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Journal of clinical immunology2008; 29(1); 107-116; doi: 10.1007/s10875-008-9221-4

Common variable immunodeficiency in horses is characterized by B cell depletion in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues.

Abstract: Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) in horse patients is characterized by late-onset B cell lymphopenia or depletion, hypo- or agammaglobulinemia, impaired humoral response to tetanus toxoid vaccination, and recurrent fevers and bacterial infections. Conclusions: This study describes the clinical and immunologic findings of 14 affected horses (average age 10.7 +/- 4.4 years) of both genders (six females, eight males) and different breeds (eight Thoroughbreds, four Quarter Horses, one Warmblood, one Pony). Serial immunological testing in peripheral blood revealed persistent, severe B cell lymphopenia (mean 1.3 +/- 2.3% positive cells) in all patients. Serum IgG (range <200 to 800 mg/dL) and IgM (
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Publication Date: 2008-08-02 PubMed ID: 18677444DOI: 10.1007/s10875-008-9221-4Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research explores common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) in horses, highlighting characteristics such as late-onset B cell lymphopenia, hypo- or agammaglobulinemia, and recurrent fevers and bacterial infections. The illness is studied in 14 horses of different ages, genders, and breeds, and identified as a cause of several serious health conditions with a severe prognosis.

Research Subjects

  • The study involves 14 horses of different characteristics. These include varying ages (ranging around 10.7 years, plus or minus 4.4 years), genders (six females, eight males), and breeds (eight Thoroughbreds, four Quarter Horses, one Warmblood, one Pony).

Redefining Common Variable Immunodeficiency

  • CVID in horses is defined by several characteristics in this study. These include late-onset B cell lymphopenia, or a decrease in B cells that occurs later in life, and hypo- or agammaglobulinemia, which refers to below-normal levels of antibodies in the blood.
  • The condition is also associated with an impaired response to tetanus toxoid vaccinations and recurrent episodes of fever and bacterial infections.

Immunological Testing

  • Immunological testing in peripheral blood was performed repeatedly throughout the study. Findings revealed a persistent, severe B cell lymphopenia in all patients, averaging around 1.3%.

Impact on Blood Serum

  • The study notes that a deficiency in serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM was common to all horses, with concentrations ranging between less than 200 and 800 mg/dL for IgG and being less than or equal to 25.0 mg/dL for IgM. The concentration of another antibody type, IgA, was found to decrease over time.

Effects on Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Tissues

  • Through histopathology and immunohistochemistry, the research revealed an absence of lymphoid follicles and B cells in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues. These inconsistencies hint at significant disruptions in normal immunity processes.

Health Conditions Linked to CVID

  • CVID has been identified as a cause of recurrent pneumonia, septicemia, and meningitis in adult horses. These are serious health conditions that aren’t easily managed with existing clinical treatments. Therefore, the prognosis for horses with CVID is severe, with expectations of poor survival rates.

Cite This Article

APA
Flaminio MJ, Tallmadge RL, Salles-Gomes CO, Matychak MB. (2008). Common variable immunodeficiency in horses is characterized by B cell depletion in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues. J Clin Immunol, 29(1), 107-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-008-9221-4

Publication

Journal of clinical immunology
ISSN: 1573-2592
NlmUniqueID: 8102137
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 29
Issue: 1
Pages: 107-116

Researcher Affiliations

Flaminio, M Julia B F
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. mbf6@cornell.edu
Tallmadge, Rebecca L
    Salles-Gomes, Cristina O M
      Matychak, Mary Beth

        MeSH Terms

        • Animals
        • B-Lymphocytes / immunology
        • B-Lymphocytes / metabolism
        • B-Lymphocytes / pathology
        • Bone Marrow / immunology
        • Bone Marrow / metabolism
        • Bone Marrow / pathology
        • Common Variable Immunodeficiency / immunology
        • Common Variable Immunodeficiency / pathology
        • Common Variable Immunodeficiency / veterinary
        • Female
        • Horse Diseases / immunology
        • Horse Diseases / pathology
        • Horses
        • Immunoglobulins / blood
        • Lymph Nodes / immunology
        • Lymph Nodes / metabolism
        • Lymph Nodes / pathology
        • Lymphopenia / immunology
        • Lymphopenia / pathology
        • Lymphopenia / veterinary
        • Male
        • Spleen / immunology
        • Spleen / metabolism
        • Spleen / pathology
        • T-Lymphocytes / immunology
        • T-Lymphocytes / metabolism
        • T-Lymphocytes / pathology

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        Citations

        This article has been cited 9 times.
        1. Julia M, Felippe B. Equine common variable immunodeficiency: lessons from 100 clinical cases. Equine Vet Educ 2024 Oct;36(10):543-554.
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        2. Mullen KR, Felippe MJB. The Horse with Recurrent Fevers and Infections: Approach to Common Variable Immunodeficiency. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024 Aug;40(2):179-188.
          doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.04.005pubmed: 38789347google scholar: lookup
        3. Pecoraro HL, Felippe MJB, Miller AD, Divers TJ, Simpson KW, Guyer KM, Duhamel GE. Neuroborreliosis in a horse with common variable immunodeficiency. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019 Mar;31(2):241-245.
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        4. Schwab UE, Tallmadge RL, Matychak MB, Felippe MJB. Effects of autologous stromal cells and cytokines on differentiation of equine bone marrow-derived progenitor cells. Am J Vet Res 2017 Oct;78(10):1215-1228.
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        5. Badial PR, Tallmadge RL, Miller S, Stokol T, Richards K, Borges AS, Felippe MJ. Applied Protein and Molecular Techniques for Characterization of B Cell Neoplasms in Horses. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2015 Nov;22(11):1133-45.
          doi: 10.1128/CVI.00374-15pubmed: 26311245google scholar: lookup
        6. Tallmadge RL, Shen L, Tseng CT, Miller SC, Barry J, Felippe MJ. Bone marrow transcriptome and epigenome profiles of equine common variable immunodeficiency patients unveil block of B lymphocyte differentiation. Clin Immunol 2015 Oct;160(2):261-76.
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