FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / J Virol / Characterization of variable regions in the envelope and S3 ...
Journal of virology1991; 65(8); 4255-4262; doi: 10.1128/JVI.65.8.4255-4262.1991

Characterization of variable regions in the envelope and S3 open reading frame of equine infectious anemia virus.

Abstract: The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify and clone parts of the envelope gene and overlapping S3 open reading frame, thought to encode rev, of the virulent in vivo-derived Th-1 isolate of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). The results indicated that EIAV consists of a heterogeneous mixture of genotypes present at the first febrile cycle after initial infection. We showed that the Th-1 isolate apparently contains nondefective genotypes as well as types which have transmembrane protein truncations or are rev deficient. Furthermore, we could confirm the presence of a hypervariable region in the gp90 envelope glycoprotein. Taken together with earlier data on the heterogeneity of the regulatory motifs present in the long terminal repeat sequences of viruses from the same in vivo isolate (S. Carpenter, S. Alexandersen, M. J. Long, S. Perryman, and B. Chesebro, J. Virol. 65:1605-1610, 1991), our findings indicate that EIAV uses a complex system of diversity in biological phenotypes together with variation in regulatory and antigenic makeup to evade host response and to cause persistent infection and recurrent chronic disease.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 1991-08-01 PubMed ID: 1649329PubMed Central: PMC248863DOI: 10.1128/JVI.65.8.4255-4262.1991Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Comparative Study
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article talks about the study of the composition and variety among different strains of the Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) observed during the initial stages of infection. This diversity is believed to be used by EIAV to avoid host responses, leading to persistent infection and recurring chronic illnesses.

Exploring the EIAV Genotype Diversity

  • The research makes use of the polymerase chain reaction, a widely used method in molecular biology to amplify a single or few copies of specific DNA segments, enabling researchers to generate thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.
  • This technique was used to amplify and clone parts of the envelope gene and overlapping S3 open reading frames of EIAV, which are believed to encode a protein called rev.
  • The research focused on a virulent in vivo-derived Th-1 isolate of EIAV. An in vivo study is one performed in a living organism, in this case, the horses infected with EIAV.
  • According to the study, EIAV consisted of a heterogeneous mixture of genotypes, meaning that there is considerable genetic diversity among samples taken at the first febrile cycle after initial infection.

Uncovering the Complexity of EIAV

  • The Th-1 isolate apparently contained nondefective genotypes, as well as types which had transmembrane protein truncations or were rev deficient. Transmembrane proteins span the entire biological membrane, and truncations in these proteins could impact their function.
  • The study also confirmed the presence of a hypervariable region in the gp90 envelope glycoprotein of the virus, suggesting further diversity in the virus’s genetic makeup.
  • The findings of the research provide evidence to the theory that EIAV uses a complex system of genetic and phenotypic diversity, together with variations in regulatory and antigenic makeup, to evade host responses, and in turn, cause persistent infection and chronic disease.

Enhancing Existing Knowledge on EIAV

  • Taken together with previous data regarding the heterogeneity of the regulatory motifs present in the long terminal repeat sequences of viruses from the same in vivo isolate, this research further supports the concept of EIAV’s sophisticated survival strategy.
  • This knowledge may prove essential in the development of strategies for tackling the spread and management of EIAV.

Cite This Article

APA
Alexandersen S, Carpenter S. (1991). Characterization of variable regions in the envelope and S3 open reading frame of equine infectious anemia virus. J Virol, 65(8), 4255-4262. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.65.8.4255-4262.1991

Publication

Journal of virology
ISSN: 0022-538X
NlmUniqueID: 0113724
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 65
Issue: 8
Pages: 4255-4262

Researcher Affiliations

Alexandersen, S
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
Carpenter, S

