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EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority2023; 21(10); e08348; doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8348

Safety and efficacy of feed additives consisting of essential oils from the fruit and stems of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ssp. vulgare: Bitter fennel oil for use in all animal species and sweet fennel oil for use in dogs and cats (FEFANA asbl).

Abstract: Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of essential oils from fruit and stems of Mill. (bitter fennel oil and sweet fennel oil), when used as sensory additives (flavourings). For long-living and reproductive animals, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) considered of low concern the use of bitter fennel oil (with a content of estragole up to 6.1%) at the proposed use level in complete feed: 0.6 mg/kg for laying hens and rabbits, 1.0 mg/kg for sows and dairy cows, 1.5 mg/kg for sheep/goats, horses and cats, 1.9 mg/kg for dogs and 7.1 mg/kg for ornamental fish. For short-living animals (animals for fattening), the Panel had no safety concern when bitter fennel oil is used at the proposed use level in complete feed of 18.2 mg/kg for chickens for fattening, 24.3 mg/kg for turkeys for fattening and 25 mg/kg for piglets, pigs for fattening, veal calves, cattle for fattening, sheep/goats, horses, rabbits and salmon. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. The use of sweet fennel oil (with a content of estragole up to 5.0%) was considered of low concern at the proposed use level in complete feed of 2.3 mg/kg for dogs and 1.9 mg/kg cats. The use of bitter fennel oil in animal feed is expected to be of no concern for consumers and the environment. The additives under assessment should be considered as irritants to skin and eyes, and as dermal and respiratory sensitisers. Due to the high concentration of estragole (> 1%), fennel oils are classified as suspected of causing genetic defects and of causing cancer and should be handled accordingly. Since the fruit of Mill. ssp. and its preparations are recognised to flavour food, no further demonstration of efficacy was necessary.
© 2023 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.
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Publication Date: 2023-10-30 PubMed ID: 37908453PubMed Central: PMC10613937DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8348Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article discusses the safety and efficacy of using essential oils from the fruit and stems of Foeniculum vulgare species as flavoring additives in animal feeds for different species. The research concluded their use is generally of low concern for animals, consumers, and the environment, but should be handled with caution due to potential risks.

Study Purpose and Context

  • The purpose of the study was to understand the safety and efficacy of essential oils derived from the fruit and stems of Foeniculum vulgare (bitter fennel oil and sweet fennel oil), when used as flavor additives in feed for various animal species.
  • The context for the study is the feed industry’s need for flavouring additives in feed for animals, and the potential biological and environmental effects of these additives.

Approach and Findings

  • The study used the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) to analyze the proposed levels of bitter and sweet fennel oil in animal feed.
  • The study was conducted for a wide range of animal classifications: long-living and reproductive animals, and short-living animals.
  • After the analysis, the panel found that the use of the fennel oils is considered to be of low concern for both categories of animals when used at the proposed levels.
  • It was also stated that the use of these oils in animal feeds does not create a safety concern for consumers of the animal products, nor have a negative impact on the environment.

Risks and Recommendations

  • Despite the low level of concern associated with the additives’ use in animal feeds, the study pointed out that these additives could be skin and eye irritants, as well as dermal and respiratory sensitizers.
  • The oils are also recognized as potential carriers of genetic defects and cancer, given the high concentration of estragole they contain. Therefore, it was recommended that they should be handled with care.
  • Given that the extracts from the fruit of Foeniculum vulgare and its preparations are acknowledged as food flavor enhancers, the research did not find the need for further demonstration of efficacy.

Cite This Article

APA
Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos ML, Christensen H, Durjava M, Kouba M, López-Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Brantom P, Chesson A, Schlatter J, Westendorf J, Dirven Y, Manini P, Pizzo F, Dusemund B. (2023). Safety and efficacy of feed additives consisting of essential oils from the fruit and stems of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ssp. vulgare: Bitter fennel oil for use in all animal species and sweet fennel oil for use in dogs and cats (FEFANA asbl). EFSA J, 21(10), e08348. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8348

Publication

EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority
ISSN: 1831-4732
NlmUniqueID: 101642076
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 21
Issue: 10
Pages: e08348
PII: e08348

Researcher Affiliations

Bampidis, Vasileios
    Azimonti, Giovanna
      Bastos, Maria de Lourdes
        Christensen, Henrik
          Durjava, Mojca
            Kouba, Maryline
              López-Alonso, Marta
                López Puente, Secundino
                  Marcon, Francesca
                    Mayo, Baltasar
                      Pechová, Alena
                        Petkova, Mariana
                          Ramos, Fernando
                            Villa, Roberto Edoardo
                              Woutersen, Ruud
                                Brantom, Paul
                                  Chesson, Andrew
                                    Schlatter, Josef
                                      Westendorf, Johannes
                                        Dirven, Yvette
                                          Manini, Paola
                                            Pizzo, Fabiola
                                              Dusemund, Birgit

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