Species differences in the concentration of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, in whole blood and plasma.
Abstract: Various concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh) were detected in samples of bovine, goat, horse, porcine, rat and sheep blood and plasma using a specific, sensitive radioimmunoassay. The ACh levels in whole blood in bovine and horse samples were about 40- and ten-fold higher, respectively, than in humans, but levels comparable to those in humans were measured in porcine samples. Goat, rat and sheep samples had lower whole blood ACh concentrations than those of humans. When plasma samples were assayed, the ACh contents of bovine and porcine plasma were found to be about two- to five-fold those of human. On the other hand, levels in horse, goat, rat and sheep samples were much lower than in humans. The ratio of the ACh contents of plasma to whole blood was high in porcine and rat samples, indicating that porcine and rat blood ACh is distributed mostly in the plasma, while in the other species tested most of the ACh is present in the blood cells. These results demonstrate that variable levels of ACh are present in the blood of different species, and that the distribution of ACh in the blood constituents varies according to species.
Publication Date: 1995-12-15 PubMed ID: 8786841DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(95)12180-3Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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This research article primarily focuses on examining the varying concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh), a crucial neurotransmitter, in the blood and plasma of different animal species – bovine, goat, horse, porcine, rat, and sheep, and comparing them to human levels.
Acetylcholine Levels in Whole Blood
- The research detects a different concentration level of Acetylcholine (ACh) in the whole blood of bovine, goat, horse, porcine, rat, and sheep.
- The research indicates that the levels of ACh in whole blood in bovine and horse samples were significantly higher than in human samples. Precisely, the concentrations in bovine were approximately 40 times higher and in horse samples were approximately 10 times higher.
- In contrast, the ACh level in the whole blood of porcine was found to be comparable to humans.
- Furthermore, goat, rat, and sheep had lower ACh levels in whole blood when compared to humans. This shows that the concentration of ACh varies within whole blood across different species.
Acetylcholine Levels in Plasma
- When the ACh levels in plasma samples were examined, bovine and porcine plasma displayed two to five times higher ACh contents than human plasma.
- On the contrary, the plasma ACh concentrations in horse, goat, rat, and sheep samples were found to be significantly lower than in humans.
- From these results, it can be inferred that ACh concentrations also differ in plasma and across different species.
Distribution of Acetylcholine in Blood Constituents
- The study also investigated the distribution of acetylcholine in different components of blood, i.e., whole blood and plasma.
- Results presented that a high ratio of ACh contents of plasma to whole blood was registered in porcine and rat samples. This suggests that in these two species, ACh is primarily found in the plasma.
- In contrast, in other species such as bovine, horse, goat, and sheep, most of the Acetylcholine is found within the blood cells, signifying the varying distribution of ACh in blood constituents according to species.
Conclusion
- The study uncovered that the levels of Acetylcholine present in the blood fluctuates greatly among different species.
- Moreover, the distribution of Acetylcholine in the blood constituents – plasma and whole blood, also varies by species.
- These conclusions underline the importance of considering species differences when examining the physiological or pathological roles of Acetylcholine in the body.
Cite This Article
APA
Fujii T, Yamada S, Yamaguchi N, Fujimoto K, Suzuki T, Kawashima K.
(1995).
Species differences in the concentration of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, in whole blood and plasma.
Neurosci Lett, 201(3), 207-210.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(95)12180-3 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
MeSH Terms
- Acetylcholine / blood
- Animals
- Cattle
- Horses
- Humans
- Radioimmunoassay
- Rats
- Sheep
- Species Specificity
- Swine
Citations
This article has been cited 14 times.- Pan S, Wu YJ, Zhang SS, Cheng XP, Olatunji OJ, Yin Q, Zuo J. The Effect of α7nAChR Signaling on T Cells and Macrophages and Their Clinical Implication in the Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases.. Neurochem Res 2022 Mar;47(3):531-544.
- Stiegler A, Li JH, Shah V, Tsaava T, Tynan A, Yang H, Tamari Y, Brines M, Tracey KJ, Chavan SS. Systemic administration of choline acetyltransferase decreases blood pressure in murine hypertension.. Mol Med 2021 Oct 21;27(1):133.
- Reale M, Costantini E. Cholinergic Modulation of the Immune System in Neuroinflammatory Diseases.. Diseases 2021 Apr 12;9(2).
- Yoshikawa M, Kawaguchi M. In Vivo Monitoring of Acetylcholine Release from Nerve Endings in Salivary Gland.. Biology (Basel) 2021 Apr 21;10(5).
- Horkowitz AP, Schwartz AV, Alvarez CA, Herrera EB, Thoman ML, Chatfield DA, Osborn KG, Feuer R, George UZ, Phillips JA. Acetylcholine Regulates Pulmonary Pathology During Viral Infection and Recovery.. Immunotargets Ther 2020;9:333-350.
- Garcia M, Mamedova LK, Barton B, Bradford BJ. Choline Regulates the Function of Bovine Immune Cells and Alters the mRNA Abundance of Enzymes and Receptors Involved in Its Metabolism in vitro.. Front Immunol 2018;9:2448.
- Fujii T, Mashimo M, Moriwaki Y, Misawa H, Ono S, Horiguchi K, Kawashima K. Expression and Function of the Cholinergic System in Immune Cells.. Front Immunol 2017;8:1085.
- Spindel ER. Cholinergic Targets in Lung Cancer.. Curr Pharm Des 2016;22(14):2152-9.
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- Vijayaraghavan S, Karami A, Aeinehband S, Behbahani H, Grandien A, Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN, Lindblom RP, Piehl F, Darreh-Shori T. Regulated Extracellular Choline Acetyltransferase Activity- The Plausible Missing Link of the Distant Action of Acetylcholine in the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway.. PLoS One 2013;8(6):e65936.
- Spindel ER. Muscarinic receptor agonists and antagonists: effects on cancer.. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012;(208):451-68.
- Rosas-Ballina M, Tracey KJ. Cholinergic control of inflammation.. J Intern Med 2009 Jun;265(6):663-79.
- Wang BJ, Liang HY, Cui ZJ. Duck pancreatic acinar cell as a unique model for independent cholinergic stimulation-secretion coupling.. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009 Jul;29(5):747-56.
- Fu HY, Chen SJ, Chen RF, Ding WH, Kuo-Huang LL, Huang RN. Identification of oxalic acid and tartaric acid as major persistent pain-inducing toxins in the stinging hairs of the nettle, Urtica thunbergiana.. Ann Bot 2006 Jul;98(1):57-65.
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