Antimicrobial resistance in companion animals.

This research article explores the issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in companion animals and its potential impact on human health. It points out that while companion animal sources of AMR may contribute less significantly to AMR-related diseases compared to human or livestock sources, the concern lies in the fact that antimicrobial agents used in companion animals often closely resemble those used in human medicine. Moreover, the close relationship between pets and their owners allows for potential two-way transfers of bacterial resistance.

Companion Animals and Bacteria

• The research discusses the well-established connection between the use of antimicrobials and the development of resistant bacteria in both humans and animals. The O’Neill report has warned that annually 700,000 human fatalities occur due to AMR, and there are concerns this number may drastically rise if the use of antimicrobials isn’t properly controlled.
• Studies indicate a rising frequency of AMR cases in companion animals, and there is recognition that new treatments are required to combat multiresistant infections in animals.
• The spread of antimicrobial resistance can occur between the bacteria in animals and humans through close contact, the food chain, or indirectly through the environment, highlighting the potential public health threat.

Use of Antimicrobials in Companion Animals

• While the use of antimicrobials in agriculture is a well-known driver of resistance in bacteria, less is known about companion animals, especially horses, due to lack of comprehensive data.
• Within the human-animal bond, the opportunity exists for the transfer of bacteria or resistance genes, which can pose health risks to both sides.

Resistant Bacterial Strains in Animals

• The paper details several types of resistant strains— methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP), extended spectrum b-lactamase producing Escherichia coli and other coliforms, carbapenemase-producing E. coli, and strains that are resistant to all veterinary drugs—that pose potential threats to human health.
• Among the risks from AMR, the close relationship between humans and their pets, especially in terms of sharing microbiota and the growing international movement of companion animals, are highlighted. This mobility potentially increases the chances of global dissemination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens.

Individual Responsibilities and Proposed Next Steps

• The authors emphasize the importance of those in veterinary professions embracing the principles of antimicrobial stewardship and committing to more efficient and careful use of antimicrobials.
• They advocate for continuous review and improvement of practices, which includes implementing infection prevention and control measures, strategic use of vaccines, early detection and diagnosis of infectious diseases, and other best practices.
• The researchers also call attention to the problem of MDR pathogens being shared between humans and their companion animals, underscoring that this is a shared problem needing concerted efforts from all healthcare providers.