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Home / Equine Research Bank / Viruses / Bacterial Toxins from Staphylococcus aureus and Bordetella b...
Viruses2022; 14(1); doi: 10.3390/v14010149

Bacterial Toxins from Staphylococcus aureus and Bordetella bronchiseptica Predispose the Horse’s Respiratory Tract to Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Infection.

Abstract: Respiratory disease in horses is caused by a multifactorial complex of infectious agents and environmental factors. An important pathogen in horses is equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1). During co-evolution with this ancient alphaherpesvirus, the horse's respiratory tract has developed multiple antiviral barriers. However, these barriers can become compromised by environmental threats. Pollens and mycotoxins enhance mucosal susceptibility to EHV-1 by interrupting cell junctions, allowing the virus to reach its basolateral receptor. Whether bacterial toxins also play a role in this impairment has not been studied yet. Here, we evaluated the role of α-hemolysin (Hla) and adenylate cyclase (ACT), toxins derived from the facultative pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and the primary pathogen Bordetella bronchiseptica (B. bronchiseptica), respectively. Equine respiratory mucosal explants were cultured at an air-liquid interface and pretreated with these toxins, prior to EHV-1 inoculation. Morphological analysis of hematoxylin-eosin (HE)-stained sections of the explants revealed a decreased epithelial thickness upon treatment with both toxins. Additionally, the Hla toxin induced detachment of epithelial cells and a partial loss of cilia. These morphological changes were correlated with increased EHV-1 replication in the epithelium, as assessed by immunofluorescent stainings and confocal microscopy. In view of these results, we argue that the ACT and Hla toxins increase the susceptibility of the epithelium to EHV-1 by disrupting the epithelial barrier function. In conclusion, this study is the first to report that bacterial exotoxins increase the horse's sensitivity to EHV-1 infection. Therefore, we propose that horses suffering from infection by S. aureus or B. bronchiseptica may be more susceptible to EHV-1 infection.
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Publication Date: 2022-01-14 PubMed ID: 35062352PubMed Central: PMC8778808DOI: 10.3390/v14010149Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
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  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article reveals how toxins from bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bordetella bronchiseptica can make a horse’s respiratory tract more vulnerable to equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection.

Research Context and Aim

  • The article begins by noting that respiratory illnesses in horses are caused by a combination of environmental and infectious factors.
  • A significant pathogen in horses is EHV-1, with horses developing several antiviral barriers in their respiratory tract over time to minimize its impact.
  • However, these barriers can be weakened by environmental elements such as pollens and mycotoxins, which increases vulnerability to EHV-1.
  • The study sought to explore whether bacterial toxins also increase susceptibility to EHV-1.

Methodology and Investigated Toxins

  • In an attempt to investigate this, the study inspected the effects of α-hemolysin (Hla) and adenylate cyclase (ACT), which are toxins from the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bordetella bronchiseptica.
  • The researchers carried out an experiment where equine respiratory mucosal explants were cultured and pretreated with these toxins, before inoculating EHV-1.

Observations and Findings

  • The investigators found changes in the morphology of the tissues, such as reduced epithelial thickness, more pronounced after treatment with the toxins.
  • The Hla toxin specifically resulted in the detachment of epithelial cells and partial loss of cilia.
  • EHV-1 was also found to replicate more in the epithelium after the toxins had disturbed the epithelial barrier function.

Conclusions and Implication of the Findings

  • Based on these findings, the study suggests that bacterial toxins ACT and Hla increase the susceptibility of a horse’s respiratory epithelium to EHV-1 infection.
  • This is the first research that reports the enhancing effect of bacterial toxins on sensitivity to EHV-1 infection in horses.
  • The study concludes by proposing that horses infected with Staphylococcus aureus or Bordetella bronchiseptica could be more prone to EHV-1 infection.

Cite This Article

APA
Van Crombrugge E, Vanbeylen E, Van Cleemput J, Van den Broeck W, Laval K, Nauwynck H. (2022). Bacterial Toxins from Staphylococcus aureus and Bordetella bronchiseptica Predispose the Horse’s Respiratory Tract to Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Infection. Viruses, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/v14010149

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 1

Researcher Affiliations

Van Crombrugge, Eline
  • Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
Vanbeylen, Emma
  • Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
Van Cleemput, Jolien
  • Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
Van den Broeck, Wim
  • Department of Morphology, Medical Imaging, Orthopedics and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
Laval, Kathlyn
  • Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
Nauwynck, Hans
  • Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Bacterial Toxins / pharmacology
  • Bordetella bronchiseptica / metabolism
  • Epithelial Cells / virology
  • Hemolysin Proteins
  • Herpesviridae Infections / drug therapy
  • Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / drug effects
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Respiratory Mucosa / drug effects
  • Respiratory Mucosa / virology
  • Respiratory Tract Diseases / virology
  • Staphylococcus aureus / metabolism
  • Virus Replication / drug effects

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

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