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Home / Equine Research Bank / Viruses / Characterization of Nasal Mucosal T Cells in Horses and Thei...
Viruses2024; 16(10); doi: 10.3390/v16101514

Characterization of Nasal Mucosal T Cells in Horses and Their Response to Equine Herpesvirus Type 1.

Abstract: Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) enters through the upper respiratory tract (URT). Mucosal immunity at the URT is crucial in limiting viral infection and morbidity. Here, intranasal immune cells were collected from horses (n = 15) during an experimental EHV-1 infection. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were the major intranasal cell populations before infection and increased significantly by day six and fourteen post-infection, respectively. Nasal mucosal T cells were further characterized in healthy horses. Compared to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), mucosal CD8+ T-cell percentages were elevated, while CD4+ T-cell percentages were similar. A small population of CD4+CD8+ T cells was also recovered from mucosal samples. Within the URT tissue, CD4+ cells predominantly accumulated in the epithelial layer, while most CD8+ cells resided deeper in the mucosa or the submucosa below the basement membrane. In vitro stimulation of mucosal cells from healthy horses with (n = 5) or without (n = 5) peripheral T-cell immunity against EHV-1 induced IFN-γ production in nasal T cells upon polyclonal stimulation. However, after EHV-1 re-stimulation, mucosal T cells failed to respond with IFN-γ. This work provided the first characterization of mucosal T-cell phenotypes and functions in the URT of healthy horses and during EHV-1 infection.
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Publication Date: 2024-09-25 PubMed ID: 39459849PubMed Central: PMC11512333DOI: 10.3390/v16101514Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study examined the nature of T cells (a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune response) located in the nasal passages of horses, and how they respond to Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1), a virus that infects the upper respiratory tract of horses.

Introduction and Methodology

  • The researchers were primarily interested in understanding the role of the body’s mucosal immunity, i.e., the immune response at the mucosal level, in limiting the infection and adverse effects of EHV-1. EHV-1 enters through the upper respiratory tract, and thus studying the immune cells of this region is vital.
  • The study involved collecting intranasal immune cells from 15 horses during an experimental EHV-1 infection. The researchers paid specific attention to two major intranasal cell types, CD4 and CD8 T cells.

Findings

  • The CD4 and CD8 T cells were found to be the principal intranasal cell populations before infection. Notably, these cell populations significantly increased by the sixth day (for CD4 cells) and fourteenth day (for CD8 cells) post-infection.
  • The study went further to characterize these nasal mucosal T cells in healthy horses. Relative to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC – a type of blood cell critical to immunity), the percentages of mucosal CD8 T cells were found to be higher, while those of CD4 T cells remained similar.
  • Interestingly, a small population of CD4CD8 T cells was also recovered from the mucosal samples. Different subsets of T cells were observed to occupy different regions within the upper respiratory tract tissue. Specifically, CD4 cells mainly accumulated in the epithelial layer, while most CD8 cells resided deeper in the mucosa or submucosa (a layer below the mucosa).
  • When the researchers stimulated mucosal cells from healthy horses (with or without peripheral T-cell immunity against EHV-1), the nasal T cells produced IFN-γ (a type of protein) upon general (polyclonal) stimulation. However, upon re-stimulation with EHV-1, the mucosal T cells did not respond with IFN-γ production.

Conclusion

  • The findings of this study provide the first description of mucosal T-cell phenotypes (observable characteristics resulting from interaction of their genetic make-up and environment) and their functions in healthy horses, as well as during a EHV-1 infection.
  • Understanding these cellular responses to EHV-1 could potentially inform the design of improved vaccines or treatments for this infection in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Holmes CM, Wagner B. (2024). Characterization of Nasal Mucosal T Cells in Horses and Their Response to Equine Herpesvirus Type 1. Viruses, 16(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101514

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 10

Researcher Affiliations

Holmes, Camille M
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Wagner, Bettina
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses / immunology
  • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / immunology
  • Nasal Mucosa / virology
  • Nasal Mucosa / immunology
  • Herpesviridae Infections / immunology
  • Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Herpesviridae Infections / virology
  • CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / immunology
  • Immunity, Mucosal
  • Leukocytes, Mononuclear / immunology
  • Leukocytes, Mononuclear / virology
  • Interferon-gamma / immunology
  • Interferon-gamma / metabolism
  • T-Lymphocytes / immunology
  • Female

Grant Funding

  • Young Investigator Award / American Quarter Horse Foundation
  • N/A / Harry M. Zweig Memorial Fund for Equine Research at Cornell University

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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