FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Equine veterinary journal2021; doi: 10.1111/evj.13513

Cardiopulmonary function and intestinal blood flow in anaesthetised, experimentally endotoxaemic horses given a constant rate infusion of dexmedetomidine.

Abstract: Endotoxaemia causes untoward inflammatory-mediated effects that might be attenuated by dexmedetomidine. Objective: To evaluate the effects of a dexmedetomidine intravenous (IV) infusion on systemic and intestinal haemodynamics and arterial blood gas values in sevoflurane-anaesthetised horses administered Escherichia coli O55:B5 lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Methods: Randomised controlled in vivo experiment. Methods: A total of 13 horses weighing 456 ± 86 kg (mean ± standard deviation) and aged 13.9 ± 9.0 years donated for euthanasia underwent ventral midline celiotomy using sevoflurane anaesthesia. Baseline physiological variables were recorded after a 90-minute equilibration period. All horses were given 0.1 mcg/kg bwt LPS IV. Horses were randomly assigned to no further treatment (group LPS; seven horses) or IV administration of dexmedetomidine (loading dose 1.75 mcg/kg bwt followed by 1.75 mcg/kg bwt/h; group LPS-Dex; six horses) with concurrent target sevoflurane dose reduction of 50%. Cardiac index (CI; thermodilution), intestinal blood flow, arterial blood parameters and plasma dexmedetomidine concentration measurements were recorded every 30 minutes until euthanasia at 390 minutes. Data were compared between and within groups to baseline using a mixed model analysis (significance P < .05). Results: In LPS-Dex horses, intestinal blood flow and CI were transiently decreased after the dexmedetomidine loading dose, but no significant differences were found compared with baseline during the infusion. Sevoflurane dose was reliably reduced by approximately 40%. Significant differences were identified in creatinine (115  umol/L LPS-Dex; 195 umol/L LPS), bicarbonate (29.7 mmol/L LPS-Dex; 23 mmol/L LPS) and base excess (2.0 mmol/L LPS-Dex; -5.3 mmol/L LPS). Dexmedetomidine plasma concentrations were highest after the loading dose and stable during infusion dosing. Conclusions: Experimental conditions are not reflective of clinical colic management. Conclusions: A dexmedetomidine infusion with sevoflurane dose reduction attenuated some deleterious changes in anaesthetised horses administered LPS without sustained negative cardiovascular effects and may be beneficial during colic surgery.
© 2021 EVJ Ltd.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-09-15 PubMed ID: 34528277DOI: 10.1111/evj.13513Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study investigates the effects of dexmedetomidine, anesthesic drug, on horses with induced endotoxaemia, specifically looking at its impact on systemic and intestinal blood flow, and arterial blood gas values under the influence of an another anesthetic drug sevoflurane.

Research Methodology

  • For the study, 13 adult horses were chosen. These horses were put under anesthesia using sevoflurane and underwent a surgical procedure called ventral midline celiotomy.
  • The horses were then administered with Escherichia coli O55:B5 lipopolysaccharides (LPS) through an intravenous intake to simulate endotoxaemia – a condition where toxins released by bacteria (in this case, E.coli) causes a systemic inflammatory response in the body.
  • Following this, horses were randomly put into two groups. One group received no further treatment (group LPS; consisting of seven horses), while the other group was given an intravenous administration of dexmedetomidine with a 50% reduced dose of sevoflurane (group LPS-Dex; consisting of six horses).
  • The researchers monitored a number of physiological variables during the study, including cardiac index (a measure of heart function), intestinal blood flow, levels of various arterial blood parameters, and the concentration of dexmedetomidine in the horse’s plasma.

Results of the Study

  • The researchers found that in the horses given dexmedetomidine (group LPS-Dex), there was a temporary drop in intestinal blood flow and cardiac index post receiving the loading dose, but these measures returned to their baseline levels during the infusion.
  • The doses of sevoflurane were successfully reduced by around 40% in this group.
  • A notable finding was a significant difference in the levels of creatinine (kidney function marker), bicarbonate (acidity regulator) and base excess between the LPS-Dex group and the LPS group.
  • The levels of dexmedetomidine in the horse’s plasma was highest after the initial loading dose but remained consistent throughout the duration of the infusion.

Conclusion

  • The results imply that the administration of dexmedetomidine along with a reduced dose of sevoflurane offered some protective benefits to the horses and counteracted some impacts associated with endotoxaemia.
  • However, the researchers caution that their experimental conditions do not accurately reflect the clinical management of colic – a common condition for which horses undergo surgery and the condition where dexmedetomidine and sevoflurane would likely be used.
  • Despite these observations, the study does illustrate the potential benefits of dexmedetomidine in managing endotoxaemia in anesthetized horses which could be explored further in future studies.

Cite This Article

APA
Hector RC, Rezende ML, Nelson BB, Monnet E. (2021). Cardiopulmonary function and intestinal blood flow in anaesthetised, experimentally endotoxaemic horses given a constant rate infusion of dexmedetomidine. Equine Vet J. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13513

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English

Researcher Affiliations

Hector, Rachel C
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
Rezende, Marlis L
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
Nelson, Brad B
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
Monnet, Eric
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.

