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Parasitology research2023; 123(1); 56; doi: 10.1007/s00436-023-08086-w

A diverse microbial community and common core microbiota associated with the gonad of female Parascaris spp.

Abstract: The microbiome plays an important role in health, where changes in microbiota composition can have significant downstream effects within the host, and host-microbiota relationships can be exploited to affect health outcomes. Parasitic helminths affect animals globally, but an exploration of their microbiota has been limited, despite the development of anti-Wolbachia drugs to help control infections with some filarial nematodes. The equine ascarids, Parascaris spp., are considered the most pathogenic nematodes affecting juvenile horses and are also the only ascarid parasite to have developed widespread anthelmintic resistance. The aim of this study was to characterize the microbiota of this helminth, focusing on the female gonad, determine a core microbiota for this organ, identify bacterial species, and show bacterial localization to the female gonad via in situ hybridization (ISH). A total of 22 gonads were isolated from female Parascaris spp. collected from three foals, and 9 female parasites were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded for ISH. Next-generation sequencing was performed using V3-V4 primers as well as the Swift Amplicon™ 16S+ ITS Panel. Overall, ten genera were identified as members of the Parascaris spp. female gonad and twelve bacterial species were identified. The most prevalent genus was Mycoplasma, followed by Reyranella, and there were no differences in alpha diversity between parasites from different horses. Specific eubacteria staining was identified in both the intestine and within the gonad using ISH. Overall, this study provided in-depth information regarding the female Parascaris spp. microbiota and was the first to identify the core microbiota within a specific parasite organ.
© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
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Publication Date: 2023-12-18 PubMed ID: 38105374PubMed Central: 8056536DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08086-wGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study investigated the bacterial communities (microbiota) associated with the female reproductive organ (gonad) of the parasitic nematode Parascaris spp., which infects juvenile horses.
  • It identified a core group of bacteria commonly present, mapped their locations within the organ, and provided foundational knowledge about the parasite’s microbiome for the first time.

Background

  • Microbiomes—the complex communities of microorganisms living in or on organisms—play crucial roles in host health and disease.
  • In parasitic worms (helminths), understanding the microbiota is limited, although it has led to the development of treatments targeting symbiotic bacteria like Wolbachia in some nematodes.
  • Parascaris spp. are parasitic roundworms (ascarids) causing disease in young horses worldwide and represent a major veterinary problem due to widespread drug resistance.
  • Exploring the microbiota of these parasites, especially in the reproductive organs, may reveal potential targets or strategies for controlling infections.

Study Objectives

  • Characterize the bacterial communities within the female gonad of Parascaris spp.
  • Identify the core bacterial genera and species consistently present in this organ.
  • Locate the bacteria physically within the gonad tissues using in situ hybridization (ISH).

Methods

  • Sample Collection: Female Parascaris worms were collected from three foals, isolating 22 gonads for microbiome analysis.
  • Sample Preparation: 9 worms were fixed and embedded in paraffin for ISH to visualize bacteria.
  • DNA Sequencing: Next-generation sequencing with V3-V4 primers and Swift Amplicon™ 16S+ ITS Panel was performed to identify bacterial taxa.
  • Data Analysis: Sequences were analyzed to determine bacterial genera and species present, and diversity metrics were evaluated across samples from different hosts.
  • In Situ Hybridization: ISH targeting bacterial eubacteria was performed to show the physical location of bacteria within the gonad and intestine.

Key Findings

  • The study identified ten bacterial genera as part of the core microbiota of the female gonad, with twelve species detected.
  • Mycoplasma was the most prevalent bacterial genus found, followed by Reyranella.
  • There was no significant difference in species diversity (alpha diversity) between parasites taken from different horses, suggesting a stable core microbiota.
  • ISH confirmed the presence of bacteria both in the intestinal tissue and within the gonad of female worms.
  • This study represents the first detailed description of a core microbiota within a specific organ of a parasitic nematode.

Implications and Future Directions

  • Understanding the core microbiota of Parascaris spp. female gonads is a critical first step in exploring how these bacteria might influence parasite biology and host interactions.
  • Knowledge of the bacterial communities could assist in developing novel therapeutics, potentially targeting symbionts as has been done with Wolbachia in filarial worms.
  • Further research could explore functional roles of these bacteria, their impact on parasite reproduction, development, and drug resistance.
  • The establishment of bacterial localization within the parasite tissue can guide more targeted interventions.

Cite This Article

APA
Cain JL, Norris JK, Swan MP, Nielsen MK. (2023). A diverse microbial community and common core microbiota associated with the gonad of female Parascaris spp. Parasitol Res, 123(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-023-08086-w

Publication

Parasitology research
ISSN: 1432-1955
NlmUniqueID: 8703571
Country: Germany
Language: English
Volume: 123
Issue: 1
Pages: 56

Researcher Affiliations

Cain, Jennifer L
  • Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY, 40503, USA. horsewormdoc@gmail.com.
Norris, Jamie K
  • Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY, 40503, USA.
Swan, Melissa P
  • University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 1490 Bull Lea Road, Lexington, KY, 40511, USA.
Nielsen, Martin K
  • Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY, 40503, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Female
  • Ascaridoidea / genetics
  • Horse Diseases / parasitology
  • Ascaridida Infections / veterinary
  • Ascaridida Infections / parasitology
  • Drug Resistance
  • Feces / parasitology
  • Parasites
  • Helminths
  • Gonads

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