Abstract: Osteoarthritis of the equine thoracolumbar articular process joints (APJs) has been linked to back pain. Changes are commonly diagnosed through nuclear scintigraphy, radiography and ultrasonography (US). Objective: (1) To assess the agreement of APJ grades between US and computed tomography (CT) images; (2) to assess the effect of location on the agreement of APJ grades between US and CT images. It was hypothesised that: (1) Periarticular modelling and modification of the joint space would have the highest and lowest agreement between US and CT images, respectively; (2) Caudal thoracolumbar APJ grades would have higher agreement between US and CT images than mid thoracic APJs. Methods: Comparative diagnostic imaging study using cadaveric specimens. Methods: Disarticulated thoracolumbar spines of six equids euthanised for reasons unrelated to back pain, underwent US and CT examination of the APJs. Images were assessed for periarticular modelling, modification of the joint space and enlargement of the APJ. Intra-observer, inter-modality and inter-observer agreement using multilevel weighted kappa statistics to evaluate the effects of location, US/CT characteristic and their interaction. Results: Intra-observer agreement of US and CT grades ranged from moderate to perfect. Between T15 and L1, inter-modality agreement (CT vs. US) for periarticular modelling was moderate, and fair for enlargement and modification of the joint space. Inter-observer agreement (US vs. US) of periarticular modelling was substantial between T15 and L1, moderate between L1 and L5 and fair between T10 and T15. Wide confidence intervals (CIs) seen for most grades apart from inter-observer grades of periarticular modelling at T15-L5, introducing a degree of uncertainty into the results. Conclusions: Large prevalence index influenced kappa values, small sample size. Conclusions: Good inter-observer (US vs. US) and inter-modality (CT vs. US) agreement of caudal thoracolumbar APJ periarticular modelling. This US characteristic provides a measure of bone change, therefore supporting the use of diagnostic ultrasound. Inter-modality CIs were wide, highlighting the study and imaging modality limitations. Unassigned: Arthrose der thorakolumbalen Gelenkfortsätze (APJs) von Pferden wurde mit Rückenschmerzen in Verbindung gebracht. Veränderungen werden in der Regel durch Nuklearszintigraphie, Röntgen und Ultraschall (US) diagnostiziert. ZIELE: (1) Bewertung der Übereinstimmung von APJ‐Graden zwischen US‐ und CT‐Bildern; (2) Bewertung des Einflusses der Lokalisation auf die Übereinstimmung von APJ‐Graden zwischen US‐ und CT‐Bildern. Es wurde die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass: (1) die periartikuläre Modellierung und die Modifikation des Gelenkspalts die höchste bzw. niedrigste Übereinstimmung zwischen US und CT‐Bildern aufweisen würden; (2) die kaudalen thorakolumbalen APJ‐Grade eine höhere Übereinstimmung zwischen US und CT‐Bildern aufweisen würden als die mittleren thorakalen APJs. Unassigned: Vergleichende Studie zur diagnostischen Bildgebung unter Verwendung von Kadaverpräparaten. Methods: Disartikulierte thorakolumbale Wirbelsäulen von sechs Equiden, die unabhängig von Rückenschmerzen eingeschläfert worden waren, wurden einer US‐ und CT‐Untersuchung der APJs unterzogen. Die Bilder wurden auf periartikuläre Modellierung, Veränderung des Gelenkspalts und Vergrößerung des APJ untersucht. Die intra‐ und inter‐observer Übereinstimmung und zwischen den Modalitäten wurde mittels mehrstufiger gewichteter Kappa‐Statistiken ermittelt, um die Auswirkungen von Lokalisation, US/CT‐Merkmalen und deren Interaktion zu bewerten. Results: Die intra‐Observer‐Übereinstimmung der US‐ und CT‐Grade reichte von mäßig bis perfekt. Zwischen T15–L1 war die intermodale Übereinstimmung (CT vs. US) für die periartikuläre Modellierung mäßig und für die Vergrößerung und Veränderung des Gelenkspalts mittelmäßig. Die inter‐Obserber‐Übereinstimmung (US vs. US) bei der periartikulären Modellierung war zwischen T15–L1 groß, zwischen L1–L5 moderat und zwischen T10–T15 ausreichend. Für die meisten Grade wurden große Konfidenzintervalle festgestellt, abgesehen von den Inter‐Observer‐Graden der periartikulären Modellierung bei T15–L5, was eine gewisse Unsicherheit in die Ergebnisse einbringt. WICHTIGSTE EINSCHRÄNKUNGEN: Großer Prävalenzindex beeinflusst Kappa‐Werte, geringe Stichprobenzahl. Unassigned: Gute Übereinstimmung zwischen den Beobachtern (US vs. US) und zwischen den Modalitäten (CT vs. US) bei der kaudalen thorakolumbalen periartikulären APJ‐Modellierung. Dieses US‐Merkmal liefert ein Maß für die Knochenveränderung und unterstützt somit den Einsatz von diagnostischem Ultraschall. Die Konfidenzintervalle zwischen den Modalitäten waren weit, was die Einschränkungen der Studie und der Bildgebungsmodalitäten deutlich macht.
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The research is a comparison study of the efficiency of ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) for imaging equine thoracolumbar articular process joints (APJs). The study aimed to find out which imaging technology provides more accurate and consistent results in detecting APJ changes related to osteoarthritis.
Methodology
The research involved comparative diagnostic imaging study using disarticulated thoracolumbar spines of six equids that were euthanized for reasons unrelated to back pain.
Both ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) were used to examine the APJs of the equids.
Images from both modalities were analysed for various characteristics associated with osteoarthritis – periarticular modelling, modification of the joint space, and enlargement of the APJ.
Analysis was done using multi-level weighted kappa statistics to evaluate factors like location, US/CT characteristic and their interactions on the agreement of APJ grades between US and CT images.
Findings
Intra-observer agreement of grades from US and CT images ranged from moderate to perfect. This means that a single observer analyzing the results of both US and CT images saw a moderate to perfect level of agreement for the classifications given.
Between the T15 and L1 points, inter-modality agreement for periarticular modelling was moderate, and fair for enlargement and modification of the joint space. Inter-modality agreement refers to the agreement between the results given by the two different imaging techniques.
Inter-observer agreement of periarticular modelling, which is the degree of agreement between two observers analysing the same images, was substantial between T15 and L1, moderate between L1 and L5 and fair between T10 and T15.
Wide confidence intervals (CIs) were noted for most categories, introducing a degree of uncertainty into the results.
Conclusions
The study discovered good inter-observer (US vs. US) and inter-modality (CT vs. US) agreement of caudal thoracolumbar APJ periarticular modelling. This supports the use of diagnostic ultrasound as it provides a measure of bone change.
The wide inter-modality confidence intervals highlight limitations of the study and imaging modality.
The large prevalence index influenced kappa value while the small sample size was a major limitation. A larger sample size may have provided more precise results.
Overall, the study suggests that ultrasonography is a useful tool in the diagnostic process for osteoarthritis of the equine thoracolumbar articular process joints (APJs), although further research is needed to reduce the level of uncertainty in the results.
Cite This Article
APA
Morgan RE, Fiske-Jackson A, Chang YM.
(2023).
Comparison of ultrasonographic and computed tomographic imaging of equine thoracolumbar articular process joints.
Equine Vet J, 56(5), 989-998.
https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14017
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