    MeSH Terms

    • Amino Acid Sequence
    • Animals
    • Base Sequence
    • Cloning, Molecular
    • DNA, Viral / chemistry
    • Gene Products, env / genetics
    • Gene Products, rev / genetics
    • Genes, env
    • Genes, rev
    • Genetic Variation
    • Genotype
    • Glycoproteins / chemistry
    • Glycoproteins / genetics
    • Horses
    • Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / genetics
    • Molecular Sequence Data
    • Open Reading Frames
    • Phenotype
    • Polymerase Chain Reaction
    • Proviruses / genetics
    • Viral Envelope Proteins / chemistry
    • Viral Envelope Proteins / genetics

    References

    This article includes 64 references
    1. Carpenter S, Alexandersen S, Long MJ, Perryman S, Chesebro B. Identification of a hypervariable region in the long terminal repeat of equine infectious anemia virus.. J Virol 1991 Mar;65(3):1605-10.
      pubmed: 1847479doi: 10.1128/JVI.65.3.1605-1610.1991google scholar: lookup
    2. Chiu IM, Yaniv A, Dahlberg JE, Gazit A, Skuntz SF, Tronick SR, Aaronson SA. Nucleotide sequence evidence for relationship of AIDS retrovirus to lentiviruses.. Nature 1985 Sep 26-Oct 2;317(6035):366-8.
      pubmed: 2995822doi: 10.1038/317366a0google scholar: lookup
    3. Liu ZQ, Wood C, Levy JA, Cheng-Mayer C. The viral envelope gene is involved in macrophage tropism of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain isolated from brain tissue.. J Virol 1990 Dec;64(12):6148-53.
      pubmed: 2243391doi: 10.1128/JVI.64.12.6148-6153.1990google scholar: lookup
    4. Saag MS, Hahn BH, Gibbons J, Li Y, Parks ES, Parks WP, Shaw GM. Extensive variation of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 in vivo.. Nature 1988 Aug 4;334(6181):440-4.
      pubmed: 3405290doi: 10.1038/334440a0google scholar: lookup
    5. Sakai K, Dewhurst S, Ma XY, Volsky DJ. Differences in cytopathogenicity and host cell range among infectious molecular clones of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 simultaneously isolated from an individual.. J Virol 1988 Nov;62(11):4078-85.
      pubmed: 3172338doi: 10.1128/JVI.62.11.4078-4085.1988google scholar: lookup
    6. Hahn BH, Shaw GM, Taylor ME, Redfield RR, Markham PD, Salahuddin SZ, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC, Parks ES, Parks WP. Genetic variation in HTLV-III/LAV over time in patients with AIDS or at risk for AIDS.. Science 1986 Jun 20;232(4757):1548-53.
      pubmed: 3012778doi: 10.1126/science.3012778google scholar: lookup
    7. Sodroski J, Rosen C, Wong-Staal F, Salahuddin SZ, Popovic M, Arya S, Gallo RC, Haseltine WA. Trans-acting transcriptional regulation of human T-cell leukemia virus type III long terminal repeat.. Science 1985 Jan 11;227(4683):171-3.
      pubmed: 2981427doi: 10.1126/science.2981427google scholar: lookup
    8. Alexandersen S, Bloom ME, Perryman S. Detailed transcription map of Aleutian mink disease parvovirus.. J Virol 1988 Oct;62(10):3684-94.
      pubmed: 2843669doi: 10.1128/JVI.62.10.3684-3694.1988google scholar: lookup
    9. Bloom ME, Alexandersen S, Perryman S, Lechner D, Wolfinbarger JB. Nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of Aleutian mink disease parvovirus (ADV): sequence comparisons between a nonpathogenic and a pathogenic strain of ADV.. J Virol 1988 Aug;62(8):2903-15.
      pubmed: 2839709doi: 10.1128/JVI.62.8.2903-2915.1988google scholar: lookup
    10. Issel CJ, Coggins L. Equine infectious anemia: current knowledge.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1979 Apr 1;174(7):727-33.
      pubmed: 218920
    11. Narayan O, Griffin DE, Chase J. Antigenic shift of visna virus in persistently infected sheep.. Science 1977 Jul 22;197(4301):376-8.
      pubmed: 195339doi: 10.1126/science.195339google scholar: lookup
    12. Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1977 Dec;74(12):5463-7.
      pubmed: 271968doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463google scholar: lookup
