174/1574888X11666160429122133pubmed: 27133085google scholar: lookup
  47. Gale AL, Linardi RL, McClung G, Mammone RM, Ortved KF. Comparison of the Chondrogenic differentiation potential of equine synovial membrane-derived and bone marrow-derived Mesenchymal stem cells.. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:178.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00178pmc: PMC6562279pubmed: 31245393google scholar: lookup
  48. Yoo HJ, Yoon SS, Park SY, Lee EY, Lee EB, Kim JH, Song YW. Gene expression profile during chondrogenesis in human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells using a cDNA microarray.. J Korean Med Sci 2011;26(7):851–858.
    doi: 10.3346/jkms.2011.26.7.851pmc: PMC3124712pubmed: 21738335google scholar: lookup
  49. Jo S, Han J, Lee YL, Yoon S, Lee J, Wang SE, Kim TH. Regulation of osteoblasts by alkaline phosphatase in ankylosing spondylitis.. Int J Rheum Dis 2019;22(2):252–261.
    doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.13419pubmed: 30415492google scholar: lookup
  50. Aodengqimuge, Liu S, Mai S, Li X, Li Y, Hu M, Yuan S, Song L. AP-1 activation attenuates the arsenite-induced apoptotic response in human bronchial epithelial cells by up-regulating HO-1 expression.. Biotechnol Lett 2014;36(10):1927–1936.
    doi: 10.1007/s10529-014-1560-zpubmed: 24934751google scholar: lookup
  51. Kulik G. ADRB2-Targeting Therapies for Prostate Cancer.. Cancers (Basel) 2019;11(3):358.
    doi: 10.3390/cancers11030358pmc: PMC6468358pubmed: 30871232google scholar: lookup
  52. Poorebrahim M, Sadeghi S, Rahimi H, Karimipoor M, Azadmanesh K, Mazlomi MA, Teimoori-Toolabi L. Rational design of DKK3 structure-based small peptides as antagonists of Wnt signaling pathway and in silico evaluation of their efficiency.. PLoS One 2017;12(2):e0172217.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172217pmc: PMC5325476pubmed: 28234935google scholar: lookup
  53. Janda CY, Dang LT, You C, Chang J, de Lau W, Zhong ZA, Yan KS, Marecic O, Siepe D, Li X, Moody JD, Williams BO, Clevers H, Piehler J, Baker D, Kuo CJ, Garcia KC. Surrogate Wnt agonists that phenocopy canonical Wnt and β-catenin signalling.. Nature 2017;545(7653):234–237.
    doi: 10.1038/nature22306pmc: PMC5815871pubmed: 28467818google scholar: lookup
  54. Qiao Y, Wang R, Yang X, Tang K, Jing N. Dual roles of histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation in human embryonic stem cell pluripotency and neural differentiation.. J Biol Chem 2015;290(4):2508–2520.
    doi: 10.1074/jbcpmc: PMC4303699pubmed: 25519907google scholar: lookup
  55. Song Q, Yi F, Zhang Y, Jun Li DK, Wei Y, Yu H, Zhang Y. CRKL regulates alternative splicing of cancer-related genes in cervical cancer samples and HeLa cell.. BMC Cancer 2019;19(1):499.
    doi: 10.1186/s12885-019-5671-8pmc: PMC6537309pubmed: 31133010google scholar: lookup
  56. Brown J, Pirrung M, McCue LA. FQC dashboard: integrates FastQC results into a web-based, interactive, and extensible FASTQ quality control tool.. Bioinformatics 2017;33(19):3137–3139.
    doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx373pmc: PMC5870778pubmed: 28605449google scholar: lookup
  57. Kong Y. Btrim: a fast, lightweight adapter and quality trimming program for next-generation sequencing technologies.. Genomics 2014;98(2):152–153.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2011.05.009pubmed: 21651976google scholar: lookup
  58. Patro R, Duggal G, Love MI, Irizarry RA, Kingsford C. Salmon provides fast and bias-aware quantification of transcript expression.. Nat Methods 2017;14(4):417–419.
    doi: 10.1038/nmeth.4197pmc: PMC5600148pubmed: 28263959google scholar: lookup
  59. Robinson MD, McCarthy DJ, Smyth GK. edgeR: a bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data.. Bioinformatics 2010;26(1):139–140.
    doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp616pmc: PMC2796818pubmed: 19910308google scholar: lookup
  60. Schurch NJ, Schofield P, Gierlinski M, Cole C, Sherstnev A, Singh V, Wrobel N, Gharbi K, Simpson GG, Owen-Hughes T, Blaxter M, Barton GJ. How many biological replicates are needed in an RNA-seq experiment and which differential expression tool should you use?. RNA 2016;22(6):839–851.
    doi: 10.1261/rna.053959.115pmc: PMC4878611pubmed: 27022035google scholar: lookup
  61. Parker RA, Clegg PD, Taylor SE. The in vitro effects of antibiotics on cell viability and gene expression of equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells.. Equine Vet J 2012;44(3):355–360.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00437.xpubmed: 21883415google scholar: lookup
  62. Islam R, Matsuzaki K, Sumiyoshi E, Hossain ME, Hashimoto M, Katakura M, Sugimoto N, Shido O. Theobromine improves working memory by activating the CaMKII/CREB/BDNF pathway in rats.. Nutrients 2019;11(4):888.
    doi: 10.3390/nᄄ0888pmc: PMC6520707pubmed: 31010016google scholar: lookup
  63. Kumar P, Nagarajan A, Uchil PD. Analysis of Cell Viability by the MTT Assay.. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2018;2018(6).
    pubmed: 29858338doi: 10.1101/pdb.prot095505google scholar: lookup
  64. Giry-Laterrie’re M, Verhoeyen E, Salmon P. Lentiviral vectors.. Methods Mol Biol 2011;737:183–209.
    doi: 10.1007/978-1-61779-095-9_8pubmed: 21590398google scholar: lookup
  65. Lizee G, Aerts JL, Gonzales MI, Chinnasamy N, Morgan RA, Topalian SL. Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction as a method for determining lentiviral vector titers and measuring transgene expression.. Hum Gene Ther 2003;14:497–507.
    doi: 10.1089/104303403764539387pubmed: 12718761google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.