FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Cartilage2023; 14(2); 210-219; doi: 10.1177/19476035231154508

Correlation of Arthroscopic Grading and Optical Coherence Tomography as Markers of Early Repair and Predictors of Later Healing Evident on MRI and Histomorphometric Assessment of Cartilage Defects Implanted with Chondrocytes Overexpressing IGF-I.

Abstract: Injury of articular cartilage is common, and due to the poor intrinsic capabilities of chondrocytes, it can precipitate joint degradation and osteoarthritis (OA). Implantation of autologous chondrocytes into cartilaginous defects has been used to bolster repair. Accurate assessment of the quality of repair tissue remains challenging. This study aimed to investigate the utility of noninvasive imaging modalities, including arthroscopic grading and optical coherence tomography (OCT) for assessment of early cartilage repair (8 weeks), and MRI to determine long-term healing (8 months). Large (15 mm diameter), full-thickness chondral defects were created on both lateral trochlear ridges of the femur in 24 horses. Defects were implanted with autologous chondrocytes transduced with rAAV5-IGF-I, autologous chondrocytes transduced with rAAV5-GFP, naïve autologous chondrocytes, or autologous fibrin. Healing was evaluated at 8 weeks post-implantation using arthroscopy and OCT, and at 8 months post-implantation using MRI, gross pathology, and histopathology. OCT and arthroscopic scoring of short-term repair tissue were significantly correlated. Arthroscopy was also correlated with later gross pathology and histopathology of repair tissue at 8 months post-implantation, while OCT was not correlated. MRI was not correlated with any other assessment variable. This study indicated that arthroscopic inspection and manual probing to develop an early repair score may be a better predictor of long-term cartilage repair quality following autologous chondrocyte implantation. Furthermore, qualitative MRI may not provide additional discriminatory information when assessing mature repair tissue, at least in this equine model of cartilage repair.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2023-03-02 PubMed ID: 36864720PubMed Central: PMC10416204DOI: 10.1177/19476035231154508Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • N.I.H.
  • Extramural

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigated the role of various noninvasive imaging techniques in the assessment of early and long-term repair of cartilage defects treated with autologous chondrocytes in horses. The findings suggested that arthroscopic inspection and probing could be effective in predicting the quality of long-term cartilage repair, while MRI showed limited usefulness in the assessment.

Introduction and Aim

  • Articular cartilage damage, a common injury, often leads to joint degradation and osteoarthritis due to inadequate repair capability of chondrocytes, the cells that make cartilage. This is often treated using implantation methods of chondrocytes.
  • The research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and correlation between noninvasive imaging techniques like arthroscopic grading and optical coherence tomography (OCT) for early cartilage repair assessment, and MRI for long-term healing assessment.

Methodology

  • In the study, large, full-thickness chondral defects were created on both femur’s lateral trochlear ridges in 24 horses. These defects were then treated with implantation of autologous chondrocytes, which are chondrocytes derived from the same individual’s cartilage. Different versions of autologous chondrocytes were used including those transduced (infected in order to deliver new genetic material) with rAAV5-IGF-I and rAAV5-GFP.
  • These implants were assessed at two stages- once after 8 weeks of implantation using arthroscopy and OCT, and later at eight months using MRI, gross pathology, and histopathology- to understand the healing process over time.

Results and Conclusion

  • The repairs assessed via arthroscopy and OCT in the short-term showed a significant correlation. Arthroscopy also correlated with long-term repair tissue assessment results from gross pathology and histopathology conducted eight months post-implantation. However, OCT did not correlate with the long-term assessments.
  • Notably, MRI did not correlate with any other assessment factors, bringing its effectiveness into question. The research concluded that arthroscopic inspection could potentially be a better predictor of long-term cartilage repair quality following autologous chondrocyte implantation than MRI or OCT. The MRI, in particular, might not offer any additional information when evaluating mature repair tissue, at least within this equine model of cartilage repair.

Cite This Article

APA
Ciamillo SA, Pownder SL, Potter HG, Stefanovski D, Nixon AJ, Ortved KF. (2023). Correlation of Arthroscopic Grading and Optical Coherence Tomography as Markers of Early Repair and Predictors of Later Healing Evident on MRI and Histomorphometric Assessment of Cartilage Defects Implanted with Chondrocytes Overexpressing IGF-I. Cartilage, 14(2), 210-219. https://doi.org/10.1177/19476035231154508

Publication

Cartilage
ISSN: 1947-6043
NlmUniqueID: 101518378
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Pages: 210-219