    13. Kono Y, Kobayashi K, Fukunaga Y. Antigenic drift of equine infectious anemia virus in chronically infected horses.. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1973;41(1):1-10.
      pubmed: 4123810doi: 10.1007/BF01249923google scholar: lookup
    14. Cheng-Mayer C, Seto D, Tateno M, Levy JA. Biologic features of HIV-1 that correlate with virulence in the host.. Science 1988 Apr 1;240(4848):80-2.
      pubmed: 2832945doi: 10.1126/science.2832945google scholar: lookup
    15. Montelaro RC, Robey WG, West MD, Issel CJ, Fischinger PJ. Characterization of the serological cross-reactivity between glycoproteins of the human immunodeficiency virus and equine infectious anaemia virus.. J Gen Virol 1988 Jul;69 ( Pt 7):1711-7.
      pubmed: 2839603doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-69-7-1711google scholar: lookup
    16. Clements JE, Gdovin SL, Montelaro RC, Narayan O. Antigenic variation in lentiviral diseases.. Annu Rev Immunol 1988;6:139-59.
      pubmed: 2838047doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.06.040188.001035google scholar: lookup
    17. Fisher AG, Ensoli B, Looney D, Rose A, Gallo RC, Saag MS, Shaw GM, Hahn BH, Wong-Staal F. Biologically diverse molecular variants within a single HIV-1 isolate.. Nature 1988 Aug 4;334(6181):444-7.
      pubmed: 2841608doi: 10.1038/334444a0google scholar: lookup
    18. McGuire TC, O'Rourke K, Cheevers WP. A review of antigenic variation by the equine infectious anemia virus.. Contrib Microbiol Immunol 1987;8:77-89.
      pubmed: 3040337
    19. Payne SL, Fang FD, Liu CP, Dhruva BR, Rwambo P, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Antigenic variation and lentivirus persistence: variations in envelope gene sequences during EIAV infection resemble changes reported for sequential isolates of HIV.. Virology 1987 Dec;161(2):321-31.
      pubmed: 2825406doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90124-3google scholar: lookup
    20. Derse D, Dorn PL, Levy L, Stephens RM, Rice NR, Casey JW. Characterization of equine infectious anemia virus long terminal repeat.. J Virol 1987 Mar;61(3):743-7.
      pubmed: 3027401doi: 10.1128/JVI.61.3.743-747.1987google scholar: lookup
    21. Short MK, Okenquist SA, Lenz J. Correlation of leukemogenic potential of murine retroviruses with transcriptional tissue preference of the viral long terminal repeats.. J Virol 1987 Apr;61(4):1067-72.
      pubmed: 3029400doi: 10.1128/JVI.61.4.1067-1072.1987google scholar: lookup
    22. Stephens RM, Casey JW, Rice NR. Equine infectious anemia virus gag and pol genes: relatedness to visna and AIDS virus.. Science 1986 Feb 7;231(4738):589-94.
      pubmed: 3003905doi: 10.1126/science.3003905google scholar: lookup
    23. Kawakami T, Sherman L, Dahlberg J, Gazit A, Yaniv A, Tronick SR, Aaronson SA. Nucleotide sequence analysis of equine infectious anemia virus proviral DNA.. Virology 1987 Jun;158(2):300-12.
      pubmed: 3035786doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90202-9google scholar: lookup
    24. Sodroski J, Patarca R, Rosen C, Wong-Staal F, Haseltine W. Location of the trans-activating region on the genome of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III.. Science 1985 Jul 5;229(4708):74-7.
      pubmed: 2990041doi: 10.1126/science.2990041google scholar: lookup
    25. Montelaro R, Ball J, Rwambo P, Issel C. Antigenic variation during persistent lentivirus infections and its implications for vaccine development.. Adv Exp Med Biol 1989;251:251-72.
      pubmed: 2481964doi: 10.1007/978-1-4757-2046-4_24google scholar: lookup
    26. Hanly SM, Rimsky LT, Malim MH, Kim JH, Hauber J, Duc Dodon M, Le SY, Maizel JV, Cullen BR, Greene WC. Comparative analysis of the HTLV-I Rex and HIV-1 Rev trans-regulatory proteins and their RNA response elements.. Genes Dev 1989 Oct;3(10):1534-44.
      pubmed: 2482226doi: 10.1101/gad.3.10.1534google scholar: lookup
    27. Carpenter S, Chesebro B. Change in host cell tropism associated with in vitro replication of equine infectious anemia virus.. J Virol 1989 Jun;63(6):2492-6.
      pubmed: 2470916doi: 10.1128/JVI.63.6.2492-2496.1989google scholar: lookup
