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Microorganisms2025; 13(12); 2807; doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13122807

Construction and Immunogenicity Evaluation of a Recombinant Fowlpox Virus Expressing VP2 Gene of African Horse Sickness Virus Serotype 1.

Abstract: African horse sickness (AHS) is a lethal vector-borne disease caused by African horse sickness virus (AHSV) and represents a major threat to equine health and the horse industry. In 2020, outbreaks of AHS caused by AHSV serotype 1 (AHSV-1) were reported in Thailand, increasing the risk of AHS introduction into China. Given the safety issues associated with currently available live attenuated AHS vaccines, the development of safer and more effective vaccination strategies is urgently needed. In this study, we constructed a recombinant fowlpox virus (rFPV) expressing the AHSV-1 VP2 protein as a candidate vaccine, designated rFPV-VP2. The recombinant virus was verified by PCR and Western blot analysis, which confirmed the successful expression of VP2. Preliminary immunization trials were conducted in both mice and horses, and immune responses were evaluated via an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) and immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The results revealed that VP2-specific antibodies were successfully induced in the serum of rFPV-VP2-immunized animals. Notably, serum from immunized horses showed specific reactivity with AHSV-1, confirming the induction of AHSV-1-specific immune responses. Therefore, these results demonstrate that rFPV-VP2 is a promising candidate vaccine for AHSV-1 and provide a scientific basis for the development of safer preventive strategies.
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Publication Date: 2025-12-09 PubMed ID: 41472010PubMed Central: PMC12735409DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13122807Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This research developed a recombinant fowlpox virus vaccine expressing the VP2 protein of African horse sickness virus serotype 1 (AHSV-1).
  • The study evaluated the immunogenicity of this vaccine candidate in mice and horses, showing that it induced specific immune responses against AHSV-1.

Background

  • African horse sickness (AHS) is a fatal disease affecting horses, caused by African horse sickness virus (AHSV), transmitted by insect vectors.
  • AHSV comprises multiple serotypes, with serotype 1 (AHSV-1) recently causing outbreaks in Thailand, posing a risk for spread to neighboring countries like China.
  • Current vaccines are typically live attenuated viruses, which carry safety concerns including potential reversion to virulence and risks of causing disease.
  • There is an urgent need for safer and more effective vaccines to prevent AHS outbreaks and protect equine populations.

Objective

  • To develop a recombinant vaccine candidate using fowlpox virus as a vector to express the VP2 protein from AHSV-1.
  • To validate the expression of VP2 in the recombinant virus and evaluate its ability to induce specific immune responses in animal models.

Methodology

  • Construction of recombinant virus: The VP2 gene of AHSV-1 was cloned into a fowlpox virus vector, creating recombinant fowlpox virus (rFPV-VP2).
  • Verification: Successful insertion and expression of the VP2 gene were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect gene presence and Western blot analysis to detect the VP2 protein expression.
  • Immunization trials: Both mice and horses were immunized with the rFPV-VP2 candidate vaccine.
  • Immune response assessment: Serum samples from vaccinated animals were analyzed by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) and immunofluorescence assay (IFA) to detect VP2-specific antibodies and AHSV-1-specific reactivity.

Key Findings

  • VP2 protein expression was successfully confirmed in the recombinant fowlpox virus.
  • Immunized mice and horses developed VP2-specific antibodies, indicating the vaccine candidate elicited an immune response.
  • Horse sera from vaccinated groups showed specific reactivity with whole AHSV-1 virus, demonstrating that the immune response was relevant to the virus itself and not just to the expressed protein fragment.

Conclusions

  • The recombinant fowlpox virus expressing the AHSV-1 VP2 gene (rFPV-VP2) is capable of inducing specific immune responses in both small (mice) and large (horses) animal models.
  • This candidate vaccine offers a potentially safer alternative to live attenuated vaccines, addressing safety concerns associated with current vaccination strategies.
  • The study provides a foundational scientific basis for further development and evaluation of rFPV-VP2 as a preventive vaccine against AHSV-1.

Implications and Future Directions

  • rFPV-VP2 can be considered for advanced preclinical and clinical studies to thoroughly assess protection efficacy, dosage, and safety in horses.
  • It may contribute toward controlling AHS outbreaks, particularly in regions at high risk for the introduction of AHSV-1.
  • Development of recombinant viral vector vaccines like rFPV-VP2 also offers a model for safer vaccine design against other vector-borne viral diseases.

Cite This Article

APA
Ma X, Zhang M, Zhang X, Qi T, Zhang W, Zhao Y, Na L, Zhang Y, Wang XF, Wang X. (2025). Construction and Immunogenicity Evaluation of a Recombinant Fowlpox Virus Expressing VP2 Gene of African Horse Sickness Virus Serotype 1. Microorganisms, 13(12), 2807. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13122807

Publication

Microorganisms
ISSN: 2076-2607
NlmUniqueID: 101625893
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 12
PII: 2807

Researcher Affiliations

Ma, Xiaohua
  • State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
Zhang, Min
  • National Center for Veterinary Culture Collection, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China.
Zhang, Xin
  • State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
Qi, Ting
  • State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
Zhang, Weiguo
  • State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
Zhao, Yang
  • State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
Na, Lei
  • State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
Zhang, Yingzhi
  • State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
Wang, Xue-Feng
  • State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
Wang, Xiaojun
  • State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
  • Institute of Western Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China.

Grant Funding

  • 2022YFD1800504 / National Key Research and Development Project of China

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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