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PLoS neglected tropical diseases2018; 12(8); e0006698; doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006698

Population genomics of Culiseta melanura, the principal vector of Eastern equine encephalitis virus in the United States.

Abstract: Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) (Togaviridae, Alphavirus) is a highly pathogenic mosquito-borne arbovirus that circulates in an enzootic cycle involving Culiseta melanura mosquitoes and wild Passeriformes birds in freshwater swamp habitats. Recently, the northeastern United States has experienced an intensification of virus activity with increased human involvement and northward expansion into new regions. In addition to its principal role in enzootic transmission of EEE virus among avian hosts, recent studies on the blood-feeding behavior of Cs. melanura throughout its geographic range suggest that this mosquito may also be involved in epizootic / epidemic transmission to equines and humans in certain locales. Variations in blood feeding behavior may be a function of host availability, environmental factors, and/or underlying genetic differences among regional populations. Despite the importance of Cs. melanura in transmission and maintenance of EEE virus, the genetics of this species remains largely unexplored. To investigate the occurrence of genetic variation in Cs. melanura, the genome of this mosquito vector was sequenced resulting in a draft genome assembly of 1.28 gigabases with a contig N50 of 93.36 kilobases. Populations of Cs. melanura from 10 EEE virus foci in the eastern North America were genotyped with double-digest RAD-seq. Following alignment of reads to the reference genome, variant calling, and filtering, 40,384 SNPs were retained for downstream analyses. Subsequent analyses revealed genetic differentiation between northern and southern populations of this mosquito species. Moreover, limited fine-scale population structure was detected throughout northeastern North America, suggesting local differentiation of populations but also a history of ancestral polymorphism or contemporary gene flow. Additionally, a genetically distinct cluster was identified predominantly at two northern sites. This study elucidates the first evidence of fine-scale population structure in Cs. melanura throughout its eastern range and detects evidence of gene flow between populations in northeastern North America. This investigation provides the groundwork for examining the consequences of genetic variations in the populations of this mosquito species that could influence vector-host interactions and the risk of human and equine infection with EEE virus.
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Publication Date: 2018-08-17 PubMed ID: 30118494PubMed Central: PMC6114928DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006698Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research focuses on the genomic differentiation of the Culiseta melanura mosquito, the main carrier of Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus (EEE) in the United States, which reveals potential genetic variations that could influence how the species interacts with hosts and the associated virus transmission risks to humans and horses.

Research Overview

  • The research aims to understand the population genomics of Culiseta melanura mosquitoes, the principal vector of Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus.
  • Recent activity increases of the EEE virus in the northeastern United States and its expanding reach into new regions drew the attention of researchers.
  • The study further highlights the mosquito’s potential role in epidemic transmissions to horses and humans based on observed variations in blood-feeding behavior, which can be influenced by host availability, environmental factors, or possibly genetic variations within regional populations.

Methods and Results

  • To gain insights on genetic variations in the species, the team sequenced the genome of the mosquito, resulting in a 1.28-gigabase draft genome assembly with a contig N50 of 93.36 kilobases.
  • Double-digest RAD-seq was used to genotype populations of Cs. melanura from 10 different EEE virus focal points in eastern North America.
  • After aligning the reads to the reference genome and going through variant calling and filtering, 40,384 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were retained for further analysis.
  • These analyses revealed genetic differentiation between northern and southern populations. A unique genetic cluster was also discovered primarily at two northern sites.
  • Interestingly, there was evidence of limited fine-scale population structure within northeastern North America, suggesting both local differentiation of populations and a history of ancestral polymorphism or ongoing gene flow.

Concluding Remarks

  • Notably, the study provides the first evidence of fine-scale population structure in Cs. melanura in its eastern range along with indications of gene flow between northeastern North American populations.
  • Overall, this research sets the stage for exploring the implications of these genetic variations on vector-host interactions in this mosquito species and the associated risk to humans and horses of EEE virus infection.

Cite This Article

APA
Soghigian J, Andreadis TG, Molaei G. (2018). Population genomics of Culiseta melanura, the principal vector of Eastern equine encephalitis virus in the United States. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 12(8), e0006698. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006698

Publication

PLoS neglected tropical diseases
ISSN: 1935-2735
NlmUniqueID: 101291488
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 8
Pages: e0006698

Researcher Affiliations

Soghigian, John
  • Department of Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.
Andreadis, Theodore G
  • Department of Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.
  • Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.
Molaei, Goudarz
  • Department of Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.
  • Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.

MeSH Terms

  • Animal Distribution
  • Animals
  • Cluster Analysis
  • Culicidae / genetics
  • Culicidae / virology
  • DNA / genetics
  • Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / physiology
  • Female
  • Genetic Variation
  • Genome
  • Genotype
  • Mosquito Vectors / genetics
  • Mosquito Vectors / virology
  • Multivariate Analysis
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • United States

Grant Funding

  • U01 CK000509 / NCEZID CDC HHS

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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Citations

This article has been cited 5 times.
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