    28. Fenyö EM, Morfeldt-Månson L, Chiodi F, Lind B, von Gegerfelt A, Albert J, Olausson E, Asjö B. Distinct replicative and cytopathic characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus isolates.. J Virol 1988 Nov;62(11):4414-9.
      pubmed: 2459416doi: 10.1128/JVI.62.11.4414-4419.1988google scholar: lookup
    29. Carpenter S, Evans LH, Sevoian M, Chesebro B. Role of the host immune response in selection of equine infectious anemia virus variants.. J Virol 1987 Dec;61(12):3783-9.
      pubmed: 2446008doi: 10.1128/JVI.61.12.3783-3789.1987google scholar: lookup
    30. Asjö B, Morfeldt-Månson L, Albert J, Biberfeld G, Karlsson A, Lidman K, Fenyö EM. Replicative capacity of human immunodeficiency virus from patients with varying severity of HIV infection.. Lancet 1986 Sep 20;2(8508):660-2.
      pubmed: 2429124
    31. Rushlow K, Olsen K, Stiegler G, Payne SL, Montelaro RC, Issel CJ. Lentivirus genomic organization: the complete nucleotide sequence of the env gene region of equine infectious anemia virus.. Virology 1986 Dec;155(2):309-21.
      pubmed: 2431539doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90195-9google scholar: lookup
    32. Gonda MA, Braun MJ, Clements JE, Pyper JM, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC, Gilden RV. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III shares sequence homology with a family of pathogenic lentiviruses.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986 Jun;83(11):4007-11.
      pubmed: 2424014doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.11.4007google scholar: lookup
    33. Tersmette M, Gruters RA, de Wolf F, de Goede RE, Lange JM, Schellekens PT, Goudsmit J, Huisman HG, Miedema F. Evidence for a role of virulent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) variants in the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: studies on sequential HIV isolates.. J Virol 1989 May;63(5):2118-25.
      pubmed: 2564898doi: 10.1128/JVI.63.5.2118-2125.1989google scholar: lookup
    34. Meyerhans A, Cheynier R, Albert J, Seth M, Kwok S, Sninsky J, Morfeldt-Månson L, Asjö B, Wain-Hobson S. Temporal fluctuations in HIV quasispecies in vivo are not reflected by sequential HIV isolations.. Cell 1989 Sep 8;58(5):901-10.
      pubmed: 2550139doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90942-2google scholar: lookup
    35. Payne SL, Rushlow K, Dhruva BR, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Localization of conserved and variable antigenic domains of equine infectious anemia virus envelope glycoproteins using recombinant env-encoded protein fragments produced in Escherichia coli.. Virology 1989 Oct;172(2):609-15.
      pubmed: 2552661doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90203-1google scholar: lookup
    36. Poss ML, Mullins JI, Hoover EA. Posttranslational modifications distinguish the envelope glycoprotein of the immunodeficiency disease-inducing feline leukemia virus retrovirus.. J Virol 1989 Jan;63(1):189-95.
      pubmed: 2535725doi: 10.1128/JVI.63.1.189-195.1989google scholar: lookup
    37. Osborn L, Kunkel S, Nabel GJ. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 stimulate the human immunodeficiency virus enhancer by activation of the nuclear factor kappa B.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989 Apr;86(7):2336-40.
      pubmed: 2494664doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.7.2336google scholar: lookup
    38. Chiodi F, Valentin A, Keys B, Schwartz S, Asjö B, Gartner S, Popovic M, Albert J, Sundqvist VA, Fenyö EM. Biological characterization of paired human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from blood and cerebrospinal fluid.. Virology 1989 Nov;173(1):178-87.
      pubmed: 2683359doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90233-xgoogle scholar: lookup
    39. Franchini G, Bosch ML. Genetic relatedness of the human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and 2 (HIV-1, HIV-2) and the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV).. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989;554:81-7.
