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Home / Equine Research Bank / Front Physiol / The Calcium-Sensing Receptor and the Reproductive System.
Frontiers in physiology2016; 7; 371; doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00371

The Calcium-Sensing Receptor and the Reproductive System.

Abstract: Active placental transport of maternal serum calcium (Ca(2+)) to the offspring is pivotal for proper development of the fetal skeleton as well as various organ systems. Moreover, extracellular Ca(2+) levels impact on distinct processes in mammalian reproduction. The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) translates changes in extracellular Ca(2+)-concentrations into cellular reactions. This review summarizes current knowledge on the expression of CaSR and its putative functions in reproductive organs. CaSR was detected in placental cells mediating materno-fetal Ca(2+)-transport such as the murine intraplacental yolk sac (IPYS) and the human syncytiotrophoblast. As shown in casr knock-out mice, ablation of CaSR downregulates transplacental Ca(2+)-transport. Receptor expression was reported in human and rat ovarian surface epithelial (ROSE) cells, where CaSR activation stimulates cell proliferation. In follicles of various species a role of CaSR activation in oocyte maturation was suggested. Based on studies in avian follicles, the activation of CaSR expressed in granulosa cells may support the survival of follicles after their selection. CaSR in rat and equine sperms was functionally linked to sperm motility and sperm capacitation. Implantation involves complex interactions between the blastocyst and the uterine epithelium. During early pregnancy, CaSR expression at the implantation site as well as in decidual cells indicates that CaSR is important for blastocyst implantation and decidualization in the rat uterus. Localization of CaSR in human extravillous cytotrophoblasts suggests a role of CaSR in placentation. Overall, evidence for functional involvement of CaSR in physiologic mammalian reproductive processes exists. Moreover, several studies reported altered expression of CaSR in cells of reproductive tissues under pathologic conditions. However, in many tissues we still lack knowledge on physiological ligands activating CaSR, CaSR-linked G-proteins, activated intracellular signaling pathway, and functional relevance of CaSR activation. Clearly, more work is required in the future to decode the complex physiologic and pathophysiologic relationship of CaSR and the mammalian reproductive system.
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Publication Date: 2016-08-30 PubMed ID: 27625611PubMed Central: PMC5003915DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00371Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research review focuses on understanding the unique role of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR) in various aspects of mammalian reproduction. It concludes that the CaSR plays an essential role in a multitude of reproductive processes but calls for more research to unravel the complex workings of this receptor and its relationship with the reproductive system.

Role of Calcium-Sensing Receptor in Mammalian Reproduction

The Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR) is responsible for regulating extracellular calcium levels and translating changes in these levels into cellular reactions. This study reviews the research data on how this receptor functions in different reproductive organs. Several notable findings were:

  • CaSR is present in placental cells that mediate the transport of calcium (Ca(2+)) from the mother to the fetus, enabling proper fetal development. This presence was identified in both mice and humans.
  • Experiments on mice lacking the CaSR gene (casr knock-out mice) showed a downregulation of the maternal-fetal calcium transport.
  • CaSR can stimulate cell proliferation, as evidenced by its activation in human and rat ovarian surface epithelial cells.
  • In various species, the activation of the CaSR plays a role in oocyte (female germ cell) maturation.
  • CaSR in rat and horse sperms was associated with improving sperm motility and capacitation (the ability of sperm to fertilize an egg).

CaSR Involvement in Implantation and Decidualization

The study also reviewed the role of CaSR in the implantation of the blastocyst (a group of cells formed five days after fertilization) and how it functions in the uterus during early pregnancy:

  • CaSR expression at the implantation site and in decidual cells (cells that line the uterus during early pregnancy) suggests that this receptor plays a significant role in blastocyst implantation and decidualization in the rat uterus.
  • Presence of CaSR in human extravillous cytotrophoblasts (cells that help in placental development) implies that it might have a role in human placental formation.

Implication of CaSR in Pathological Conditions

The study concludes by acknowledging an association between abnormal CaSR expression and reproductive tissue pathologies. However, more research and understanding are needed to know the physiological stimuli that trigger CaSR, the G-proteins linked to CaSR, the activated intracellular signaling pathway, and the functional relevance of CaSR activation in each organ. This is deemed important to better grasp the physiologic and pathophysiologic effects of CaSR on the mammalian reproductive system.

Cite This Article

APA
Ellinger I. (2016). The Calcium-Sensing Receptor and the Reproductive System. Front Physiol, 7, 371. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00371

Publication

Frontiers in physiology
ISSN: 1664-042X
NlmUniqueID: 101549006
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 7
Pages: 371
PII: 371

Researcher Affiliations

Ellinger, Isabella
  • Pathophysiology of the Placenta, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna Vienna, Austria.

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