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Cells2021; 10(4); doi: 10.3390/cells10040936

The Effect of the Clenbuterol-β2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist on the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Proliferation, Phenotype, Functions, and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Race Horses In Vitro.

Abstract: Clenbuterol, the β2-adrenoceptor agonist, is gaining growing popularity because of its effects on weight loss (i.e., chemical liposuction). It is also popular in bodybuilding and professional sports, due to its effects that are similar to anabolic steroids. However, it is prohibited by anti-doping control. On the other hand, it is suggested that clenbuterol can inhibit the inflammatory process. The cells from 14 untrained and 14 well-trained race horses were collected after acute exercise and cultured with clenbuterol. The expressions of CD4, CD8, FoxP3, CD14, MHCII, and CD5 in PBMC, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as well as cell proliferation, were evaluated by flow cytometry. In addition, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, INF-γ and TNF-α concentrations were evaluated by ELISA. β2-adrenoceptor stimulation leads to enhanced anti-inflammatory properties in well-trained horses, as do low doses in untrained animals. In contrast, higher clenbuterol doses create a pro-inflammatory environment in inexperienced horses. In conclusion, β2-adrenoceptor stimulation leads to a biphasic response. In addition, the immune cells are more sensitive to drug abuse in inexperienced individuals under physical training.
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Publication Date: 2021-04-17 PubMed ID: 33920705PubMed Central: PMC8072563DOI: 10.3390/cells10040936Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research examined the impact of Clenbuterol, a β2-adrenoceptor agonist mostly used for weight loss and physical performance improvement, on the inflammation response and immune system functionality of race horses, both trained and untrained.

Research Methodology

  • Researchers collected cells from 14 untrained and 14 well-trained racehorses after a period of acute exercise. These cells were subsequently cultured with Clenbuterol.
  • Using flow cytometry, the scientists monitored the expressions of several immune and inflammation response markers including CD4, CD8, FoxP3, CD14, MHCII, and CD5. They also assessed the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell proliferation.
  • The concentrations of various interleukins (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17) as well as INF-γ and TNF-α, which are all associated with immune responses, were evaluated using the ELISA assay technique.

Key Findings

  • Stimulation of the β2-adrenoceptor resulted in enhanced anti-inflammatory properties in well-trained horses and similar effects were observed in untrained animals exposed to low doses of Clenbuterol.
  • In contrast, the administration of higher doses of Clenbuterol in less experienced horses resulted in a pro-inflammatory environment, implying a lower tolerance to the drug in less trained individuals.
  • The researchers noticed a biphasic response to β2-adrenoceptor stimulation, suggesting that the immune cells’ reaction to drug exposure might be dictated by the level of physical training of the individual.

Conclusion

  • The study demonstrated two key findings: First, that β2-adrenoceptor stimulation by Clenbuterol can help boost anti-inflammatory properties. This was especially notable in well-trained horses, showing what might be deemed as an ‘adaptive’ immune response.
  • Secondly, untrained horses showed greater sensitivity to Clenbuterol dosages, hinting at a high potential for drug misuse and abuse in less experienced individuals undergoing physical training. Therefore, it is crucial to medicate and monitor such horses with care to prevent health-related complications.

Cite This Article

APA
Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Pingwara R, Szczepaniak J, Winnicka A. (2021). The Effect of the Clenbuterol-β2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist on the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Proliferation, Phenotype, Functions, and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Race Horses In Vitro. Cells, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10040936

Publication

Cells
ISSN: 2073-4409
NlmUniqueID: 101600052
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 4

Researcher Affiliations

Witkowska-Piłaszewicz, Olga
  • Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Science-SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
Pingwara, Rafał
  • Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
Szczepaniak, Jarosław
  • Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
Winnicka, Anna
  • Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Science-SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.

MeSH Terms

  • Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists / pharmacology
  • Animals
  • Cell Proliferation / drug effects
  • Clenbuterol / pharmacology
  • Cytokines / biosynthesis
  • Female
  • Horses / blood
  • Leukocytes, Mononuclear / cytology
  • Leukocytes, Mononuclear / drug effects
  • Leukocytes, Mononuclear / metabolism
  • Male
  • Monocytes / cytology
  • Monocytes / drug effects
  • Phenotype
  • Reactive Oxygen Species / metabolism

Grant Funding

  • 2017/25/N/NZ6/02750 / Narodowe Centrum Nauki

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

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