      pubmed: 2660679doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb22412.xgoogle scholar: lookup
    40. Kodama T, Wooley DP, Naidu YM, Kestler HW 3rd, Daniel MD, Li Y, Desrosiers RC. Significance of premature stop codons in env of simian immunodeficiency virus.. J Virol 1989 Nov;63(11):4709-14.
      pubmed: 2795718doi: 10.1128/JVI.63.11.4709-4714.1989google scholar: lookup
    41. Felber BK, Hadzopoulou-Cladaras M, Cladaras C, Copeland T, Pavlakis GN. rev protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 affects the stability and transport of the viral mRNA.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989 Mar;86(5):1495-9.
      pubmed: 2784208doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.5.1495google scholar: lookup
    42. Duh EJ, Maury WJ, Folks TM, Fauci AS, Rabson AB. Tumor necrosis factor alpha activates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 through induction of nuclear factor binding to the NF-kappa B sites in the long terminal repeat.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989 Aug;86(15):5974-8.
      pubmed: 2762307doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.15.5974google scholar: lookup
    43. Kim SY, Byrn R, Groopman J, Baltimore D. Temporal aspects of DNA and RNA synthesis during human immunodeficiency virus infection: evidence for differential gene expression.. J Virol 1989 Sep;63(9):3708-13.
      pubmed: 2760980doi: 10.1128/JVI.63.9.3708-3713.1989google scholar: lookup
    44. Overbaugh J, Donahue PR, Quackenbush SL, Hoover EA, Mullins JI. Molecular cloning of a feline leukemia virus that induces fatal immunodeficiency disease in cats.. Science 1988 Feb 19;239(4842):906-10.
      pubmed: 2893454doi: 10.1126/science.2893454google scholar: lookup
    45. Sitbon M, Sola B, Evans L, Nishio J, Hayes SF, Nathanson K, Garon CF, Chesebro B. Hemolytic anemia and erythroleukemia, two distinct pathogenic effects of Friend MuLV: mapping of the effects to different regions of the viral genome.. Cell 1986 Dec 26;47(6):851-9.
      pubmed: 3465451doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90800-7google scholar: lookup
    46. Li Y, Golemis E, Hartley JW, Hopkins N. Disease specificity of nondefective Friend and Moloney murine leukemia viruses is controlled by a small number of nucleotides.. J Virol 1987 Mar;61(3):693-700.
      pubmed: 3468264doi: 10.1128/JVI.61.3.693-700.1987google scholar: lookup
    47. Machida CA, Bestwick RK, Kabat D. A weakly pathogenic Rauscher spleen focus-forming virus mutant that lacks the carboxyl-terminal membrane anchor of its envelope glycoprotein.. J Virol 1985 Mar;53(3):990-3.
      pubmed: 3973973doi: 10.1128/JVI.53.3.990-993.1985google scholar: lookup
    48. Rice NR, Henderson LE, Sowder RC, Copeland TD, Oroszlan S, Edwards JF. Synthesis and processing of the transmembrane envelope protein of equine infectious anemia virus.. J Virol 1990 Aug;64(8):3770-8.
      pubmed: 2164597doi: 10.1128/JVI.64.8.3770-3778.1990google scholar: lookup
    49. Golub EI, Li GG, Volsky DJ. Differences in the basal activity of the long terminal repeat determine different replicative capacities of two closely related human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates.. J Virol 1990 Aug;64(8):3654-60.
      pubmed: 2370677doi: 10.1128/JVI.64.8.3654-3660.1990google scholar: lookup
    50. Neurath AR, Strick N. Confronting the hypervariability of an immunodominant epitope eliciting virus neutralizing antibodies from the envelope glycoprotein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).. Mol Immunol 1990 Jun;27(6):539-49.
      pubmed: 1696353doi: 10.1016/0161-5890(90)90073-9google scholar: lookup
    51. Stephens RM, Derse D, Rice NR. Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding equine infectious anemia virus tat and putative Rev proteins.. J Virol 1990 Aug;64(8):3716-25.
      pubmed: 2164593doi: 10.1128/JVI.64.8.3716-3725.1990google scholar: lookup
