FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Frontiers in physiology2016; 7; 371; doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00371

The Calcium-Sensing Receptor and the Reproductive System.

Abstract: Active placental transport of maternal serum calcium (Ca(2+)) to the offspring is pivotal for proper development of the fetal skeleton as well as various organ systems. Moreover, extracellular Ca(2+) levels impact on distinct processes in mammalian reproduction. The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) translates changes in extracellular Ca(2+)-concentrations into cellular reactions. This review summarizes current knowledge on the expression of CaSR and its putative functions in reproductive organs. CaSR was detected in placental cells mediating materno-fetal Ca(2+)-transport such as the murine intraplacental yolk sac (IPYS) and the human syncytiotrophoblast. As shown in casr knock-out mice, ablation of CaSR downregulates transplacental Ca(2+)-transport. Receptor expression was reported in human and rat ovarian surface epithelial (ROSE) cells, where CaSR activation stimulates cell proliferation. In follicles of various species a role of CaSR activation in oocyte maturation was suggested. Based on studies in avian follicles, the activation of CaSR expressed in granulosa cells may support the survival of follicles after their selection. CaSR in rat and equine sperms was functionally linked to sperm motility and sperm capacitation. Implantation involves complex interactions between the blastocyst and the uterine epithelium. During early pregnancy, CaSR expression at the implantation site as well as in decidual cells indicates that CaSR is important for blastocyst implantation and decidualization in the rat uterus. Localization of CaSR in human extravillous cytotrophoblasts suggests a role of CaSR in placentation. Overall, evidence for functional involvement of CaSR in physiologic mammalian reproductive processes exists. Moreover, several studies reported altered expression of CaSR in cells of reproductive tissues under pathologic conditions. However, in many tissues we still lack knowledge on physiological ligands activating CaSR, CaSR-linked G-proteins, activated intracellular signaling pathway, and functional relevance of CaSR activation. Clearly, more work is required in the future to decode the complex physiologic and pathophysiologic relationship of CaSR and the mammalian reproductive system.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2016-08-30 PubMed ID: 27625611PubMed Central: PMC5003915DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00371Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research review focuses on understanding the unique role of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR) in various aspects of mammalian reproduction. It concludes that the CaSR plays an essential role in a multitude of reproductive processes but calls for more research to unravel the complex workings of this receptor and its relationship with the reproductive system.

Role of Calcium-Sensing Receptor in Mammalian Reproduction

The Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR) is responsible for regulating extracellular calcium levels and translating changes in these levels into cellular reactions. This study reviews the research data on how this receptor functions in different reproductive organs. Several notable findings were:

  • CaSR is present in placental cells that mediate the transport of calcium (Ca(2+)) from the mother to the fetus, enabling proper fetal development. This presence was identified in both mice and humans.
  • Experiments on mice lacking the CaSR gene (casr knock-out mice) showed a downregulation of the maternal-fetal calcium transport.
  • CaSR can stimulate cell proliferation, as evidenced by its activation in human and rat ovarian surface epithelial cells.
  • In various species, the activation of the CaSR plays a role in oocyte (female germ cell) maturation.
  • CaSR in rat and horse sperms was associated with improving sperm motility and capacitation (the ability of sperm to fertilize an egg).

CaSR Involvement in Implantation and Decidualization

The study also reviewed the role of CaSR in the implantation of the blastocyst (a group of cells formed five days after fertilization) and how it functions in the uterus during early pregnancy:

  • CaSR expression at the implantation site and in decidual cells (cells that line the uterus during early pregnancy) suggests that this receptor plays a significant role in blastocyst implantation and decidualization in the rat uterus.
  • Presence of CaSR in human extravillous cytotrophoblasts (cells that help in placental development) implies that it might have a role in human placental formation.

Implication of CaSR in Pathological Conditions

The study concludes by acknowledging an association between abnormal CaSR expression and reproductive tissue pathologies. However, more research and understanding are needed to know the physiological stimuli that trigger CaSR, the G-proteins linked to CaSR, the activated intracellular signaling pathway, and the functional relevance of CaSR activation in each organ. This is deemed important to better grasp the physiologic and pathophysiologic effects of CaSR on the mammalian reproductive system.

Cite This Article

APA
Ellinger I. (2016). The Calcium-Sensing Receptor and the Reproductive System. Front Physiol, 7, 371. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00371

Publication

Frontiers in physiology
ISSN: 1664-042X
NlmUniqueID: 101549006
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 7
Pages: 371
PII: 371

Researcher Affiliations

Ellinger, Isabella
  • Pathophysiology of the Placenta, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna Vienna, Austria.

