FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Sci Rep / Advanced platelet-rich fibrin promotes healing of induced co...
Scientific reports2023; 13(1); 21824; doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-48933-5

Advanced platelet-rich fibrin promotes healing of induced corneal ulcer in donkeys (Equus asinus).

Abstract: Ulcerative keratitis is a common disease in horses which may cause blindness. To prevent secondary bacterial and fungal infections and promote quick re-growth of the epithelial layer, different treatment approaches have been employed. This study aimed to examine the effects of advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) gel on the healing process of experimentally induced corneal ulcers in donkeys. Nine healthy adult donkeys were used for the study. The donkeys were divided into two groups: the control group, where no medication was applied to the corneal ulcer, and the A-PRF gel group, where A-PRF gel was applied once a day on specific days after ulcer induction. The healing process was evaluated through various examinations and analyses. The results demonstrated that the A-PRF gel group showed significant improvement in the corneal ulcer area, with epithelial and stromal regeneration. At day 35, about 60% of the A-PRF group showed negative fluorescein uptake. Additionally, fewer complications were observed during the healing process compared to the control group. In conclusion, A-PRF gel is an important and safe therapeutic option for controlling ocular surface infection and promoting corneal healing. We recommend using A-PRF gel as an alternative approach, avoiding eyelid suturing, and minimizing corneal irritation.
© 2023. The Author(s).
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2023-12-09 PubMed ID: 38071242PubMed Central: 10502137DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48933-5Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research aimed at investigating the effectiveness of an advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) gel in enhancing the healing process of experimentally induced corneal ulcers in donkeys, showing that the treatment promoted a marked improvement in healing and reduced complications.

Study Design

  • Nine healthy adult donkeys were chosen for this experimental research. A controlled design was used, with the animals split into two groups for the purpose of comparative analysis.
  • The control group did not receive any medication on their induced corneal ulcers. The purpose of this group was to naturally observe the progression and healing process of an untreated corneal ulcer.
  • For the second group, A-PRF gel was applied on their corneal ulcers once a day on specific days after the ulcer was induced. The intention here was to comprehend how the application of A-PRF gel affected the healing process of a corneal ulcer.
  • Throughout the experiment duration, the healing process of the ulcers in each group was closely monitored, evaluated, and compared. Various examinations and analyses were carried out for detailed data.

Results

  • The results of the experiment showed a significant improvement in the corneal ulcer area of the group that received A-PRF gel. This was noted with both an improvement in epithelial regeneration–naturally occurring repair of tissue, and stromal regeneration–the healing of the thick, supportive layer of the cornea.
  • The A-PRF gel also resulted in faster healing rates. By day 35 of the experiment, about 60% of the donkeys treated with A-PRF gel showed no signs of fluorescein uptake, indicating an absence of corneal defects. This is compared to the control group where, presumably, ulcers were still present.
  • The study also denoted fewer complications during the healing process in the A-PRF treated group when contrasted with the control group.

Conclusion

  • In conclusion, the study determined that A-PRF gel is a safe and effective therapeutic option for controlling ocular surface infections and promoting corneal healing in cases of ulcerative keratitis.
  • The research recommends the use of A-PRF gel as an alternative approach to more conventional treatments. The study also suggests A-PRF could lessen the need for eyelid suturing and minimize corneal irritation during treatment.

Cite This Article

APA
Hosny OH, Abd-Elkareem M, Ali MM, Ahmed AF. (2023). Advanced platelet-rich fibrin promotes healing of induced corneal ulcer in donkeys (Equus asinus). Sci Rep, 13(1), 21824. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-48933-5

Publication

Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
NlmUniqueID: 101563288
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 21824

Researcher Affiliations

Hosny, Omar H
  • Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt. omarhussein@aun.edu.eg.
Abd-Elkareem, Mahmoud
  • Department of Cell and Tissue, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
Ali, Magda M
  • Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
Ahmed, Ahmed F
  • Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.