    52. Dorn P, DaSilva L, Martarano L, Derse D. Equine infectious anemia virus tat: insights into the structure, function, and evolution of lentivirus trans-activator proteins.. J Virol 1990 Apr;64(4):1616-24.
      pubmed: 2157047doi: 10.1128/JVI.64.4.1616-1624.1990google scholar: lookup
    53. Rasty S, Dhruva BR, Schiltz RL, Shih DS, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Proviral DNA integration and transcriptional patterns of equine infectious anemia virus during persistent and cytopathic infections.. J Virol 1990 Jan;64(1):86-95.
      pubmed: 2152836doi: 10.1128/JVI.64.1.86-95.1990google scholar: lookup
    54. Ahmed YF, Hanly SM, Malim MH, Cullen BR, Greene WC. Structure-function analyses of the HTLV-I Rex and HIV-1 Rev RNA response elements: insights into the mechanism of Rex and Rev action.. Genes Dev 1990 Jun;4(6):1014-22.
      pubmed: 2116986doi: 10.1101/gad.4.6.1014google scholar: lookup
    55. Felber BK, Drysdale CM, Pavlakis GN. Feedback regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression by the Rev protein.. J Virol 1990 Aug;64(8):3734-41.
      pubmed: 2196381doi: 10.1128/JVI.64.8.3734-3741.1990google scholar: lookup
    56. York-Higgins D, Cheng-Mayer C, Bauer D, Levy JA, Dina D. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cellular host range, replication, and cytopathicity are linked to the envelope region of the viral genome.. J Virol 1990 Aug;64(8):4016-20.
      pubmed: 2370688doi: 10.1128/JVI.64.8.4016-4020.1990google scholar: lookup
    57. McNearney T, Westervelt P, Thielan BJ, Trowbridge DB, Garcia J, Whittier R, Ratner L. Limited sequence heterogeneity among biologically distinct human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from individuals involved in a clustered infectious outbreak.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990 Mar;87(5):1917-21.
      pubmed: 2308953doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.5.1917google scholar: lookup
    58. Clements JE, D'Antonio N, Narayan O. Genomic changes associated with antigenic variation of visna virus. II. Common nucleotide sequence changes detected in variants from independent isolations.. J Mol Biol 1982 Jul 5;158(3):415-34.
      pubmed: 6182297doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(82)90207-8google scholar: lookup
    59. Ruta M, Bestwick R, Machida C, Kabat D. Loss of leukemogenicity caused by mutations in the membrane glycoprotein structural gene of Friend spleen focus-forming virus.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983 Aug;80(15):4704-8.
      pubmed: 6308644doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.15.4704google scholar: lookup
    60. Evans KS, Carpenter SL, Sevoian M. Detection of equine infectious anemia virus in horse leukocyte cultures derived from horses in various stages of equine infectious anemia viral infection.. Am J Vet Res 1984 Jan;45(1):20-5.
      pubmed: 6322623
    61. Lutley R, Pétursson G, Pálsson PA, Georgsson G, Klein J, Nathanson N. Antigenic drift in visna: virus variation during long-term infection of Icelandic sheep.. J Gen Virol 1983 Jul;64 (Pt 7):1433-40.
      pubmed: 6306145doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-64-7-1433google scholar: lookup
    62. Linemeyer DL, Menke JG, Ruscetti SK, Evans LH, Scolnick EM. Envelope gene sequences which encode the gp52 protein of spleen focus-forming virus are required for the induction of erythroid cell proliferation.. J Virol 1982 Jul;43(1):223-33.
      pubmed: 6955527doi: 10.1128/JVI.43.1.223-233.1982google scholar: lookup
    63. Arya SK, Guo C, Josephs SF, Wong-Staal F. Trans-activator gene of human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III).. Science 1985 Jul 5;229(4708):69-73.
      pubmed: 2990040doi: 10.1126/science.2990040google scholar: lookup
    64. Kim S, Ikeuchi K, Groopman J, Baltimore D. Factors affecting cellular tropism of human immunodeficiency virus.. J Virol 1990 Nov;64(11):5600-4.
      pubmed: 1976823doi: 10.1128/JVI.64.11.5600-5604.1990google scholar: lookup