References

This article includes 125 references
  1. Adebanjo OA, Igietseme J, Huang CL, Zaidi M. The effect of extracellularly applied divalent cations on cytosolic Ca2+ in murine leydig cells: evidence for a Ca2+-sensing receptor.. J Physiol 1998 Dec 1;513 ( Pt 2)(Pt 2):399-410.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.399bb.xpmc: PMC2231298pubmed: 9806991google scholar: lookup
  2. Aguilar HN, Mitchell BF. Physiological pathways and molecular mechanisms regulating uterine contractility.. Hum Reprod Update 2010 Nov-Dec;16(6):725-44.
    doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmq016pubmed: 20551073google scholar: lookup
  3. Ahearn TU, Tchrakian N, Wilson KM, Lis R, Nuttall E, Sesso HD, Loda M, Giovannucci E, Mucci LA, Finn S, Shui IM. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Tumor Expression and Lethal Prostate Cancer Progression.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016 Jun;101(6):2520-7.
    doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-0670-Tpmc: PMC4891799pubmed: 27115058google scholar: lookup
  4. Alavi-Shoushtari SM, Asri-Rezaie S, Abedizadeh R, Khaki A, Pak M, Alizadeh S. Calcium and magnesium concentrations in uterine fluid and blood serum during the estrous cycle in the bovine.. Vet Res Forum 2012 Spring;3(2):137-41.
    pmc: PMC4312809pubmed: 25653760
  5. Alavi Shoushtari SM, Asri Rezaie S, Khaki A, Belbasi A, Tahmasebian H. Calcium and magnesium content of the uterine fluid and blood serum during the estrous cycle and pre-pubertal phase in water buffaloes.. Vet Res Forum 2014 Fall;5(4):301-5.
    pmc: PMC4299996pubmed: 25610582
  6. Alfadda TI, Saleh AM, Houillier P, Geibel JP. Calcium-sensing receptor 20 years later.. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014 Aug 1;307(3):C221-31.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00139.2014pmc: PMC4121584pubmed: 24871857google scholar: lookup
  7. Almog T, Naor Z. The role of Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in sperm functions.. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010 Jan 27;314(2):239-43.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.05.009pubmed: 19467295google scholar: lookup
  8. Armant DR. Intracellular Ca2+ signaling and preimplantation development.. Adv Exp Med Biol 2015;843:151-71.
    doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2480-6_6pubmed: 25956298google scholar: lookup
  9. Baczyk D, Kingdom JC, Uhlén P. Calcium signaling in placenta.. Cell Calcium 2011 May;49(5):350-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ceca.2010.12.003pubmed: 21236488google scholar: lookup
  10. Baker MA, Hetherington L, Ecroyd H, Roman SD, Aitken RJ. Analysis of the mechanism by which calcium negatively regulates the tyrosine phosphorylation cascade associated with sperm capacitation.. J Cell Sci 2004 Jan 15;117(Pt 2):211-22.
    doi: 10.1242/jcs.00842pubmed: 14676274google scholar: lookup
  11. Benirschke K, Burton GJ, Baergen RN. Pathology of the Human Placenta. .
  12. Bernadotte F, Holmdahl R, Juhlin C, Mattsson R. Expression of a cell surface antigen with potential Ca2+-sensor/receptor function in rat placenta and uterus.. J Reprod Immunol 1989 Nov;16(2):199-205.
    doi: 10.1016/0165-0378(89)90028-4pubmed: 2600935google scholar: lookup
  13. Berridge MJ, Lipp P, Bootman MD. The versatility and universality of calcium signalling.. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2000 Oct;1(1):11-21.
    doi: 10.1038/35036035pubmed: 11413485google scholar: lookup
  14. Bilderback TR, Lee F, Auersperg N, Rodland KD. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent, MEK- independent proliferation in response to CaR activation.. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2002 Jul;283(1):C282-8.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00437.2001pubmed: 12055097google scholar: lookup
  15. Bjerneroth G, Juhlin C, Akerström G, Rastad J. Immunoelectron microscopical evidence of a calcium receptor function in parathyroid, placenta and kidney.. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 1992 Apr;24(2):179-86.
    pubmed: 1600509
  16. Bond H, Dilworth MR, Baker B, Cowley E, Requena Jimenez A, Boyd RD, Husain SM, Ward BS, Sibley CP, Glazier JD. Increased maternofetal calcium flux in parathyroid hormone-related protein-null mice.. J Physiol 2008 Apr 1;586(7):2015-25.
    doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.149104pmc: PMC2375733pubmed: 18258656google scholar: lookup
  17. Bradbury RA, Cropley J, Kifor O, Lovicu FJ, de Iongh RU, Kable E, Brown EM, Seely EW, Peat BB, Conigrave AD. Localization of the extracellular Ca(2+)-sensing receptor in the human placenta.. Placenta 2002 Feb-Mar;23(2-3):192-200.
    doi: 10.1053/plac.2001.0765pubmed: 11945086google scholar: lookup
  18. Bradbury RA, Sunn KL, Crossley M, Bai M, Brown EM, Delbridge L, Conigrave AD. Expression of the parathyroid Ca(2+)-sensing receptor in cytotrophoblasts from human term placenta.. J Endocrinol 1998 Mar;156(3):425-30.
    doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1560425pubmed: 9582498google scholar: lookup
  19. Breitbart H. Intracellular calcium regulation in sperm capacitation and acrosomal reaction.. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002 Feb 22;187(1-2):139-44.
    doi: 10.1016/S0303-7207(01)00704-3pubmed: 11988321google scholar: lookup
  20. Brennan SC, Thiem U, Roth S, Aggarwal A, Fetahu ISh, Tennakoon S, Gomes AR, Brandi ML, Bruggeman F, Mentaverri R, Riccardi D, Kallay E. Calcium sensing receptor signalling in physiology and cancer.. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013 Jul;1833(7):1732-44.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.12.011pubmed: 23267858google scholar: lookup