References

This article includes 78 references
  1. Brooks DE, Matthews AG. Equine ophthalmology. In Veterinary Ophthalmology (ed Gelatt, K.N.). 4th ed. 1192–1211 (Blackwell Publishing, Professional, 2007).
  2. Nasisse MP, Nelms S. Equine ulcerative keratitis. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine. Pract. 8, 537–555 (1992).
    doi: 10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30440-6google scholar: lookup
  3. Brooks DE. Equine ophthalmology. In Veterinary Ophthalmology (eds Brooks, D. E., Matthews, A. G.). 2nd ed. 1053–1116 (Philadelphia, 1999).
  4. Brooks DE. Corneal ulceration. In Ophthalmology for the Equine Practitioner. 1st ed. 57–86 (Teton New Media, 2002).
  5. Andrew SA, Willis AM. Diseases of the cornea and sclera. In Equine Ophthalmology (ed. Gilger, B.C.). 1st ed. 157–251 (Elsevier Saunders, 2005).
  6. Clode AB, Matthews AG. Diseases and surgery of the cornea. In Equine Ophthalmology (ed. Gilger, B.C.). 2nd ed. 181–215 (Elsevier Saunders, 2011).
  7. Johns IC, Baxter K, Booler H, Hicks C, Menzies-Gow N. Conjunctival bacterial and fungal flora in healthy horses in the UK. Vet. Ophthalmol 14, 195–199 (2011).
    pubmed: 21521444doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00867.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  8. Brown SI, Bloomfield SE, Tam W. The cornea-destroying enzyme of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Invest. Ophthalmol 13, 174 (1974).
    pubmed: 4273282
  9. Monod M. Secreted proteases from pathogenic fungi. Int. J. Med. Microbiol 292, 405–419 (2002).
    pubmed: 12452286doi: 10.1078/1438-4221-00223google scholar: lookup
  10. Bentley E. Spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects in dog. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 3, 158–165 (2005).
    doi: 10.5326/0410158google scholar: lookup
  11. Williams LB, Pinard CL. Corneal ulcers in horses. Compend. Contin. Educ. Vet 35(1), E4 (2013).
    pubmed: 23532729
  12. Cutler TJ. Corneal epithelial disease. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 20, 319–343 (2004).
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2004.04.014google scholar: lookup
  13. Ollivier FJ. Medical and surgical management of melting corneal ulcers exhibiting hyperproteinase activity in the horse. Clin. Tech. Equip. Pract. 4, 50–71 (2005).
    doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2005.03.012google scholar: lookup
  14. Miron R. Injectable platelet rich fibrin (i-PRF): Opportunities in regenerative dentistry?. Clin. Oral Invest. 21, 2619–2627 (2017).
    doi: 10.1007/s00784-017-2063-9google scholar: lookup
  15. Inatomi T. Ocular surface reconstruction with combination of cultivated autologous oral mucosal epithelial transplantation and penetrating keratoplasty. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 142(5), 757–764 (2006).
    doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.06.004pubmed: 16989763google scholar: lookup
  16. Manni L. Nerve growth factor: Basic studies and possible therapeutic applications. Growth Factors 31(4), 115–122 (2013).
    doi: 10.3109/08977194.2013.804073pubmed: 23777359google scholar: lookup
  17. Marquez EB, De Ortueta D, Royo SB, Martinez-Carpio PA. Epidermal growth factor receptor in corneal damage: Update and new insights from recent reports. Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol. 30(1), 7–14 (2011).
    doi: 10.3109/15569527.2010.498398pubmed: 21091383google scholar: lookup
  18. Anitua E. Autologous serum and plasma rich in growth factors in ophthalmology: Preclinical and clinical studies. Acta Ophthalmol. 93(8), e605–e614 (2015).
    doi: 10.1111/aos.12710pubmed: 25832910google scholar: lookup
  19. Brignole-Baudouin F, Warnet JM, Barritault D, Baudouin C. RGTA-based matrix therapy in severe experimental corneal lesions: Safety and efficacy studies. J. Fr. Ophtalmol. 36, 740–747 (2013).
    doi: 10.1016/j.jfo.2013.01.012pubmed: 23958066google scholar: lookup
  20. Guerra M. Neurotrophic keratopathy: Therapeutic approach using a novel matrix regenerating agent. J. Ocular Pharmacol. Ther. 33(9), 662–669 (2017).
    doi: 10.1089/jop.2017.0010google scholar: lookup
  21. Dohan Ehrenfest DM, De Peppo GM, Doglioli P, Sammartino G. Slowrelease of growthfactors andthrombospondin-1 inChoukroun’s platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): A gold standard to achieve for all surgical platelet concentrates technologies. Growth Factors 27, 63–69 (2009).
    pubmed: 19089687doi: 10.1080/08977190802636713google scholar: lookup
  22. Bielecki T, Dohan Ehrenfest DM. Leukocyte- and platelet-rich plasma (L-PRP)/fibrin (L-PRF) in medicine—Past, present, future. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 13(7), i–ii (2012).