Grant Funding

  • #COLV 2018-03 / United States Department of Agriculture Animal Health and Disease

References

This article includes 37 references
  1. Fessler JF, Bottoms GD, Coppoc GL, Gimarc S, Latshaw HS, Noble JK. Plasma endotoxin concentrations in experimental and clinical equine subjects.. Equine Vet J 1989;21(Suppl 7):24-8.
  2. Steverink PJGM, Sturk A, Rutten VPMG, Wagenaar-Hilbers JPA, Klein WR, Van der Velden MA. Endotoxin, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor concentrations in equine acute abdominal disease: relation to clinical outcome.. J Endotoxin Res 1989;2(4):289-99.
  3. Barton MH, Collatos C. Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 activity and endotoxin concentration in peritoneal fluid and blood of horses with acute abdominal disease.. J Vet Intern Med 1999;13(5):457-64.
  4. Morris DD. Endotoxaemia in horses: a review of cellular and humoral mediators involved in its pathogenesis.. J Vet Intern Med 1991;5(3):167-81.
  5. Werners AH, Bull S, Fink-Gremmels J. Endotoxaemia: a review with implications for the horse.. Equine Vet J 2005;37(4):371-83.
  6. Yu T, Li Q, Liu L, Guo F, Longhini F, Yang YI. Different effects of propofol and dexmedetomidine on preload dependency in endotoxemic shock with norepinephrine infusion.. J Surg Res 2015;198(1):185-91.
  7. Cho JE, Shim JK, Choi YS, Kim DH, Hong SW, Kwak YL. Effect of low-dose ketamine on inflammatory response in off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery.. Br J Anaesth 2009;102(1):23-8.
  8. Cho EJ, Yoon JH, Hong SJ, Lee SH, Sim SB. The effects of sevoflurane on systemic and pulmonary inflammatory responses after cardiopulmonary bypass.. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2009;23(5):639-45.
  9. Taniguchi T, Kidani Y, Kanakura H, Takemoto Y, Yamamoto K. Effects of dexmedetomidine on mortality rate and inflammatory responses to endotoxin-induced shock in rats.. Crit Care Med 2004;32(6):1322-6.
  10. Kocoglu H, Ozturk H, Ozturk H, Yilmaz F, Gulcu N. Effect of dexmedetomidine on ischemia reperfusion injury in rat kidney: a histopathologic study.. Ren Fail 2009;31(1):70-4.
  11. Gu J, Sun P, Zhao H, Watts HR, Sanders RD, Terrando N. Dexmedetomidine provides renoprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice.. Crit Care 2011;15(3):1-11.
  12. Yoshitomi O, Cho S, Hara T, Shibata I, Maekawa T, Ureshino H. Direct protective effects of dexmedetomidine against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in anesthetized pigs.. Shock 2012;38(1):92-7.
  13. Yeh Y-C, Wu C-Y, Cheng Y-J, Liu C-M, Hsiao J-K, Chan W-S. Effects of dexmedetomidine on intestinal microcirculation and intestinal epithelial barrier in endotoxemic rats.. Anesthesiol 2016;125(2):355-67.
  14. König KS, Verhaar N, Hopster K, Pfarrer C, Neudeck S, Rohn K. Ischaemic preconditioning and pharmacological preconditioning with dexmedetomidine in an equine model of small intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion.. PLoS One 2020;15(4):e0224720.
  15. Marcilla MG, Schauvliege S, Duchateau L, Gasthuys F. Cardiopulmonary effects of two constant rate infusions of dexmedetomidine in isoflurane anaesthetized ponies.. Vet Anaesth Analg 2010;37(4):311-21.
  16. Wagner AE, Dunlop CI, Wertz EM, Chapman PL, Baxter GM, Klopp LS. Hemodynamic responses of horses to anesthesia and surgery, before and after administration of a low dose of endotoxin.. Vet Surg 1995;24(1):78-85.
  17. Nyman G, Funkquist B, Kvart C, Frostell C, Tokics L, Strandberg Å. Atelectasis causes gas exchange impairment in the anaesthetised horse.. Equine Vet J 1990;22(5):317-24.
  18. Guedes A, Knych H, Tucker L, Almeida DC, Baldo CF, Wendt-Hornickle E. Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of xylazine and dexmedetomidine in horses recovering from isoflurane anesthesia.. J Vet Pharmacol Therap 2020;43(4):369-76.
  19. Moore JN, Garner HE, Shapland JE, Hatfield DG. Lactic acidosis and arterial hypoxemia during sublethal endotoxaemia in conscious ponies.. Am J Vet Res 1980;41(10):1696-8.
  20. Pantaleon LG, Furr MO, McKenzie HC II, Donaldson L. Cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of hetastarch plus hypertonic saline solutions during experimental endotoxaemia in anesthetized horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2006;20(6):1422-8.
  21. Bottoms GD, Templeton CB, Fessler JF, Johnson MA, Roesel OF, Ewert KM. Thromboxane, prostaglandin I2 (epoprostenol), and the hemodynamic changes in equine endotoxin shock.. Am J Vet Res 1982;43(6):999-1002.