  21. Brennan SC, Wilkinson WJ, Tseng HE, Finney B, Monk B, Dibble H, Quilliam S, Warburton D, Galietta LJ, Kemp PJ, Riccardi D. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor regulates human fetal lung development via CFTR.. Sci Rep 2016 Feb 25;6:21975.
    doi: 10.1038/srep21975pmc: PMC4766410pubmed: 26911344google scholar: lookup
  22. Brown EM. Clinical utility of calcimimetics targeting the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR).. Biochem Pharmacol 2010 Aug 1;80(3):297-307.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.04.002pubmed: 20382129google scholar: lookup
  23. Brown EM. Role of the calcium-sensing receptor in extracellular calcium homeostasis.. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013 Jun;27(3):333-43.
    doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.02.006pubmed: 23856263google scholar: lookup
  24. Casslén B, Nilsson B. Human uterine fluid, examined in undiluted samples for osmolarity and the concentrations of inorganic ions, albumin, glucose, and urea.. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984 Dec 1;150(7):877-81.
    doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(84)90466-6pubmed: 6507514google scholar: lookup
  25. Celik O, Celik N, Gungor S, Haberal ET, Aydin S. Selective Regulation of Oocyte Meiotic Events Enhances Progress in Fertility Preservation Methods.. Biochem Insights 2015;8:11-21.
    doi: 10.4137/BCI.S28596pmc: PMC4577271pubmed: 26417205google scholar: lookup
  26. Chakravarti B, Dwivedi SK, Mithal A, Chattopadhyay N. Calcium-sensing receptor in cancer: good cop or bad cop?. Endocrine 2009 Jun;35(3):271-84.
    doi: 10.1007/s12020-008-9131-5pubmed: 19011996google scholar: lookup
  27. Chen H, Kui C, Chan HC. Ca(2+) mobilization in cumulus cells: role in oocyte maturation and acrosome reaction.. Cell Calcium 2013 Jan;53(1):68-75.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.11.007pubmed: 23218669google scholar: lookup
  28. Colloton M, Shatzen E, Wiemann B, Starnes C, Scully S, Henley C, Martin D. Cinacalcet attenuates hypercalcemia observed in mice bearing either Rice H-500 Leydig cell or C26-DCT colon tumors.. Eur J Pharmacol 2013 Jul 15;712(1-3):8-15.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.013pubmed: 23623934google scholar: lookup
  29. Conigrave AD, Quinn SJ, Brown EM. L-amino acid sensing by the extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptor.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000 Apr 25;97(9):4814-9.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.97.9.4814pmc: PMC18315pubmed: 10781086google scholar: lookup
  30. Conigrave AD, Ward DT. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR): pharmacological properties and signaling pathways.. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013 Jun;27(3):315-31.
    doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.05.010pubmed: 23856262google scholar: lookup
  31. Conti M, Hsieh M, Park JY, Su YQ. Role of the epidermal growth factor network in ovarian follicles.. Mol Endocrinol 2006 Apr;20(4):715-23.
    doi: 10.1210/me.2005-0185pubmed: 16051667google scholar: lookup
  32. Correia J, Michelangeli F, Publicover S. Regulation and roles of Ca2+ stores in human sperm.. Reproduction 2015 Aug;150(2):R65-76.
    doi: 10.1530/REP-15-0102pmc: PMC4497595pubmed: 25964382google scholar: lookup
  33. Crankshaw DJ, Pistilli MJ, O'Brien YM, Sweeney EM, Dockery P, Holloway AC, Morrison JJ. The effects of extracellular calcium-sensing receptor ligands on the contractility of pregnant human myometrium in vitro.. Reprod Sci 2013 Aug;20(8):882-90.
    doi: 10.1177/1933719112468949pubmed: 23287098google scholar: lookup
  34. de Kretser D. Molecular Biology of the Male Reproductive System. .
  35. De Santis T, Casavola V, Reshkin SJ, Guerra L, Ambruosi B, Fiandanese N, Dalbies-Tran R, Goudet G, Dell'Aquila ME. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor is expressed in the cumulus-oocyte complex in mammals and modulates oocyte meiotic maturation.. Reproduction 2009 Sep;138(3):439-52.
    doi: 10.1530/REP-09-0078pubmed: 19494043google scholar: lookup
  36. Dell'Aquila ME, De Santis T, Cho YS, Reshkin SJ, Caroli AM, Maritato F, Minoia P, Casavola V. Localization and quantitative expression of the calcium-sensing receptor protein in human oocytes.. Fertil Steril 2006 Apr;85 Suppl 1:1240-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.11.033pubmed: 16616098google scholar: lookup
  37. Diez-Fraile A, Mussche S, Vanden Berghe T, Espeel M, Vandenabeele P, D'Herde KG. Expression of calcium-sensing receptor in quail granulosa explants: a key to survival during folliculogenesis.. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010 May;293(5):890-9.
    doi: 10.1002/ar.21100pubmed: 20186967google scholar: lookup
  38. Fan HY, Liu Z, Mullany LK, Richards JS. Consequences of RAS and MAPK activation in the ovary: the good, the bad and the ugly.. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012 Jun 5;356(1-2):74-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.12.005pmc: PMC3327778pubmed: 22197887google scholar: lookup
  39. Fan HY, Sun QY. Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade during oocyte maturation and fertilization in mammals.. Biol Reprod 2004 Mar;70(3):535-47.
    doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.022830pubmed: 14613897google scholar: lookup
  40. Fazleabas AT, Strakova Z. Endometrial function: cell specific changes in the uterine environment.. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002 Jan 25;186(2):143-7.
    doi: 10.1016/S0303-7207(01)00655-4pubmed: 11900887google scholar: lookup