    pubmed: 22709373
  23. Al-Badran A, Bierbaum S, Wolf-Brandstetter C. Does the choice of preparation protocol for platelet-rich fibrin have consequences for healing and alveolar ridge preservation after tooth extraction? A meta-analysis. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 81, 602 (2023).
    pubmed: 36736375doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2023.01.004google scholar: lookup
  24. Silveira BBB, Teixeira LN, Miron RJ, Martinez EF. Effect of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) membranes on the healing of infected skin wounds. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 315(3), 559–567 (2023).
    pubmed: 36201046doi: 10.1007/s00403-022-02401-8google scholar: lookup
  25. Abd-Elkawi M, Sharshar A, Misk T, Elgohary I, Gadallah S. Effect of calcium carbonate nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles and advanced platelet-rich fibrin for enhancing bone healing in a rabbit model. Sci. Rep. 13(1), 15232 (2023).
    pubmed: 37709814pmc: 10502137doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-42292-xgoogle scholar: lookup
  26. Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Rasmusson L, Albrektsson T. Classification of platelet concentrates: From pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) to leucocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF). Trends Biotechnol. 27(3), 158–167 (2009).
    pubmed: 19187989doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.11.009google scholar: lookup
  27. Choukroun J, Adda F, Schoeffler C, Vervelle A. An opportunity in paro-implantology: PRF [in French]. Implantodontie 42, 55–62 (2001).
  28. Dohan DM, Choukroun J, Diss A, Dohan SL, Dohan AJ, Mouhyi J, Gogly B. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): A second-generation platelet concentrate. Part I: Technological concepts and evolution. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endodontol. 101(3), 37–44 (2006).
  29. Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Del Corso M, Diss A, Mouhyi J, Charrier JB. Three-dimensional architecture and cell composition of a Choukroun’s platelet-rich fibrin clot and membrane. J. Periodontol. 81(4), 546–555 (2010).
    pubmed: 20373539doi: 10.1902/jop.2009.090531google scholar: lookup
  30. Prakash S, Thakur A. Platelet concentrates: Past, present and future. J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg. 10, 45–49 (2011).
    pubmed: 22379320pmc: 3177496doi: 10.1007/s12663-011-0182-4google scholar: lookup
  31. Stoppini R, Gilger BC. Equine ocular examination basic techniques. Equine Ophthalmol. 4, 1–39 (2016).
  32. Hosny OH, Abd-Elkareem M, Ali MM, Ahmed AF. Effect of autologous serum derived from advanced platelet-rich fibrin on the healing of experimentally-induced corneal ulcer in donkeys (Equus asinus). J. Adv. Vet. Res. 12(1), 73–85 (2022).
  33. Schultz GS. Treatment of alkali-injured rabbit corneas with a synthetic inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33, 3325–3331 (1992).
    pubmed: 1385350
  34. Levinson RA, Paterson CA, Pfister RR. Ascorbate acid prevents corneal ulceration and perforation following experimental alkali burns. Invest. Ophthalmol. 15, 986–993 (1976).
    pubmed: 992963
  35. Öztürk F. The effect of propolis extract in experimental chemical corneal injury. Ophthalm. Res. 32, 13–18 (2000).
    doi: 10.1159/000055581google scholar: lookup
  36. Ghanaati S. Advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF)—A new concept for cell based tissue engineering by means of inflammatory cells. J. Oral Implantol. 40(6), 679–689 (2014).
    pubmed: 24945603doi: 10.1563/aaid-joi-D-14-00138google scholar: lookup
  37. Petroutsos G, Guimaraes R, Giraud J, Pouliquen Y. Antibiotics and corneal epithelial wound healing. Arch. Ophthalmol. 101, 1775 (1983).
    pubmed: 6639435doi: 10.1001/archopht.1983.01040020777023google scholar: lookup
  38. Knottenbelt DC, Malalana F. Saunders Equine Formulary E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014.
  39. Fischer AH, Jacobson KA, Rose J, Zeller R. Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining of Tissue and Cell Sections. Cold Spring Harbor. Protocol 2008; pdb.prot4986 (2008).
  40. Aterman K, Norkin S. The periodic acid—Schiff reaction. Nature 197, 1306–1306 (1963).
    pubmed: 13965334doi: 10.1038/1971306a0google scholar: lookup
  41. Crossmon G. A modification of mallorus connective tissue stain with discussion of the principle involved. Anat. Rec. 69, 33–38 (1937).
    doi: 10.1002/ar.1090690105google scholar: lookup
