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Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Sci / Common Radiographic Findings in Moroccan Working Equids: A R...
Veterinary sciences2026; 13(1); 60; doi: 10.3390/vetsci13010060

Common Radiographic Findings in Moroccan Working Equids: A Retrospective Study (2015-2022).

Abstract: Working equids are at high risk of musculoskeletal disorders due to strenuous labor, repetitive tasks, and harsh environmental conditions. This retrospective study describes the distribution of radiographically detected musculoskeletal findings in working equids presented to four Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad (SPANA) centers in Morocco, based on 498 animals and 1125 radiographs collected between 2015 and 2022. The study population was mainly composed of horses (78.1%), followed by donkeys (15.3%) and mules (6.6%). Most were males (65.7%), and the majority were between 5 and 15 years old (60.4%). The distal limb (foot, pastern, and fetlock) was the most frequently examined region (62.7%). Among the animals reviewed, 381 (76.5%) exhibited at least one radiographically detected abnormality, while 117 (23.5%) showed no visible osseous change. The most frequent findings included foot-related changes (36.2%), defined as non-fracture podiatric abnormalities, fractures (29.7%), and periosteal new bone formation (22%). Less frequent findings were degenerative joint disease (8.1%), joint subluxation or luxation (1.6%), epiphyseal abnormalities (1.6%), and angular deformities (0.8%). These results provide an overview of radiographically detected osseous changes in working equids under field conditions. They highlight the diagnostic value of radiography in low-resource environments and provide a basis for future field-based studies.
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Publication Date: 2026-01-08 PubMed ID: 41600716PubMed Central: PMC12846657DOI: 10.3390/vetsci13010060Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study retrospectively analyzes radiographic findings related to musculoskeletal issues in working equids from Morocco over a seven-year period.
  • It highlights common bone and joint abnormalities seen on X-rays, emphasizing the utility of radiography in diagnosing health problems in working animals under challenging conditions.

Background and Study Objective

  • Working equids (horses, donkeys, and mules) perform heavy physical labor, exposing them to musculoskeletal disorders.
  • Such disorders can arise from repetitive movements, strenuous workloads, and tough environmental factors.
  • The study aimed to systematically collate and describe radiographic musculoskeletal abnormalities in these animals across four animal welfare centers in Morocco managed by SPANA.
  • The data spans seven years (2015-2022), allowing for a broad understanding of common bone and joint pathologies in this population.

Study Population and Data Collection

  • Total animals evaluated: 498 working equids.
  • Species breakdown:
    • Horses: 78.1%
    • Donkeys: 15.3%
    • Mules: 6.6%
  • Gender distribution: 65.7% males.
  • Age distribution: Majority (60.4%) between 5 and 15 years old.
  • Total radiographs analyzed: 1125 images.
  • Most frequently imaged anatomical areas: distal limbs including the foot, pastern, and fetlock regions (62.7%).

Key Radiographic Findings

  • Prevalence of abnormalities:
    • 76.5% (381 animals) showed at least one abnormality on radiographs.
    • 23.5% (117 animals) had normal radiographic appearances without visible bone changes.
  • Types of abnormalities identified:
    • Foot-related changes (non-fracture podiatric abnormalities): 36.2%
    • Fractures: 29.7%
    • Periosteal new bone formation (indicative of bone response to injury or inflammation): 22%
    • Degenerative joint disease (arthritic changes visible on X-rays): 8.1%
    • Joint subluxation or luxation (partial or full dislocation): 1.6%
    • Epiphyseal abnormalities (issues related to the growth plate area): 1.6%
    • Angular deformities (deviations in limb alignment): 0.8%

Significance and Implications

  • The high prevalence of foot-related abnormalities and fractures underlines the significant burden of musculoskeletal disorders in working equids subjected to hard labor.
  • Periosteal new bone formation suggests ongoing or past bone stress or injury common in this population.
  • The relatively lower frequency of degenerative joint diseases and deformities demonstrates the specific patterns of musculoskeletal damage induced by work conditions versus chronic genetic or developmental issues.
  • The study supports the value of radiographic evaluation as a critical diagnostic tool for working equid health, especially in resource-limited field settings common in developing countries.
  • Findings provide baseline data that can guide veterinarians and animal welfare groups to better understand injury patterns, improve treatment protocols, and potentially enhance working equid welfare through preventive strategies.
  • It also sets a foundation for prospective, field-based research into musculoskeletal health in working animals, promoting both scientific study and practical interventions.

Cite This Article

APA
El Brini Z, Mhar I, Bouktaib FE, Piro M, Daniel C, Alyakine H. (2026). Common Radiographic Findings in Moroccan Working Equids: A Retrospective Study (2015-2022). Vet Sci, 13(1), 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010060

Publication

Veterinary sciences
ISSN: 2306-7381
NlmUniqueID: 101680127
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
PII: 60

Researcher Affiliations

El Brini, Zineb
  • Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Reproduction, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco.
Mhar, Ichrak
  • The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
Bouktaib, Fatima Ezzahra
  • Laboratory of Biodiversity, Ecology and Genome, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V, B.P 1014 RP, Rabat 10100, Morocco.
Piro, Mohamed
  • Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Reproduction, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco.
Daniel, Carola
  • The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
Alyakine, Hassan
  • Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Reproduction, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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