  41. Feng J, Xu X, Li B, Brown E, Farris AB, Sun SY, Yang JJ. Prostate cancer metastatic to bone has higher expression of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) than primary prostate cancer.. Receptors Clin Investig 2014;1(6).
    doi: 10.14800/rci.270pmc: PMC4459757pubmed: 26065011google scholar: lookup
  42. Findlay JK. Molecular Biology of the Female Reproductive System. .
  43. Gellersen B, Brosens IA, Brosens JJ. Decidualization of the human endometrium: mechanisms, functions, and clinical perspectives.. Semin Reprod Med 2007 Nov;25(6):445-53.
    doi: 10.1055/s-2007-991042pubmed: 17960529google scholar: lookup
  44. Gilbert T, Leclerc C, Moreau M. Control of kidney development by calcium ions.. Biochimie 2011 Dec;93(12):2126-31.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.07.007pubmed: 21802484google scholar: lookup
  45. González-Fernández L, Macías-García B, Loux SC, Varner DD, Hinrichs K. Focal adhesion kinases and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases regulate protein tyrosine phosphorylation in stallion sperm.. Biol Reprod 2013 Jun;88(6):138.
    doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.107078pubmed: 23595906google scholar: lookup
  46. Graca JA, Schepelmann M, Brennan SC, Reens J, Chang W, Yan P, Toka H, Riccardi D, Price SA. Comparative expression of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor in the mouse, rat, and human kidney.. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016 Mar 15;310(6):F518-33.
    doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00208.2015pmc: PMC5005276pubmed: 26661650google scholar: lookup
  47. Hellman P, Ridefelt P, Juhlin C, Akerström G, Rastad J, Gylfe E. Parathyroid-like regulation of parathyroid-hormone-related protein release and cytoplasmic calcium in cytotrophoblast cells of human placenta.. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992 Feb 14;293(1):174-80.
    doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90381-6pubmed: 1731634google scholar: lookup
  48. Hjälm G, Murray E, Crumley G, Harazim W, Lundgren S, Onyango I, Ek B, Larsson M, Juhlin C, Hellman P, Davis H, Akerström G, Rask L, Morse B. Cloning and sequencing of human gp330, a Ca(2+)-binding receptor with potential intracellular signaling properties.. Eur J Biochem 1996 Jul 1;239(1):132-7.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0132u.xpubmed: 8706697google scholar: lookup
  49. Hobson SA, McNeil SE, Lee F, Rodland KD. Signal transduction mechanisms linking increased extracellular calcium to proliferation in ovarian surface epithelial cells.. Exp Cell Res 2000 Jul 10;258(1):1-11.
    doi: 10.1006/excr.2000.4910pubmed: 10912782google scholar: lookup
  50. Hough TA, Bogani D, Cheeseman MT, Favor J, Nesbit MA, Thakker RV, Lyon MF. Activating calcium-sensing receptor mutation in the mouse is associated with cataracts and ectopic calcification.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004 Sep 14;101(37):13566-71.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.0405516101pmc: PMC518795pubmed: 15347804google scholar: lookup
  51. Jones BL, Smith SM. Calcium-Sensing Receptor: A Key Target for Extracellular Calcium Signaling in Neurons.. Front Physiol 2016;7:116.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00116pmc: PMC4811949pubmed: 27065884google scholar: lookup
  52. Juhlin C, Holmdahl R, Johansson H, Rastad J, Akerström G, Klareskog L. Monoclonal antibodies with exclusive reactivity against parathyroid cells and tubule cells of the kidney.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987 May;84(9):2990-4.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.9.2990pmc: PMC304786pubmed: 3554250google scholar: lookup
  53. Juhlin C, Lundgren S, Johansson H, Lorentzen J, Rask L, Larsson E, Rastad J, Akerström G, Klareskog L. 500-Kilodalton calcium sensor regulating cytoplasmic Ca2+ in cytotrophoblast cells of human placenta.. J Biol Chem 1990 May 15;265(14):8275-9.
    pubmed: 2186039
  54. Jungwirth A, Giwercman A, Tournaye H, Diemer T, Kopa Z, Dohle G, Krausz C. European Association of Urology guidelines on Male Infertility: the 2012 update.. Eur Urol 2012 Aug;62(2):324-32.
    doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.04.048pubmed: 22591628google scholar: lookup
  55. Kashir J, Deguchi R, Jones C, Coward K, Stricker SA. Comparative biology of sperm factors and fertilization-induced calcium signals across the animal kingdom.. Mol Reprod Dev 2013 Oct;80(10):787-815.
    doi: 10.1002/mrd.22222pubmed: 23900730google scholar: lookup
  56. Kong WY, Tong LQ, Zhang HJ, Cao YG, Wang GC, Zhu JZ, Zhang F, Sun XY, Zhang TH, Zhang LL. The calcium-sensing receptor participates in testicular damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.. Asian J Androl 2016 Sep-Oct;18(5):803-8.
    doi: 10.4103/1008-682X.160885pmc: PMC5000808pubmed: 26387585google scholar: lookup
  57. Kornbluth S, Fissore R. Vertebrate Reproduction.. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015 Oct 1;7(10):a006064.
    doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006064pmc: PMC4588066pubmed: 26430215google scholar: lookup
  58. Kovacs CS. Bone development and mineral homeostasis in the fetus and neonate: roles of the calciotropic and phosphotropic hormones.. Physiol Rev 2014 Oct;94(4):1143-218.
    doi: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2014pubmed: 25287862google scholar: lookup
  59. Kovacs CS. Calcium, phosphorus, and bone metabolism in the fetus and newborn.. Early Hum Dev 2015 Nov;91(11):623-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.08.007pubmed: 26363942google scholar: lookup
  60. Kovacs CS. Maternal Mineral and Bone Metabolism During Pregnancy, Lactation, and Post-Weaning Recovery.. Physiol Rev 2016 Apr;96(2):449-547.
    doi: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2015pubmed: 26887676google scholar: lookup
