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Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland)2024; 5; 1347548; doi: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1347548

The impact of opioid administration on the incidence of postanaesthetic colic in horses.

Abstract: Effective management of postoperative pain is essential to ensure patient welfare, reduce morbidity and optimize recovery. Opioids are effective in managing moderate to severe pain in horses but concerns over their adverse effects on gastrointestinal (GI) motility and associated increased colic risk limit their widespread use. Studies investigating the impact of systemic opioids on both GI motility and colic incidence in horses have yielded inconclusive outcomes. Therefore, this retrospective study aims to assess the influence of systemic administration of butorphanol, morphine, and methadone on post-anaesthetic colic (PAC) incidence. Horses undergoing general anaesthesia for non-gastrointestinal procedures that were hospitalized for at least 72 h post-anaesthesia were included in this study. Anaesthetised horses were stratified by procedure type into horses undergoing diagnostic imaging without surgical intervention, emergency or elective surgery. In addition, patients were grouped by opioid treatment regime into horses receiving no opioids, intraanaesthetic, short- (<24 h) or long-term (>24 h) postoperative opioids. Administered opioids encompassed butorphanol, morphine and methadone. The number of horses showing signs of colic in the 72 h after anaesthesia was assessed for each group. A total of 782 horses were included, comprising 659 undergoing surgical procedures and 123 undergoing diagnostic imaging. The overall PAC incidence was 15.1%. Notably, horses undergoing diagnostic imaging without surgery had a significantly lower PAC rate of 6.5% compared to those undergoing surgery (16.7%,  = 0.0146). Emergency surgeries had a significantly lower PAC rate of 5.8% compared to elective procedures (18%,  = 0.0113). Of the 782 horses, 740 received intraoperative opioids and 204 postoperative opioids, 102 of which long-term (≥24 h). Neither intraoperative ( = 0.4243) nor short-term postoperative opioids ( = 0.5744) increased PAC rates. Notably, only the long-term (≥24 h) administration of morphine significantly increased PAC incidence to 34% ( = 0.0038). In contrast, long-term butorphanol (5.3% PAC,  = 0.8482) and methadone (18.4% PAC,  = 0.6161) did not affect PAC rates. In summary, extended morphine administration was the only opioid treatment associated with a significantly increased risk of PAC.
© 2024 Haralambus, Juri, Mokry and Jenner.
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Publication Date: 2024-02-19 PubMed ID: 38440199PubMed Central: PMC10910105DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1347548Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research looks into the effect of pain relief drugs butorphanol, morphine, and methadone on the occurrence of colic after anesthesia among horses. The findings indicate that only long-term use of morphine was observed to significantly increase the incidence of post-anaesthetic colic.

Study Design and Sample

  • This was a retrospective study involving 782 horses. The subjects were made up of those that underwent general anaesthesia for non-gastrointestinal procedures and stayed in hospital for at least 72 hours after anaesthesia.
  • The group was further divided based on the type of procedure into horses undergoing diagnostic imaging without surgical intervention, and those undergoing either emergency or elective surgery.
  • Another classification was based on the opioid treatment regime. These included horses not receiving any opioids, and those receiving intraanaesthetic, short-term (less than 24 hours), or long-term (more than 24 hours) postoperative opioids.

Main Findings

  • The overall incidence of post-anaesthetic colic (PAC) was 15.1%. A significant finding was that horses undergoing diagnostic imaging without surgery registered a significantly lower PAC rate of 6.5% compared to those undergoing surgery (16.7%).
  • Emergency surgeries also recorded a significantly lower PAC rate of 5.8% compared to elective procedures (18%).
  • Of the 782 horses, 740 received intraoperative opioids and 204 postoperative opioids, with 102 of these receiving long-term (more than 24 hours) treatment.
  • However, neither intraoperative nor short-term postoperative opioids were seen to increase PAC rates.
  • Notably, only long-term administration of morphine significantly increased the PAC incidence to 34%. In contrast, long-term butorphanol and methadone did not affect PAC rates.

Conclusions

  • The study concluded that extended morphine administration was the only opioid treatment associated with a significantly increased risk of post-anaesthetic colic in horses.
  • This is an important consideration for veterinarians when choosing pain management strategies for horses, taking into account the potential higher risk of colic from long-term morphine use.

Cite This Article

APA
Haralambus R, Juri M, Mokry A, Jenner F. (2024). The impact of opioid administration on the incidence of postanaesthetic colic in horses. Front Pain Res (Lausanne), 5, 1347548. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2024.1347548

Publication

Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2673-561X
NlmUniqueID: 9918227269806676
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 5
Pages: 1347548
PII: 1347548

Researcher Affiliations

Haralambus, Rhea
  • Equine Surgery Unit, University Equine Hospital, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Juri, Michaela
  • Equine Surgery Unit, University Equine Hospital, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Mokry, Anna
  • Equine Surgery Unit, University Equine Hospital, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Jenner, Florien
  • Equine Surgery Unit, University Equine Hospital, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Maldonado Moreno N, Alves Moreira J, Araujo De Oliveira L, Sanches Gontijo A, Castilho Baldi ML, Rocha Wenceslau R, Beier SL. Analgesic and Gastrointestinal Effects of Methadone in Horses Undergoing Orchiectomy. Animals (Basel) 2025 Aug 11;15(16).
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