  42. Bhutda S. Histochemical staining of collagen and identification of its subtypes by picrosirius red dye in mouse reproductive tissues. Bio-Protocol 7, e2592–e2592 (2017).
    pubmed: 34595270pmc: 8438400doi: 10.21769/BioProtoc.2592google scholar: lookup
  43. Burling K. Effect of topical administration of epidermal growth factor on healing of corneal epithelial defects in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 61, 1150–1155 (2000).
    pubmed: 10976751doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1150google scholar: lookup
  44. Mishra A. Evaluation of PRP drop and L-PRF membrane for aggressive ulcerative keratitis in dogs. J. Anim. Res. 11(1), 181–185 (2021).
    doi: 10.30954/2277-940X.01.2021.24google scholar: lookup
  45. Pereira VBS, da Silva Barbirato D, do Lago CAP, do Egito Vasconcelos BC. The effect of advanced platelet-rich fibrin in tissue regeneration in reconstructive and graft surgery: Systematic review. J. Craniofac. Surg. 34(4), 1217–1221 (2023).
  46. Demir A, Erdikmen DO, Sevim ZT, Altundağ Y. The use of an autologous platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) membrane for the treatment of deep corneal ulcers in dogs. Veterinarski Arhiv 92(4), 443–458 (2022).
    doi: 10.24099/vet.arhiv.1304google scholar: lookup
  47. Can ME. A novel technique for conjunctivoplasty in a rabbit model: Platelet-rich fibrin membrane grafting. J. Ophthalmol. 2016, 1965720 (2016).
    pubmed: 27747098pmc: 5055987doi: 10.1155/2016/1965720google scholar: lookup
  48. Marín-Payá E, Rahhal-Ortuño M, Aguilar-González M, Fernández-Santodomingo AS, García-Delpech S. Use of Vivostat PRF in Acanthamoeba keratitis. Roman. J. Ophthalmol. 64(2), 222 (2020).
    doi: 10.22336/rjo.2020.37google scholar: lookup
  49. Ashour SH. The effects of injectable platelet-rich fibrin and advanced-platelet rich fibrin on gingival fibroblast cell vitality, proliferation, differentiation. Tissue Eng. Regener. Med. 31, 1–12 (2023).
  50. Nurhidayat BR, Komaratih E. Effect of platelet rich fibrin membrane on the expression of smooth muscle actin and transforming growth factor beta in corneal wound healing Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis patient: A literature review. Bali Med. J. 12(2), 1855–1861 (2023).
  51. He L, Lin Y, Hu X, Zhang Y, Wu H. A comparative study of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the effect of proliferation and diff erentiation of rat osteoblasts in vitro. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 108, 707–713 (2009).
    pubmed: 19836723doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.06.044google scholar: lookup
  52. Kobayashi E. Comparative release of growth factors from PRP, PRF, and advanced-PRF. Clin. Oral Invest. 20(9), 2353–2360 (2016).
    doi: 10.1007/s00784-016-1719-1google scholar: lookup
  53. Lundquist R, Dziegiel MH, Agren MS. Bioactivity and stability of endogenous fibrogenic factors in platelet-rich fibrin. Wound Repair Regener. 16, 356–363 (2008).
    doi: 10.1111/j.1524-475X.2007.00344.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  54. Ibrahim A, Ahmed AF. The impact of surgical excision of the orbital lacrimal gland on the aqueous tear production and ocular surface health in donkeys (Equus asinus). J. Equine Vet. Sci. 97, 103344 (2021).
    pubmed: 33478769doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103344google scholar: lookup
  55. Gunay C. Evaluation of autologous serum eyedrops for the treatment of experimentally induced corneal alcali burns. Revue Méd. Vét. 166(3–4), 63–71 (2015).
  56. Christmas R. Management of chemical burns of the canine cornea. Can. Vet. J. 32(10), 608–612 (1991).
    pubmed: 17423874pmc: 1481081
  57. Imanishi J. Growth factors: Importance in wound healing and maintenance of transparency of the cornea. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 19, 113–129 (2000).
    pubmed: 10614683doi: 10.1016/S1350-9462(99)00007-5google scholar: lookup
  58. Sobhy M. Evaluation and Comparison of the Effect of Honey, Aloe Vera Gel and Cod Liver Oil on Healing of Experimentally Induced Corneal Ulcer in Donkeys: An Experimental Study. Master Thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University (2016).
  59. Aricioglu C, Dolanmaz D, Esen A, Isik K, Avunduk MC. Histological evaluation of effectiveness of platelet-rich fibrin on healing of sinus membrane perforations: A preclinical animal study. J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg. 45(8), 1150–1157 (2017).
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2017.05.005google scholar: lookup
  60. De Aracena Del Cid RM, De Espinosa Escoriaza IM. Subconjunctival application of regenerative factor-rich plasma for the treatment of ocular alkali burns. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 19(6), 909–915 (2009).