    Citations

    This article has been cited 19 times.
    1. Zhang X, Xie Q, Ji J, Chang S, Liu J, Chen F, Ma J, Bee Y. Complete genome sequence analysis of a recent chicken anemia virus isolate and comparison with a chicken anemia virus isolate from human fecal samples in China.. J Virol 2012 Oct;86(19):10896-7.
      doi: 10.1128/JVI.01749-12pubmed: 22966189google scholar: lookup
    2. Carpenter S, Chen WC, Dorman KS. Rev variation during persistent lentivirus infection.. Viruses 2011 Jan;3(1):1-11.
      doi: 10.3390/v3010001pubmed: 21994723google scholar: lookup
    3. Sparks WO, Dorman KS, Liu S, Carpenter S. Naturally arising point mutations in non-essential domains of equine infectious anemia virus Rev alter Rev-dependent nuclear-export activity.. J Gen Virol 2008 Apr;89(Pt 4):1043-1048.
      doi: 10.1099/vir.0.83195-0pubmed: 18343848google scholar: lookup
    4. Lee JH, Murphy SC, Belshan M, Sparks WO, Wannemuehler Y, Liu S, Hope TJ, Dobbs D, Carpenter S. Characterization of functional domains of equine infectious anemia virus Rev suggests a bipartite RNA-binding domain.. J Virol 2006 Apr;80(8):3844-52.
      doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.8.3844-3852.2006pubmed: 16571801google scholar: lookup
    5. Mealey RH, Leib SR, Pownder SL, McGuire TC. Adaptive immunity is the primary force driving selection of equine infectious anemia virus envelope SU variants during acute infection.. J Virol 2004 Sep;78(17):9295-305.
      doi: 10.1128/JVI.78.17.9295-9305.2004pubmed: 15308724google scholar: lookup
    6. Payne SL, Pei XF, Jia B, Fagerness A, Fuller FJ. Influence of long terminal repeat and env on the virulence phenotype of equine infectious anemia virus.. J Virol 2004 Mar;78(5):2478-85.
      doi: 10.1128/jvi.78.5.2478-2485.2004pubmed: 14963146google scholar: lookup
    7. Baccam P, Thompson RJ, Li Y, Sparks WO, Belshan M, Dorman KS, Wannemuehler Y, Oaks JL, Cornette JL, Carpenter S. Subpopulations of equine infectious anemia virus Rev coexist in vivo and differ in phenotype.. J Virol 2003 Nov;77(22):12122-31.
      doi: 10.1128/jvi.77.22.12122-12131.2003pubmed: 14581549google scholar: lookup
    8. Mealey RH, Zhang B, Leib SR, Littke MH, McGuire TC. Epitope specificity is critical for high and moderate avidity cytotoxic T lymphocytes associated with control of viral load and clinical disease in horses with equine infectious anemia virus.. Virology 2003 Sep 1;313(2):537-52.
      doi: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00344-1pubmed: 12954220google scholar: lookup
    9. Belshan M, Harris ME, Shoemaker AE, Hope TJ, Carpenter S. Biological characterization of Rev variation in equine infectious anemia virus.. J Virol 1998 May;72(5):4421-6.
      doi: 10.1128/JVI.72.5.4421-4426.1998pubmed: 9557734google scholar: lookup
    10. Zheng YH, Sentsui H, Nakaya T, Kono Y, Ikuta K. In vivo dynamics of equine infectious anemia viruses emerging during febrile episodes: insertions/duplications at the principal neutralizing domain.. J Virol 1997 Jul;71(7):5031-9.