  22. Clark ES, Gantley B, Moore JN. Moore JN Effects of slow infusion of a low dosage of endotoxin on systemic haemodynamics in conscious horses.. Equine Vet J 1991;23(1):18-21.
  23. Tetens J, Moore RM, Hosgood GL, Eades SC, Keowen ML, Horohov DW. Effects of infusion of adenosine triphosphatemagnesium chloride on cardiopulmonary and clinicopathologic variables, cytokine activity, and endothelin concentration in horses administered a low dose of endotoxin.. Am J Vet Res 2004;65(2):225-37.
  24. Parbhakar OP, Duke T, Townsend HG, Singh B. Depletion of pulmonary intravascular macrophages partially inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation in horses.. Vet Res 2005;36(4):557-69.
  25. Bettschart-wolfensberger R, Freeman SL, Bowen IM, Aliabadi FS, Weller R, Huhtinen M. Cardiopulmonary effects and pharmacokinetics of iv dexmedetomidine in ponies.. Equine Vet J 2005;37(1):60-4.
  26. Legrand M, Bezemer R, Kandil A, Demirci C, Payen D, Ince C. The role of renal hypoperfusion in development of renal microcirculatory dysfunction in endotoxemic rats.. Intensive Care Med 2011;37(9):1534-42.
  27. Ammar AS, Mahmoud KM, Kasemy ZA, Helwa MA. Cardiac and renal protective effects of dexmedetomidine in cardiac surgeries: a randomized controlled trial.. Saudi J Anaesth 2016;10(4):395-401.
  28. Gasthuys F, Terpstra P, Van den Hende C, De Moor A. Hyperglycaemia and diuresis during sedation with detomidine in the horse.. Zentralbl Veterinarmed 1987;34(1-10):641-8.
  29. Restitutti F, Laitinen MR, Raekallio MR, Vainionpää M, O'Brien RT, Kuusela E. Effect of MK-467 on organ blood flow parameters detected by contrast-enhanced ultrasound in dogs treated with dexmedetomidine.. Vet Anaesth Analg 2013;40(6):e48-56.
  30. England GC, Clarke KW, Goossens L. A comparison of the sedative effects of three α2-adrenoceptor agonists (romifidine, detomidine and xylazine) in the horse.. J Vet Pharm Ther 1992;15(2):194-201.
  31. Kellum JA, Bellomo R, Kramer DJ, Pinsky MR. Splanchnic buffering of metabolic acid during early endotoxemia.. J Crit Care 1997;12(1):7-12.
  32. Toribio RE, Kohn CW, Hardy J, Rosol TJ. Alterations in serum parathyroid hormone and electrolyte concentrations and urinary excretion of electrolytes in horses with induced endotoxemia.. J Vet Intern Med 2005;19(2):223-31.
  33. Adler S, Fraley DS. Potassium and intracellular pH.. Kidney Int 1977;11(6):433-42.
  34. Wang S, McDonnell EH, Sedor FA, Toffaletti JG. pH effects on measurements of ionized calcium and ionized magnesium in blood.. Arch Pathol 2002;126(8):947-50.
  35. Gozalo-Marcilla M, Hopster K, Gasthuys F, Hatz L, Krajeweski AE, Schauvliege S. Effects of a constant-rate infusion of dexmedetomidine on the minimal alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in ponies.. Equine Vet J 2013;45(2):204-8.
  36. Mosing M, Böhm SH, Rasis A, Hoosgood G, Auer U, Tusman G. Physiologic factors influencing the arterial-to-end-tidal CO2 difference and the alveolar dead space fraction in spontaneously breathing anesthetised horses.. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:58.
  37. Trim CM, Moore JN, Hardee MM, Hardee GE, Slade EA. Effects of an infusion of dopamine on the cardiopulmonary effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin in anaesthetised horses.. Res Vet Sci 1991;50(1):54-63.

Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Verhaar N, Kopp V, Pfarrer C, Neudeck S, König K, Rohn K, Kästner S. Alpha(2) Antagonist Vatinoxan Does Not Abolish the Preconditioning Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Experimental Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury in the Equine Small Intestine. Animals (Basel) 2023 Aug 30;13(17).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13172755pubmed: 37685019google scholar: lookup
  2. Verhaar N, Hoppe S, Grages AM, Hansen K, Neudeck S, Kästner S, Mazzuoli-Weber G. Dexmedetomidine Has Differential Effects on the Contractility of Equine Jejunal Smooth Muscle Layers In Vitro. Animals (Basel) 2023 Mar 10;13(6).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13061021pubmed: 36978562google scholar: lookup
  3. Mendoza FJ, Buzon-Cuevas A, Aguilera-Aguilera R, Gonzalez-De Cara CA, De Las Heras A, Perez-Ecija A. Hemodynamic Response to Lipopolysaccharide Infusion and Effect of Meloxicam Administration on Cardiac Function in Donkeys. Animals (Basel) 2024 Dec 18;14(24).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14243660pubmed: 39765564google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,658 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.