    doi: 10.1177/112067210901900603google scholar: lookup
  61. Conners MS. Alkali burn-induced synthesis of inflammatory eicosanoids in rabbit corneal epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 38, 1963–1971 (1997).
    pubmed: 9331260
  62. Schultz GS. Modulation of corneal wound healing. In Cornea (eds Krachmer, J.H., Mannis, M.J., Holland, E.J.). 1st ed. 183–196 (Mosby, 1997).
  63. Sack RA. Towards a closed eye model of the preocular tear layer. Prog. Retin. Eye. Res. 19, 649–668 (2000).
    pubmed: 11029550doi: 10.1016/S1350-9462(00)00006-9google scholar: lookup
  64. Sivak JM, Fini ME. MMPs in the eye: Emerging roles for matrix metalloproteinases in ocular physiology. Prog. Retin. Eye. Res. 21, 1–14 (2002).
    pubmed: 11906808doi: 10.1016/S1350-9462(01)00015-5google scholar: lookup
  65. Aroca S, Keglevich T, Barbieri B, Gera I, Etienne D. Clinical evaluation of a modified coronally advanced flap alone or in combination with a platelet-rich fibrin membrane for the treatment of adjacent multiple gingival recessions: A 6-month study. J. Periodontol. 80, 244–252 (2009).
    pubmed: 19186964doi: 10.1902/jop.2009.080253google scholar: lookup
  66. Dohan Ehrenfest DM. In vitro effects of Choukroun’s PRF (platelet-rich fibrin) on human gingival fibroblasts, dermal prekeratinocytes, preadipocytes, and maxillofacial osteoblasts in primary cultures. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 108, 341–352 (2009).
    pubmed: 19589702doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.04.020google scholar: lookup
  67. Gilger BC, Davidson MG. How to prepare for ocular surgery in the standing horse. In Proceedings of the American Association for Equine Practice. 266–271 (2002).
  68. Williams LB, Pinard CL. Corneal ulcers in horses. Compend. Contin. Educ. Vet. 35(1), E4 (2013).
    pubmed: 23532729
  69. Klenkler B, Sheardown H, Jones L. Growth factors in the tear film: Role in tissue maintenance, wound healing, and ocular pathology. Ocul. Surf. 5, 228–239 (2007).
    pubmed: 17660896doi: 10.1016/S1542-0124(12)70613-4google scholar: lookup
  70. Alio JL, Arnalich-Montiel F, Rodriguez AE. The role of “eye platelet rich plasma” (E-PRP) for wound healing in ophthalmology. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 13, 1257–1265 (2012).
    pubmed: 21740369doi: 10.2174/138920112800624355google scholar: lookup
  71. Shen EP. Comparison of corneal epitheliotrophic capacity among different human blood-derived preparations. Cornea 30(2), 208–214 (2011).
    pubmed: 21045671doi: 10.1097/ICO.0b013e3181eadb67google scholar: lookup
  72. Donzis PB, Mondino PJ. Management of noninfectious corneal ulcers. Surv. Ophthalmol. 32(2), 94–110 (1987).
    pubmed: 3317957doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(87)90102-0google scholar: lookup
  73. Bashkaran K. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Tualang honey in alkali injury on the eyes of rabbits: Experimental animal study. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 11, 1 (2011).
    doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-90google scholar: lookup
  74. Dohan D M. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): A second-generation platelet concentrate. Part II: Platelet-related biologic features. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endodontol. 101(3), e45–e50 (2006).
    doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.07.009google scholar: lookup
  75. Simonpieri A, Del Corso M, Sammartino G, DohanEhrenfest DM. The relevance of Choukroun’s platelet-rich fibrin and metronidazole during complex maxillary rehabilitations using bone allograft. Part I: A new grafting protocol. Implant Dent. 18(2), 102–111 (2009).
    pubmed: 19359860doi: 10.1097/ID.0b013e318198cf00google scholar: lookup
  76. Kokdere NN, Baykul T, Findik Y. The use of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and PRFmixed particulated autogenous bone graft in the treatment of bone defects: an experimental and histomorphometrical study. Dent. Res. J. 12, 418–424 (2015).
    doi: 10.4103/1735-3327.166188google scholar: lookup
  77. Park JW, Hwang SR, Yoon IS. Advanced growth factor delivery systems in wound management and skin regeneration. Molecules 22, E1259 (2017).
    doi: 10.3390/molecules22081259google scholar: lookup
  78. Freire V. Corneal wound healing promoted by 3 blood derivatives: An in vitro and in vivo comparative study. Cornea 33, 614–620 (2014).
    pubmed: 24727633doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000000109google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.