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Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere2024; 52(2); 108-114; doi: 10.1055/a-2253-8103

Adjunctive bevacizumab therapy in an equine corneal stromal invasive squamous cell carcinoma with a 53-months follow-up.

Abstract: A 17-year-old Appaloosa mare was referred for evaluation of presumed refractory keratitis of the left eye. Gross examination revealed ocular discomfort and corneal neovascularization with a nasal focal opacification affecting approximately 40% of the corneal surface. On ophthalmic examination, extensive subepithelial to mid-stromal vascular branching accompanied by a homogeneous white, dense opacification, which affected up to 80% of the total corneal thickness, were apparent. Signs of concurrent uveitis were absent. Deep-stromal lamellar keratectomy with a conjunctival pedicle graft was performed under general anesthesia. Histopathology confirmed a poorly differentiated corneal stromal invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SI-SCC) with neoplastic cell extension to the surgical margins. Postoperatively, 4 topical mitomycin C 0.04% chemotherapy cycles combined with oral firocoxib therapy were initiated. Seven months after surgery, regrowth of the SI-SCC was clinically suspected. A total volume of 1 ml bevacizumab 2.5% was administered in the standing sedated horse via 3 mid-stromal corneal injections. Four weeks later, intrastromal bevacizumab injections (ISBIs) were repeated, however, this time the solution was injected directly into the main corneal vessel branches.Seven weeks after the second ISBIs, the left eye was comfortable and significant remission of corneal vascularization and opacity was recognized. No recurrence has been noted for a follow-up period of more than 53 months.Equine SI-SCC usually has a very poor prognosis for globe maintenance. To the authors' knowledge this is the first report of well-tolerated intrastromal antivascular endothelial growth factor adjunctive therapy with bevazicumab 2.5% and SI-SCC resolution after a multimodal treatment approach. Das equine korneale stromal-invasive Plattenepithelkarzinom zeigt ein anderes klinisches Erscheinungsbild als klassische Plattenepithelkarzinome im Bereich der Nickhaut, der Augenlider, der Konjunktiva oder des Limbus. Eine 17-jährige Appaloosa Stute wurde aufgrund einer vermuteten, therapieresistenten Keratitis des linken Auges überwiesen. Bei der Distanzbetrachtung zeigten sich Blepharospasmus, korneale Neovaskularisation und eine, von nasal kommende, fokale Trübung, die ca. 40% der Hornhautoberfläche einnahm. Die ophthalmologische Untersuchung ergab subepitheliale bis mid-stromale verzweigte korneale Gefäßeinsprossungen begleitet von einer dichten, homogen weißen Trübung, die ca. 80% der Hornhautdicke einnahm. Uveitisanzeichen waren nicht vorhanden. In Allgemeinanästhesie wurde eine tief-stromale lamelläre Keratektomie mit gestieltem Bindehauttransplantat durchgeführt. Histopathologisch wurde ein wenig differenziertes korneales stromal-invasives Plattenepithelkarzinom mit Tumorzellen im Bereich der Schnittränder diagnostiziert. Postoperativ erfolgten 4 Behandlungszyklen mit topischer Mitomycin C 0,04%-Chemotherapie kombiniert mit oraler Firocoxib-Therapie. Sieben Monate nach der Operation traten klinische Rezidivanzeichen auf. Beim stehend-sedierten Pferd wurden 3 mid-stromale Bevacizumab 2,5%-Injektionen mit einem Gesamtvolumen von 1 ml durchgeführt. Vier Wochen danach wurde diese adjuvante Behandlung wiederholt, wobei das Bevacizumab direkt in die kornealen Hauptgefäßäste injiziert wurde.Sieben Wochen nach den zweiten Bevacizumab-Injektionen war das linke Auge komfortabel und eine signifikante Remission der kornealen Vaskularisation und Trübung erkennbar. Während der Nachbeobachtungszeit von über 53 Monaten wurde kein erneutes Tumorwachstum festgestellt.Dies ist die erste Beschreibung eines equinen kornealen stromal-invasiven Plattenepithelkarzinoms nach erfolgreicher multimodaler Therapie einschließlich adjuvanter Bevacizumab 2,5%-Injektionen ohne unerwünschte Wirkungen. Diese Neoplasie ist üblicherweise mit einer ungünstigen oder infausten Prognose für den Erhalt des Auges verbunden.
Publication Date: 2024-05-03 PubMed ID: 38701802PubMed Central: PMC11068419DOI: 10.1055/a-2253-8103Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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The research paper details a case study of a 17-year-old mare treated for an invasive form of corneal cancer using different treatment approaches, including the use of bevacizumab injections.

Case Presentation

  • The study revolves around a 17-year-old Appaloosa mare which was brought in for evaluation due to a suspected case of refractory keratitis. An examination revealed that the horse was experiencing ocular discomfort and approximately 40% of the corneal surface was affected by corneal neovascularization and nasal focal opacification.
  • An ophthalmic examination showed subepithelial to mid-stromal vascular branching and a dense, white opacification that affected around 80% of the corneal thickness.
  • The horse did not show any signs of the concurrent uveitis.

Treatment Process

  • Under general anesthesia, a surgery known as deep-stromal lamellar keratectomy was performed in conjunction with a conjunctival pedicle graft.
  • A histopathological analysis showed that the horse was suffering from an invasive form of corneal cancer known as squamous cell carcinoma (SI-SCC). The cancer had spread to the surgical margins.
  • Topical topical mitomycin C 0.04% chemotherapy and oral firocoxib therapy were administered post operation. However, seven months after surgery, regrowth of the cancer was suspected.
  • In response, the mare received a total of 1ml bevacizumab 2.5% via 3 mid-stromal corneal injections while still standing but sedated. This treatment was repeated four weeks later, injecting the medicine directly into the primary corneal vessel branches.

Outcome

  • Seven weeks following the second round of bevacizumab injections, significant improvements were observed in the horse’s left eye. The corneal vascularization and opacity had notably decreased. The eye was comfortable, and no cancer regrowth has been reported for over 53 months following the successful conclusion of treatment.
  • This case marked the first instance of a horse with SI-SCC showing a positive reaction to a multimodal treatment plan involving bevacizumab injections. In general, horses with this condition have a poor prognosis for maintaining the eyeball.

Cite This Article

APA
Blohm KO, Nell B. (2024). Adjunctive bevacizumab therapy in an equine corneal stromal invasive squamous cell carcinoma with a 53-months follow-up. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 52(2), 108-114. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2253-8103

Publication

ISSN: 2567-5834
NlmUniqueID: 9715779
Country: Germany
Language: English
Volume: 52
Issue: 2
Pages: 108-114

Researcher Affiliations

Blohm, Klaas-Ole
  • Tierklinik Lüsche im SANAKENA, Appen-Etz, Germany.
  • Tierarztpraxis Schönhoff, Stendal, Germany.
  • Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Ophthalmology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
Nell, Barbara
  • Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Ophthalmology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Bevacizumab / therapeutic use
  • Bevacizumab / administration & dosage
  • Horse Diseases / drug therapy
  • Female
  • Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / veterinary
  • Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / drug therapy
  • Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / pathology
  • Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / surgery
  • Eye Neoplasms / veterinary
  • Eye Neoplasms / drug therapy
  • Eye Neoplasms / pathology
  • Eye Neoplasms / surgery
  • Angiogenesis Inhibitors / therapeutic use
  • Angiogenesis Inhibitors / administration & dosage
  • Corneal Stroma / drug effects
  • Corneal Stroma / pathology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors did not receive any commercial company funding and have no conflicts of interest. Open Access fee was paid by the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna.

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