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Home / Equine Research Bank / Mol Ecol / Ancient horse genomes reveal the timing and extent of disper...
Molecular ecology2021; 30(23); 6144-6161; doi: 10.1111/mec.15977

Ancient horse genomes reveal the timing and extent of dispersals across the Bering Land Bridge.

Abstract: The Bering Land Bridge (BLB) last connected Eurasia and North America during the Late Pleistocene. Although the BLB would have enabled transfers of terrestrial biota in both directions, it also acted as an ecological filter whose permeability varied considerably over time. Here we explore the possible impacts of this ecological corridor on genetic diversity within, and connectivity among, populations of a once wide-ranging group, the caballine horses (Equus spp.). Using a panel of 187 mitochondrial and eight nuclear genomes recovered from present-day and extinct caballine horses sampled across the Holarctic, we found that Eurasian horse populations initially diverged from those in North America, their ancestral continent, around 1.0-0.8 million years ago. Subsequent to this split our mitochondrial DNA analysis identified two bidirectional long-range dispersals across the BLB ~875-625 and ~200-50 thousand years ago, during the Middle and Late Pleistocene. Whole genome analysis indicated low levels of gene flow between North American and Eurasian horse populations, which probably occurred as a result of these inferred dispersals. Nonetheless, mitochondrial and nuclear diversity of caballine horse populations retained strong phylogeographical structuring. Our results suggest that barriers to gene flow, currently unidentified but possibly related to habitat distribution across Beringia or ongoing evolutionary divergence, played an important role in shaping the early genetic history of caballine horses, including the ancestors of living horses within Equus ferus.
© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2021-05-27 PubMed ID: 33971056DOI: 10.1111/mec.15977Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article investigates the genetic history of caballine horses and the impact of the Bering Land Bridge (BLB) on their dispersal between North America and Eurasia. The study utilized both mitochondrial and nuclear genomes from a wide range of current and extinct caballine horses in order to elucidate these historical migration patterns.

Context and Study Aim

  • The Bering Land Bridge (BLB) served as a significant passage for the distribution of terrestrial life during the Late Pleistocene era between North America and Eurasia. However, the ecological permeability of the bridge varied immensely overtime, thereby acting as an ecological filter.
  • This research focuses on understanding the impact of this filter on a specific species – the caballine horses (Equus spp.), which once had a wide geographical range across the northern hemisphere (Holarctic).
  • The primary aim was to clarify the mystery around gene flow across these two continents and to identify the genetic diversity within and between these populations of horses.

Methodology

  • Scientists analyzed the mitochondrial and eight nuclear genomes taken from both present-day and extinct caballine horses sampled across North America and Eurasia.
  • The genomes provided insights into the divergence and subsequent dispersals of these horse populations, enabling the team to track their movements and gene flow between the two continents through the study of their DNA.

Key Observations and Findings

  • Eurasian horse populations initially separated from their ancestral North American populations about 1.0-0.8 million years ago.
  • Following this initial divergence, there were two major bidirectional long-range dispersals across the BLB that occurred approximately 875-625 and 200-50 thousand years ago during the Middle and Late Pleistocene.
  • Whole genome analysis showed that gene flow between the North American and Eurasian horse populations was relatively low, likely due to these previously inferred dispersals.
  • The caballine horse populations maintained strong phylogeographical structuring, despite their movements across the BLB.

Conclusions

  • The study concluded that unidentified barriers to gene flow, possibly related to habitat distribution across Beringia or evolutionary divergence, significantly shaped the early genetic history of caballine horses.
  • The findings unlock crucial insights into the movement and genetic makeup of caballine horses, and possibly also about living horses within the Equus ferus species.

Cite This Article

APA
(2021). Ancient horse genomes reveal the timing and extent of dispersals across the Bering Land Bridge. Mol Ecol, 30(23), 6144-6161. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15977

Publication

Molecular ecology
ISSN: 1365-294X
NlmUniqueID: 9214478
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 30
Issue: 23
Pages: 6144-6161

Researcher Affiliations

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Biological Evolution
  • DNA, Mitochondrial / genetics
  • Genome
  • Horses / genetics
  • Phylogeny
  • Phylogeography

Grant Funding

  • 3804 / Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation
  • American Wild Horse Campaign
  • National Genomics Infrastructure funded by the Swedish Research Council
  • Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science
  • Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
  • U.S. Bureau of Land Management
  • Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada
  • 2018-01640 / Svenska Forskningsru00e5det Formas
  • University of California, Santa Cruz
  • Cana Foundation
  • Science for Life Laboratory
  • u0410u0410u0410u0410-u041019-119032590102-7 / Federal theme of Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
  • 18-04-00327 / Russian Foundation for Basic Research
  • 19-05-00477 / Russian Foundation for Basic Research
  • ARC-1417036 / NSF
  • IEF-302617 / FP7
  • 681605 / European Research Council

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