  61. Kovacs CS, Chafe LL, Woodland ML, McDonald KR, Fudge NJ, Wookey PJ. Calcitropic gene expression suggests a role for the intraplacental yolk sac in maternal-fetal calcium exchange.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002 Mar;282(3):E721-32.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00369.2001pubmed: 11832378google scholar: lookup
  62. Kovacs CS, Ho-Pao CL, Hunzelman JL, Lanske B, Fox J, Seidman JG, Seidman CE, Kronenberg HM. Regulation of murine fetal-placental calcium metabolism by the calcium-sensing receptor.. J Clin Invest 1998 Jun 15;101(12):2812-20.
    doi: 10.1172/JCI2940pmc: PMC508872pubmed: 9637715google scholar: lookup
  63. Kovacs CS, Lanske B, Hunzelman JL, Guo J, Karaplis AC, Kronenberg HM. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) regulates fetal-placental calcium transport through a receptor distinct from the PTH/PTHrP receptor.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996 Dec 24;93(26):15233-8.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.26.15233pmc: PMC26386pubmed: 8986793google scholar: lookup
  64. Leclerc C, Néant I, Moreau M. Early neural development in vertebrates is also a matter of calcium.. Biochimie 2011 Dec;93(12):2102-11.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.06.032pubmed: 21742011google scholar: lookup
  65. Lee KY, DeMayo FJ. Animal models of implantation.. Reproduction 2004 Dec;128(6):679-95.
    doi: 10.1530/rep.1.00340pubmed: 15579585google scholar: lookup
  66. Li MW, Mruk DD, Cheng CY. Mitogen-activated protein kinases in male reproductive function.. Trends Mol Med 2009 Apr;15(4):159-68.
    doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.02.002pmc: PMC2804913pubmed: 19303360google scholar: lookup
  67. Liao J, Schneider A, Datta NS, McCauley LK. Extracellular calcium as a candidate mediator of prostate cancer skeletal metastasis.. Cancer Res 2006 Sep 15;66(18):9065-73.
    doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0317pubmed: 16982748google scholar: lookup
  68. Liu C, Wu GQ, Fu XW, Mo XH, Zhao LH, Hu HM, Zhu SE, Hou YP. The Extracellular Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CASR) Regulates Gonadotropins-Induced Meiotic Maturation of Porcine Oocytes.. Biol Reprod 2015 Dec;93(6):131.
    doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.128579pubmed: 26490840google scholar: lookup
  69. Liu XL, Lu YS, Gao JY, Marshall C, Xiao M, Miao DS, Karaplis A, Goltzman D, Ding J. Calcium sensing receptor absence delays postnatal brain development via direct and indirect mechanisms.. Mol Neurobiol 2013 Dec;48(3):590-600.
    doi: 10.1007/s12035-013-8448-0pubmed: 23564401google scholar: lookup
  70. Lundgren S, Carling T, Hjälm G, Juhlin C, Rastad J, Pihlgren U, Rask L, Akerström G, Hellman P. Tissue distribution of human gp330/megalin, a putative Ca(2+)-sensing protein.. J Histochem Cytochem 1997 Mar;45(3):383-92.
    doi: 10.1177/002215549704500306pubmed: 9071320google scholar: lookup
  71. Lundgren S, Hjälm G, Hellman P, Ek B, Juhlin C, Rastad J, Klareskog L, Akerström G, Rask L. A protein involved in calcium sensing of the human parathyroid and placental cytotrophoblast cells belongs to the LDL-receptor protein superfamily.. Exp Cell Res 1994 Jun;212(2):344-50.
    doi: 10.1006/excr.1994.1153pubmed: 8187828google scholar: lookup
  72. Macías-García B, Rocha A, González-Fernández L. Extracellular calcium regulates protein tyrosine phosphorylation through calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in stallion sperm.. Mol Reprod Dev 2016 Mar;83(3):236-45.
    doi: 10.1002/mrd.22615pubmed: 26762297google scholar: lookup
  73. Macleod RJ. CaSR function in the intestine: Hormone secretion, electrolyte absorption and secretion, paracrine non-canonical Wnt signaling and colonic crypt cell proliferation.. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013 Jun;27(3):385-402.
    doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.05.005pubmed: 23856267google scholar: lookup
  74. Magoffin DA. Ovarian theca cell.. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005 Jul;37(7):1344-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.01.016pubmed: 15833266google scholar: lookup
  75. Mamillapalli R, VanHouten J, Zawalich W, Wysolmerski J. Switching of G-protein usage by the calcium-sensing receptor reverses its effect on parathyroid hormone-related protein secretion in normal versus malignant breast cells.. J Biol Chem 2008 Sep 5;283(36):24435-47.
    doi: 10.1074/jbc.M801738200pmc: PMC2528989pubmed: 18621740google scholar: lookup
  76. Mateo-Lozano S, García M, Rodríguez-Hernández CJ, de Torres C. Regulation of Differentiation by Calcium-Sensing Receptor in Normal and Tumoral Developing Nervous System.. Front Physiol 2016;7:169.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00169pmc: PMC4861737pubmed: 27242543google scholar: lookup
  77. McNeil L, Hobson S, Nipper V, Rodland KD. Functional calcium-sensing receptor expression in ovarian surface epithelial cells.. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998 Feb;178(2):305-13.
    doi: 10.1016/S0002-9378(98)80017-3pubmed: 9500491google scholar: lookup
  78. Meikle AW, Liu XH, Stringham JD. Extracellular calcium and luteinizing hormone effects on 22-hydroxycholesterol used for testosterone production in mouse Leydig cells.. J Androl 1991 Mar-Apr;12(2):148-51.
    pubmed: 2050582
  79. Mendoza FJ, Perez-Marin CC, Garcia-Marin L, Madueño JA, Henley C, Aguilera-Tejero E, Rodriguez M. Localization, distribution, and function of the calcium-sensing receptor in sperm.. J Androl 2012 Jan-Feb;33(1):96-104.
    doi: 10.2164/jandrol.110.011254pubmed: 21393549google scholar: lookup