      doi: 10.1128/JVI.71.7.5031-5039.1997pubmed: 9188568google scholar: lookup
    11. Lichtenstein DL, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Genomic quasispecies associated with the initiation of infection and disease in ponies experimentally infected with equine infectious anemia virus.. J Virol 1996 Jun;70(6):3346-54.
      doi: 10.1128/JVI.70.6.3346-3354.1996pubmed: 8648664google scholar: lookup
    12. Madore SJ, Cullen BR. Genetic analysis of the cofactor requirement for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat function.. J Virol 1993 Jul;67(7):3703-11.
      doi: 10.1128/JVI.67.7.3703-3711.1993pubmed: 8389901google scholar: lookup
    13. Storgaard T, Christensen J, Aasted B, Alexandersen S. cis-acting sequences in the Aleutian mink disease parvovirus late promoter important for transcription: comparison to the canine parvovirus and minute virus of mice.. J Virol 1993 Apr;67(4):1887-95.
      doi: 10.1128/JVI.67.4.1887-1895.1993pubmed: 8383216google scholar: lookup
    14. Christensen J, Storgaard T, Viuff B, Aasted B, Alexandersen S. Comparison of promoter activity in Aleutian mink disease parvovirus, minute virus of mice, and canine parvovirus: possible role of weak promoters in the pathogenesis of Aleutian mink disease parvovirus infection.. J Virol 1993 Apr;67(4):1877-86.
      doi: 10.1128/JVI.67.4.1877-1886.1993pubmed: 8383215google scholar: lookup
    15. Alexandersen S, Carpenter S, Christensen J, Storgaard T, Viuff B, Wannemuehler Y, Belousov J, Roth JA. Identification of alternatively spliced mRNAs encoding potential new regulatory proteins in cattle infected with bovine leukemia virus.. J Virol 1993 Jan;67(1):39-52.
      doi: 10.1128/JVI.67.1.39-52.1993pubmed: 8380084google scholar: lookup
    16. Bell G. Pathogen evolution within host individuals as a primary cause of senescence.. Genetica 1993;91(1-3):21-34.
      doi: 10.1007/BF01435985pubmed: 8125270google scholar: lookup
    17. Gottschalck E, Alexandersen S, Storgaard T, Bloom ME, Aasted B. Sequence comparison of the non-structural genes of four different types of Aleutian mink disease parvovirus indicates an unusual degree of variability.. Arch Virol 1994;138(3-4):213-31.
      doi: 10.1007/BF01379127pubmed: 7998830google scholar: lookup
    18. Schiltz RL, Shih DS, Rasty S, Montelaro RC, Rushlow KE. Equine infectious anemia virus gene expression: characterization of the RNA splicing pattern and the protein products encoded by open reading frames S1 and S2.. J Virol 1992 Jun;66(6):3455-65.
      doi: 10.1128/JVI.66.6.3455-3465.1992pubmed: 1316461google scholar: lookup
    19. Carpenter S, Miller LD, Alexandersen S, Whetstone CA, VanDerMaaten MJ, Viuff B, Wannemuehler Y, Miller JM, Roth JA. Characterization of early pathogenic effects after experimental infection of calves with bovine immunodeficiency-like virus.. J Virol 1992 Feb;66(2):1074-83.
      doi: 10.1128/JVI.66.2.1074-1083.1992pubmed: 1309889google scholar: lookup
    Subscribe to our newsletter
    Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.