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Home / Equine Research Bank / Toxins (Basel) / The Health Status of Horses Used for at Least Six Complete C...
Toxins2023; 15(10); 589; doi: 10.3390/toxins15100589

The Health Status of Horses Used for at Least Six Complete Cycles of Loxoscelic Antivenom Production.

Abstract: Antivenom production against venom relies on horses being immunized and bled for plasma harvest. One horse can partake in several cycles of antivenom production, which will require years of constant venom and adjuvant inoculation and bleeding. The actual impact on the health of horses that participate in several antivenom-producing cycles is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the general health status of horses that underwent at least six cycles of loxoscelic antivenom production. Seven crossbred horses that had partaken in six to eight complete antivenom-producing cycles were used and established as the immunized group (IG). Under the same handling and general management, eleven horses were established as the control group (CG). The horses were evaluated regarding their general clinical status and had their blood sampled, and an ECG recorded. The IG presented lower RBC and PCV, despite keeping values within inferior limits for the species. Renal function was not impaired, and liver-related enzymes were higher than those in the CG, probably due to liver exertion from immunoglobulin synthesis. ECG showed some abnormalities in the IG, such as atrioventricular block and a wandering atrial pacemaker, corroborated by an increase in CK-MB. The cardiovascular abnormalities were mainly found in the horses that participated in several antivenom-producing cycles. The overall results indicate that these horses had some impairment of their general health status. Once available, some alternative, less toxic antigens should replace the venom for immunization of horses used for antivenom production.
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Publication Date: 2023-09-26 PubMed ID: 37888620PubMed Central: PMC10610985DOI: 10.3390/toxins15100589Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper evaluates and describes the health impacts on horses utilized in the production of antivenom against venom, after undergoing several cycles of inoculation and blood harvest.

Objective of the Study

  • The main intent of this research was to investigate the health effects on the horses that have gone through at least six complete cycles of loxoscelic antivenom production.

Methodology

  • Seven crossbred horses that have gone through six to eight complete antivenom-production cycles were investigated and categorized as the Immunized Group (IG). Eleven other horses formed the control group (CG).
  • These horses were handled under the same general management and evaluated on their general clinical status. Additionally, their blood samples were collected, and an Electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded.

Observations and Findings

  • The IG had a lower Red Blood Cell count (RBC) and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) compared to normal species levels, though these values remained within lower limits for the species.
  • The renal function of the horses was normal, but liver-related enzymes were higher than those in the CG. This could possibly be due to the liver’s exertion from the synthesis of immunoglobulins, proteins that function as antibodies.
  • Abnormalities were found in the ECG of the IG, such as atrioventricular block and a wandering atrial pacemaker. Increased levels of Creatine Kinase MB (CK-MB), a biomarker for damaged heart muscle, were found as well.
  • The horses that had gone through several cycles of antivenom production suffered from cardiovascular diseases.

Conclusion

  • Overall, the horses used in multiple cycles of antivenom production showed some impairment in their general health status.
  • The research suggests that, as soon as available, venom should be replaced with less toxic antigens for the immunization of horses used in antivenom production to reduce health impacts.

Cite This Article

APA
Miranda ALS, Antunes BC, Minozzo JC, Lima SA, Botelho AFM, Campos MTG, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Soto-Blanco B. (2023). The Health Status of Horses Used for at Least Six Complete Cycles of Loxoscelic Antivenom Production. Toxins (Basel), 15(10), 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15100589

Publication

Toxins
ISSN: 2072-6651
NlmUniqueID: 101530765
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 10
PII: 589

Researcher Affiliations

Miranda, Ana Luísa Soares de
  • Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte 30123-970, MG, Brazil.
Antunes, Bruno Cesar
  • Department of Health of the State of Paraná, Centro de Produção e Pesquisa de Imunobiológicos (CPPI), Rua Piquiri 170, Piraquara 80230-140, PR, Brazil.
Minozzo, João Carlos
  • Department of Health of the State of Paraná, Centro de Produção e Pesquisa de Imunobiológicos (CPPI), Rua Piquiri 170, Piraquara 80230-140, PR, Brazil.
Lima, Sabrina de Almeida
  • Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil.
Botelho, Ana Flávia Machado
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Campus Samambaia, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil.
Campos, Marco Túlio Gomes
  • Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte 30123-970, MG, Brazil.
Chávez-Olórtegui, Carlos
  • Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil.
Soto-Blanco, Benito
  • Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte 30123-970, MG, Brazil.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Antivenins
  • Immunization
  • Adjuvants, Immunologic
  • Antigens
  • Health Status

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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