  80. Metz J, Heinrich D, Forssmann WG. Ultrastructure of the labyrinth in the rat full-term placenta.. Anat Embryol (Berl) 1976 Jun 24;149(2):123-48.
    doi: 10.1007/BF00317893pubmed: 952406google scholar: lookup
  81. Mussche S, Leybaert L, D'Herde K. First and second messenger role of calcium. Survival versus apoptosis in serum-free cultured granulosa explants.. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000;926:101-15.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05603.xpubmed: 11193025google scholar: lookup
  82. Nilsson BO, Ljung L. X-ray micro analyses of cations (Na, K, Ca) and anions (S, P, Cl) in uterine secretions during blastocyst implantation in the rat.. J Exp Zool 1985 Jun;234(3):415-21.
    doi: 10.1002/jez.1402340309pubmed: 4056679google scholar: lookup
  83. Norwitz ER, Schust DJ, Fisher SJ. Implantation and the survival of early pregnancy.. N Engl J Med 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1400-8.
    doi: 10.1056/NEJMra000763pubmed: 11794174google scholar: lookup
  84. Nunes C, Silva JV, Silva V, Torgal I, Fardilha M. Signalling pathways involved in oocyte growth, acquisition of competence and activation.. Hum Fertil (Camb) 2015 Jun;18(2):149-55.
    doi: 10.3109/14647273.2015.1006692pubmed: 25738216google scholar: lookup
  85. Olausson H, Goldberg GR, Laskey MA, Schoenmakers I, Jarjou LM, Prentice A. Calcium economy in human pregnancy and lactation.. Nutr Res Rev 2012 Jun;25(1):40-67.
    doi: 10.1017/S0954422411000187pubmed: 22894942google scholar: lookup
  86. Papadopoulou A, Gole E, Moutafi A, Sfikas C, Oehrl W, Samiotaki M, Papadimitriou A, Papaevagelou V, Nicolaidou P. Calcium sensing receptor in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus.. Placenta 2014 Aug;35(8):632-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.05.001pubmed: 24930987google scholar: lookup
  87. Peterlik M, Kállay E, Cross HS. Calcium nutrition and extracellular calcium sensing: relevance for the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, cancer and cardiovascular diseases.. Nutrients 2013 Jan 22;5(1):302-27.
    doi: 10.3390/n倐302pmc: PMC3571650pubmed: 23340319google scholar: lookup
  88. Pidasheva S, Grant M, Canaff L, Ercan O, Kumar U, Hendy GN. Calcium-sensing receptor dimerizes in the endoplasmic reticulum: biochemical and biophysical characterization of CASR mutants retained intracellularly.. Hum Mol Genet 2006 Jul 15;15(14):2200-9.
    doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddl145pubmed: 16740594google scholar: lookup
  89. Pistilli MJ, Petrik JJ, Holloway AC, Crankshaw DJ. Immunohistochemical and functional studies on calcium-sensing receptors in rat uterine smooth muscle.. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012 Jan;39(1):37-42.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05631.xpubmed: 22013999google scholar: lookup
  90. Ranjzad F, Mahban A, Shemirani AI, Mahmoudi T, Vahedi M, Nikzamir A, Zali MR. Influence of gene variants related to calcium homeostasis on biochemical parameters of women with polycystic ovary syndrome.. J Assist Reprod Genet 2011 Mar;28(3):225-32.
    doi: 10.1007/s10815-010-9506-4pmc: PMC3082662pubmed: 21082232google scholar: lookup
  91. Riccardi D, Brennan SC, Chang W. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor, CaSR, in fetal development.. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013 Jun;27(3):443-53.
    doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.02.010pmc: PMC4462341pubmed: 23856271google scholar: lookup
  92. Ruan YC, Chen H, Chan HC. Ion channels in the endometrium: regulation of endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation.. Hum Reprod Update 2014 Jul-Aug;20(4):517-29.
    doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmu006pubmed: 24591147google scholar: lookup
  93. Ruat M, Traiffort E. Roles of the calcium sensing receptor in the central nervous system.. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013 Jun;27(3):429-42.
    doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.03.001pubmed: 23856270google scholar: lookup
  94. Saidak Z, Boudot C, Abdoune R, Petit L, Brazier M, Mentaverri R, Kamel S. Extracellular calcium promotes the migration of breast cancer cells through the activation of the calcium sensing receptor.. Exp Cell Res 2009 Jul 15;315(12):2072-80.
    doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.03.003pubmed: 19285978google scholar: lookup
  95. Sanders JL, Chattopadhyay N, Kifor O, Yamaguchi T, Brown EM. Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) expression and its potential role in parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) secretion in the H-500 rat Leydig cell model of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy.. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000 Mar 16;269(2):427-32.
    doi: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2157pubmed: 10708570google scholar: lookup
  96. Schepelmann M, Yarova PL, Lopez-Fernandez I, Davies TS, Brennan SC, Edwards PJ, Aggarwal A, Graça J, Rietdorf K, Matchkov V, Fenton RA, Chang W, Krssak M, Stewart A, Broadley KJ, Ward DT, Price SA, Edwards DH, Kemp PJ, Riccardi D. The vascular Ca2+-sensing receptor regulates blood vessel tone and blood pressure.. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016 Feb 1;310(3):C193-204.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00248.2015pmc: PMC5243220pubmed: 26538090google scholar: lookup
  97. Schuetz AW, Anisowicz A. Cation and protein composition of ovarian follicular fluid of the pig: relation to follicle size.. Biol Reprod 1974 Aug;11(1):64-72.
    doi: 10.1095/biolreprod11.1.64pubmed: 4457124google scholar: lookup
  98. Schultz RM, Kopf GS. Molecular basis of mammalian egg activation.. Curr Top Dev Biol 1995;30:21-62.
