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Home / Equine Research Bank / J Mol Evol / The complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the donkey and mtD...
Journal of molecular evolution1996; 43(5); 438-446; doi: 10.1007/BF02337515

The complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the donkey and mtDNA comparisons among four closely related mammalian species-pairs.

Abstract: The nucleotide sequence of the complete mitochondrial genome of the donkey, Equus asinus, was determined. The length of the molecule is 16,670 bp. The length, however, is not absolute due to pronounced heteroplasmy caused by variable numbers of two types of repetitive motifs in the control region. The sequence of the repeats is (a) 5'-CACACCCA and (b) 5'-TGCGCGCA, respectively. The order of (a) and (b) can be expressed as {n[2(a)+(b)]+m(a)}. In 32 different clones analyzed the number of n and m ranged from 0 to 9 and 1 to 7. The two rRNA genes, the 13 peptide-coding genes, and the 22 tRNA genes of the donkey and the horse, Equus caballus, were compared in detail. Total nucleotide difference outside the control region was 6.9%. Nucleotide difference between peptide-coding genes ranged from 6.4% to 9.4% with a mean of 8.0%. In the inferred protein sequences of the 13 peptide-coding genes the amino acid difference was 0.2-8.8%, and the mean for the 13 concatenated amino acid sequences was 1.9%. In the 22 tRNA genes, the mean difference was 3.5%, and that in the two rRNA genes was 4.1%. The mtDNA differences between the donkey and the horse suggest that the evolutionary separation of the two species occurred approximately 9 million years ago. Analyses of differences among the mtDNAs of three other species-pairs, harbor seal/grey seal, fin whale/blue whale, and Homo/common chimpanzee, showed that the relative evolutionary rate of individual peptide-coding genes varies among different species-pairs and modes of comparison. The findings show that the superimposition of sequence data of one lineage for resolving and dating evolutionary divergences of other lineages should be performed with caution unless based on comprehensive data.
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Publication Date: 1996-11-01 PubMed ID: 8875857DOI: 10.1007/BF02337515Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article focuses on the determination of the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence of the donkey. The study involved detailed comparison of the mitochondrial genes between a donkey and a horse, revealing an estimate of their evolutionary separation about 9 million years ago. Such findings, however, advised careful interpretation of evolutionary divergences based on sequence data from one species to another.

Full Sequence Analysis of Donkey’s Mitochondrial DNA

  • The researchers successfully sequenced the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the donkey, which they found to have a length of 16,670 base pairs (bp).
  • The length of the mitochondrial genome is not fixed due to observed heteroplasmy – a condition resulting from variable numbers of repetitive sequences, specifically two types of motifs in the control region (the part of the mitochondrial DNA that regulates its replication and transcription).
  • The order and frequency of these repeats were also characterized among 32 different clones, suggesting a degree of variability in this region among individual animals.

Comparative Study of Horse and Donkey MtDNA

  • Research compared the two rRNA genes, 13 peptide-coding genes, and 22 tRNA genes of the donkey and horse.
  • The total nucleotide difference outside the control region was found to be at approximately 6.9%. Meanwhile, nucleotide differences among peptide-coding genes ranged between 6.4% to 9.4% on average.
  • In protein sequences deduced from these genes, amino acid variation ranged between 0.2-8.8%, with an average of 1.9% for the 13 combined sequences.
  • The tRNA genes showed an averaged difference of 3.5%, whereas the rRNA genes showed a 4.1% difference. Such variations suggest that these regions might have evolved at different rates.

Evaluating Evolutionary Separation

  • The differences observed between horse and donkey mtDNA imply that these two species separated evolutionarily about 9 million years ago.
  • The study also assessed the mtDNA of other species pairs such as harbor seal/grey seal, fin whale/blue whale, and Homo/common chimpanzee, revealing that the evolutionary rate of individual peptide-coding genes fluctuates among varied species pairs and modes of comparison.
  • This research emphasizes caution when superimposing sequence data from one species to predict the evolutionary divergence rates of another, suggesting that a one-size-fits-all approach does not exist.

Cite This Article

APA
Xu X, Gullberg A, Arnason U. (1996). The complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the donkey and mtDNA comparisons among four closely related mammalian species-pairs. J Mol Evol, 43(5), 438-446. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02337515

Publication

Journal of molecular evolution
ISSN: 0022-2844
NlmUniqueID: 0360051
Country: Germany
Language: English
Volume: 43
Issue: 5
Pages: 438-446

Researcher Affiliations

Xu, X
  • Division of Evolutionary Molecular Systematics, University of Lund, Sölvegatan 29, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden.
Gullberg, A
    Arnason, U

      MeSH Terms

      • Animals
      • Base Composition
      • DNA, Mitochondrial / genetics
      • Equidae / genetics
      • Evolution, Molecular
      • Genes / genetics
      • Genetic Variation / genetics
      • Horses / genetics
      • Mammals / genetics
      • Molecular Sequence Data
      • Phylogeny
      • RNA, Transfer / genetics
      • Sequence Analysis, DNA
      • Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

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