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Home / Equine Research Bank / J Vet Intern Med / Viremia and nasal shedding for the diagnosis of equine herpe...
Journal of veterinary internal medicine2023; 38(3); 1765-1791; doi: 10.1111/jvim.16958

Viremia and nasal shedding for the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus-1 infection in domesticated horses.

Abstract: Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection is associated with upper respiratory disease, EHM, abortions, and neonatal death. Objective: Are nasal secretions a more sensitive biological sample compared to blood for the detection of EHV-1 infection? How long is EHV-1 detectable after primary infection by PCR? Methods: MedLine and Web of Science searches identified original peer-reviewed reports evaluating nasal shedding and viremia using virus isolation methods or PCR published in English before October 9, 2023. Results: Sixty experimental and 20 observational studies met inclusion criteria. EHV-1 detection frequency by qPCR in nasal secretions and blood from naturally-infected horses with fever and respiratory signs were 15% and 9%, respectively; qPCR detection rates in nasal secretions and blood from horses with suspected EHM were 94% and 70%, respectively. In experimental studies the sensitivity of qPCR matched or exceeded that seen for virus isolation from either nasal secretions or blood. Detection of nasal shedding typically occurred within 2 days after EHV-1 inoculation with a detection period of 3 to 7 days. Viremia lasted 2 to 7 days and was usually detected ≥1 days after positive identification of EHV-1 in nasal secretions. Nasal shedding and viremia decreased over time and remained detectable in some horses for several weeks after inoculation. Conclusions: Under experimental conditions, blood and nasal secretions have similar sensitivity for the detection of EHV-1 when horses are sampled on multiple consecutive days. In contrast, in observational studies detection of EHV-1 in nasal secretions was consistently more successful.
© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
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Publication Date: 2023-12-09 PubMed ID: 38069548PubMed Central: PMC11099742DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16958Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article investigates the effectiveness of using nasal secretions versus blood samples in detecting Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1) in horses. The study uncovers that nasal secretions are generally more successful in identifying the virus compared to blood samples, especially under observational conditions.

Research Approach

  • The researchers conducted a comprehensive review of previously published original peer-reviewed studies on the topic. They used the MedLine and Web of Science databases to source these studies which discuss evaluating nasal shedding and viremia of EHV-1 under different conditions using varied methods like virus isolation and PCR.
  • These studies were done in English and were published before October 9, 2023.

Findings

  • The results came from sixty experimental studies and 20 observational studies. In testing for EHV-1 in naturally-infected horses showing symptoms of fever and respiratory issues, the detection rate of EHV-1 using quantitative PCR (qPCR) was higher in nasal secretions (15%) compared to blood samples (9%).
  • For horses with suspected equine herpes myeloencephalopathy (EHM), the percentages rose to 94% detection in nasal secretions and 70% in blood.
  • In experimental conditions, the sensitivity of qPCR either matched or exceeded the sensitivity seen in virus isolation from both nasal secretions and blood.
  • Nasal shedding was typically detectable within 2 days after EHV-1 inoculation and lasted for about 3-7 days.
  • Viremia took longer, usually detectable at least a day after positive identification in the nasal secretions and lasted between 2-7 days.
  • Both nasal shedding and viremia decreased over time but remained detectable in some cases for weeks post-inoculation.

Conclusions

  • Under controlled experimental conditions, blood and nasal secretion samples showed similar sensitivity in EHV-1 detection when sampled on multiple consecutive days.
  • In contrast, under observational study conditions, the detection of EHV-1 using nasal secretions as a sample was consistently more successful indicating that it may be a more viable and sensitive biological sample for EHV-1 detection in real-world settings.

Cite This Article

APA
Pusterla N, Dorman DC, Burgess BA, Goehring L, Gross M, Osterrieder K, Soboll Hussey G, Lunn DP. (2023). Viremia and nasal shedding for the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus-1 infection in domesticated horses. J Vet Intern Med, 38(3), 1765-1791. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16958

Publication

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
ISSN: 1939-1676
NlmUniqueID: 8708660
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 38
Issue: 3
Pages: 1765-1791

Researcher Affiliations

Pusterla, Nicola
  • School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
Dorman, David C
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
Burgess, Brandy A
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
Goehring, Lutz
  • College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
Gross, Margaret
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
Osterrieder, Klaus
  • Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Soboll Hussey, Gisela
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
Lunn, David P
  • School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / isolation & purification
  • Viremia / veterinary
  • Viremia / diagnosis
  • Viremia / virology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Herpesviridae Infections / diagnosis
  • Herpesviridae Infections / virology
  • Virus Shedding
  • Nose / virology
  • Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary

Conflict of Interest Statement

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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