    doi: 10.1016/S0070-2153(08)60563-3pubmed: 7555047google scholar: lookup
  99. Schwartz GG, John EM, Rowland G, Ingles SA. Prostate cancer in African-American men and polymorphism in the calcium-sensing receptor.. Cancer Biol Ther 2010 Jun 15;9(12):994-9.
    doi: 10.4161/cbt.9.12.11689pubmed: 20364112google scholar: lookup
  100. Shui IM, Mucci LA, Wilson KM, Kraft P, Penney KL, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E. Common genetic variation of the calcium-sensing receptor and lethal prostate cancer risk.. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013 Jan;22(1):118-26.
    doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-0670-Tpmc: PMC3538912pubmed: 23125333google scholar: lookup
  101. Silvestre F, Boni R, Fissore RA, Tosti E. Ca2+ signaling during maturation of cumulus-oocyte complex in mammals.. Mol Reprod Dev 2011 Oct-Nov;78(10-11):744-56.
    doi: 10.1002/mrd.21332pubmed: 21656870google scholar: lookup
  102. Silvestre F, Fissore RA, Tosti E, Boni R. [Ca2+]i rise at in vitro maturation in bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes.. Mol Reprod Dev 2012 Jun;79(6):369-79.
    doi: 10.1002/mrd.22038pubmed: 22431451google scholar: lookup
  103. Singh N, Promkan M, Liu G, Varani J, Chakrabarty S. Role of calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) in tumorigenesis.. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013 Jun;27(3):455-63.
    doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.04.001pubmed: 23856272google scholar: lookup
  104. Smajilovic S, Yano S, Jabbari R, Tfelt-Hansen J. The calcium-sensing receptor and calcimimetics in blood pressure modulation.. Br J Pharmacol 2011 Oct;164(3):884-93.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01317.xpmc: PMC3195912pubmed: 21410453google scholar: lookup
  105. Spencer TE, Dunlap KA, Filant J. Comparative developmental biology of the uterus: insights into mechanisms and developmental disruption.. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012 May 6;354(1-2):34-53.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.035pubmed: 22008458google scholar: lookup
  106. Squires PE, Jones PM, Younis MY, Hills CE. The calcium-sensing receptor and β-cell function.. Vitam Horm 2014;95:249-67.
    doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800174-5.00010-7pubmed: 24559921google scholar: lookup
  107. Strid H, Care A, Jansson T, Powell T. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (38-94) amide stimulates ATP-dependent calcium transport in the Basal plasma membrane of the human syncytiotrophoblast.. J Endocrinol 2002 Nov;175(2):517-24.
    doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1750517pubmed: 12429049google scholar: lookup
  108. Swann K, Lai FA. Egg Activation at Fertilization by a Soluble Sperm Protein.. Physiol Rev 2016 Jan;96(1):127-49.
    doi: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2015pubmed: 26631595google scholar: lookup
  109. Tennakoon S, Aggarwal A, Kállay E. The calcium-sensing receptor and the hallmarks of cancer.. Biochim Biophys Acta 2016 Jun;1863(6 Pt B):1398-407.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.11.017pubmed: 26608608google scholar: lookup
  110. Tfelt-Hansen J, Chattopadhyay N, Yano S, Kanuparthi D, Rooney P, Schwarz P, Brown EM. Calcium-sensing receptor induces proliferation through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase but not extracellularly regulated kinase in a model of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy.. Endocrinology 2004 Mar;145(3):1211-7.
    doi: 10.1210/en.2003-0749pubmed: 14645111google scholar: lookup
  111. Tfelt-Hansen J, MacLeod RJ, Chattopadhyay N, Yano S, Quinn S, Ren X, Terwilliger EF, Schwarz P, Brown EM. Calcium-sensing receptor stimulates PTHrP release by pathways dependent on PKC, p38 MAPK, JNK, and ERK1/2 in H-500 cells.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003 Aug;285(2):E329-37.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00489.2002pubmed: 12700162google scholar: lookup
  112. Tfelt-Hansen J, Schwarz P, Terwilliger EF, Brown EM, Chattopadhyay N. Calcium-sensing receptor induces messenger ribonucleic acid of human securin, pituitary tumor transforming gene, in rat testicular cancer.. Endocrinology 2003 Dec;144(12):5188-93.
    doi: 10.1210/en.2003-0520pubmed: 12970167google scholar: lookup
  113. Tfelt-Hansen J, Yano S, John Macleod R, Smajilovic S, Chattopadhyay N, Brown EM. High calcium activates the EGF receptor potentially through the calcium-sensing receptor in Leydig cancer cells.. Growth Factors 2005 Jun;23(2):117-23.
    doi: 10.1080/08977190500126272pubmed: 16019433google scholar: lookup
  114. Thie M, Denker HW. In vitro studies on endometrial adhesiveness for trophoblast: cellular dynamics in uterine epithelial cells.. Cells Tissues Organs 2002;172(3):237-52.
    doi: 10.1159/000066963pubmed: 12476051google scholar: lookup
  115. Tosti E. Calcium ion currents mediating oocyte maturation events.. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2006 May 9;4:26.
    doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-4-26pmc: PMC1475868pubmed: 16684344google scholar: lookup
  116. Tu CL, Bikle DD. Role of the calcium-sensing receptor in calcium regulation of epidermal differentiation and function.. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013 Jun;27(3):415-27.
    doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.03.002pmc: PMC3713412pubmed: 23856269google scholar: lookup
  117. Tyler Miller R. Control of renal calcium, phosphate, electrolyte, and water excretion by the calcium-sensing receptor.. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013 Jun;27(3):345-58.
    doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.04.009pubmed: 23856264google scholar: lookup
  118. Uhm SJ, Gupta MK, Yang JH, Chung HJ, Min TS, Lee HT. Epidermal growth factor can be used in lieu of follicle-stimulating hormone for nuclear maturation of porcine oocytes in vitro.. Theriogenology 2010 May;73(8):1024-36.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.11.029pubmed: 20106515google scholar: lookup
  119. Wang C, Machaty Z. Calcium influx in mammalian eggs.. Reproduction 2013 Apr;145(4):R97-R105.
    doi: 10.1530/rep-12-0496pubmed: 23419618google scholar: lookup
  120. Weimar CH, Post Uiterweer ED, Teklenburg G, Heijnen CJ, Macklon NS. In-vitro model systems for the study of human embryo-endometrium interactions.. Reprod Biomed Online 2013 Nov;27(5):461-76.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2013.08.002pubmed: 24055530google scholar: lookup
  121. Westwood FR. The female rat reproductive cycle: a practical histological guide to staging.. Toxicol Pathol 2008 Apr;36(3):375-84.
    doi: 10.1177/0192623308315665pubmed: 18441260google scholar: lookup
  122. Xiao LJ, Yuan JX, Li YC, Wang R, Hu ZY, Liu YX. Extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptor expression and hormonal regulation in rat uterus during the peri-implantation period.. Reproduction 2005 Jun;129(6):779-88.
    doi: 10.1530/rep.1.00621pubmed: 15923393google scholar: lookup
  123. Yan S, Yuan C, Yang Q, Li X, Yang N, Liu X, Dong R, Zhang X, Yuan Z, Zhang N, Kong B. A genetic polymorphism (rs17251221) in the calcium-sensing receptor is associated with ovarian cancer susceptibility.. Oncol Rep 2015 Oct;34(4):2151-5.
    doi: 10.3892/or.2015.4179pubmed: 26252839google scholar: lookup
  124. Yoshida M, Yoshida K. Sperm chemotaxis and regulation of flagellar movement by Ca2+.. Mol Hum Reprod 2011 Aug;17(8):457-65.
    doi: 10.1093/molehr/gar041pubmed: 21610215google scholar: lookup
  125. Zhang C, Miller CL, Brown EM, Yang JJ. The calcium sensing receptor: from calcium sensing to signaling.. Sci China Life Sci 2015 Jan;58(1):14-27.
    doi: 10.1007/s11427-014-4779-ypubmed: 25576451google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 11 times.
  1. Anas M, Diniz WJS, Menezes ACB, Reynolds LP, Caton JS, Dahlen CR, Ward AK. Maternal Mineral Nutrition Regulates Fetal Genomic Programming in Cattle: A Review. Metabolites 2023 Apr 26;13(5).
    doi: 10.3390/metabo13050593pubmed: 37233634google scholar: lookup
  2. Lazrak A, Song W, Yu Z, Zhang S, Nellore A, Hoopes CW, Woodworth BA, Matalon S. Low molecular weight hyaluronan inhibits lung epithelial ion channels by activating the calcium-sensing receptor. Matrix Biol 2023 Feb;116:67-84.
    doi: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.02.002pubmed: 36758905google scholar: lookup
  3. Chang C, He X, Di R, Wang X, Han M, Liang C, Chu M. Thyroid Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals the Follicular Phase Differential Regulation of lncRNA and mRNA Related to Prolificacy in Small Tail Han Sheep with Two FecB Genotypes. Genes (Basel) 2022 May 10;13(5).
    doi: 10.3390/genes13050849pubmed: 35627234google scholar: lookup
  4. Liu H, Zhou D, Liu C, Zhuan Q, Luo Y, Mo X, Fu X, Hou Y. The Calcium-Sensing Receptor Is Involved in Follicle-Stimulating Hormone-Induced Cumulus Expansion in in vitro Cultured Porcine Cumulus-Oocyte Complexes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021;9:625036.
    doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.625036pubmed: 34095106google scholar: lookup
  5. Wu J, Xia X, Hu Y, Fang X, Orsulic S. Identification of Infertility-Associated Topologically Important Genes Using Weighted Co-expression Network Analysis. Front Genet 2021;12:580190.
    doi: 10.3389/fgene.2021.580190pubmed: 33613630google scholar: lookup
  6. Galliou JM, Kiser JN, Oliver KF, Seabury CM, Moraes JGN, Burns GW, Spencer TE, Dalton J, Neibergs HL. Identification of Loci and Pathways Associated with Heifer Conception Rate in U.S. Holsteins. Genes (Basel) 2020 Jul 8;11(7).
    doi: 10.3390/genes11070767pubmed: 32650431google scholar: lookup
  7. Shirak A, Zak T, Dor L, Benet-Perlberg A, Weller JI, Ron M, Seroussi E. Quantitative trait loci on LGs 9 and 14 affect the reproductive interaction between two Oreochromis species, O. niloticus and O. aureus. Heredity (Edinb) 2019 Mar;122(3):341-353.
    doi: 10.1038/s41437-018-0131-9pubmed: 30082919google scholar: lookup
  8. Mishra AK, Kumar A, Swain DK, Yadav S, Nigam R. Insights into pH regulatory mechanisms in mediating spermatozoa functions. Vet World 2018 Jun;11(6):852-858.
    doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.852-858pubmed: 30034181google scholar: lookup
  9. Liu H, Li W, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Shang X, Zhang L, Zhang S, Li Y, Somoza AV, Delpi B, Gerton GL, Foster JA, Hess RA, Pazour GJ, Zhang Z. IFT25, an intraflagellar transporter protein dispensable for ciliogenesis in somatic cells, is essential for sperm flagella formation. Biol Reprod 2017 May 1;96(5):993-1006.
    doi: 10.1093/biolre/iox029pubmed: 28430876google scholar: lookup
  10. Wang M, Yang L, Sun G, Shao Y, Liu Y, Yang H, Wang Y, Zhang M, Shang Y, Gu X. Assessment of the Effect of Leonurine Hydrochloride in a Mouse Model of PCOS by Gene Expression Profiling. Genes (Basel) 2024 Apr 18;15(4).
    doi: 10.3390/genes15040507pubmed: 38674441google scholar: lookup
  11. Ahmed A, Saleem MA, Saeed F, Afzaal M, Imran A, Akram S, Hussain M, Khan A, Al Jbawi E. A comprehensive review on the impact of calcium and vitamin D insufficiency and allied metabolic disorders in females. Food Sci Nutr 2023 Sep;11(9):5004-5027.
    doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3519pubmed: 37701195google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 100,129 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.