Researcher Affiliations

Ciamillo, Sarah A
  • New Bolton Center, Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA.
Pownder, Sarah L
  • Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
Potter, Hollis G
  • Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
Stefanovski, Darko
  • New Bolton Center, Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA.
Nixon, Alan J
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Ortved, Kyla F
  • New Bolton Center, Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Arthroscopy
  • Tomography, Optical Coherence
  • Cartilage, Articular / diagnostic imaging
  • Cartilage, Articular / injuries
  • Cartilage, Articular / surgery
  • Chondrocytes / metabolism
  • Chondrocytes / transplantation
  • Transplantation, Autologous
  • Transduction, Genetic
  • Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / genetics
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Wound Healing

Grant Funding

  • R01 AR055373 / NIAMS NIH HHS

Conflict of Interest Statement

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

References

This article includes 30 references
  1. Mankin HJ. The response of articular cartilage to mechanical injury.. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1982 Mar;64(3):460-6.
    doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-5451-8_96.pubmed: 6174527google scholar: lookup
  2. Strauss EJ, Goodrich LR, Chen CT, Hidaka C, Nixon AJ. Biochemical and biomechanical properties of lesion and adjacent articular cartilage after chondral defect repair in an equine model.. Am J Sports Med 2005 Nov;33(11):1647-53.
    doi: 10.1177/0363546505275487.pubmed: 16093540google scholar: lookup
  3. Brown TD, Johnston RC, Saltzman CL, Marsh JL, Buckwalter JA. Posttraumatic osteoarthritis: a first estimate of incidence, prevalence, and burden of disease.. J Orthop Trauma 2006 Nov-Dec;20(10):739-44.
    pubmed: 17106388doi: 10.1097/01.bot.0000246468.80635.efgoogle scholar: lookup
  4. Kon E, Gobbi A, Filardo G, Delcogliano M, Zaffagnini S, Marcacci M. Arthroscopic second-generation autologous chondrocyte implantation compared with microfracture for chondral lesions of the knee: prospective nonrandomized study at 5 years.. Am J Sports Med 2009 Jan;37(1):33-41.
    doi: 10.1177/0363546508323256.pubmed: 19059899google scholar: lookup
  5. Ortved KF, Begum L, Stefanovski D, Nixon AJ. AAV-mediated Overexpression of IL-10 Mitigates the Inflammatory Cascade in Stimulated Equine Chondrocyte Pellets.. Curr Gene Ther 2018;18(3):171-179.
    doi: 10.2174/1566523218666180510165123.pubmed: 29749312google scholar: lookup
  6. Begum L, Ortved KF, Nixon AJ. AAV-5 provides more efficient transgene expression in chondrocytes grown in adherent and suspension culture. In: Orthopaedic Research Society 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, 2010 Mar 6-9.
  7. Tyler JA. Insulin-like growth factor 1 can decrease degradation and promote synthesis of proteoglycan in cartilage exposed to cytokines.. Biochem J 1989 Jun 1;260(2):543-8.
    pmc: PMC1138702pubmed: 2788408doi: 10.1042/bj2600543google scholar: lookup
  8. Fortier LA, Lust G, Mohammed HO, Nixon AJ. Coordinate upregulation of cartilage matrix synthesis in fibrin cultures supplemented with exogenous insulin-like growth factor-I.. J Orthop Res 1999 Jul;17(4):467-74.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.1100170403.pubmed: 10459751google scholar: lookup
  9. Chu CR, Lin D, Geisler JL, Chu CT, Fu FH, Pan Y. Arthroscopic microscopy of articular cartilage using optical coherence tomography.. Am J Sports Med 2004 Apr-May;32(3):699-709.
    pubmed: 15090388doi: 10.1177/0363546503261736google scholar: lookup
  10. Pan Y, Li Z, Xie T, Chu CR. Hand-held arthroscopic optical coherence tomography for in vivo high-resolution imaging of articular cartilage.. J Biomed Opt 2003 Oct;8(4):648-54.
    doi: 10.1117/1.1609201pubmed: 14563203google scholar: lookup
  11. Argentieri EC, Burge AJ, Potter HG. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Articular Cartilage within the Knee.. J Knee Surg 2018 Feb;31(2):155-165.
    doi: 10.1055/S-0037-1620233.pubmed: 29346825google scholar: lookup
  12. Nixon AJ, Lust G, Vernier-Singer M. Isolation, propagation, and cryopreservation of equine articular chondrocytes.. Am J Vet Res 1992 Dec;53(12):2364-70.
    pubmed: 1476323
  13. Dresdale A, Rose EA, Jeevanandam V, Reemtsma K, Bowman FO, Malm JR. Preparation of fibrin glue from single-donor fresh-frozen plasma.. Surgery 1985 Jun;97(6):750-5.
    pubmed: 3873716
  14. te Moller NC, Brommer H, Liukkonen J, Virén T, Timonen M, Puhakka PH, Jurvelin JS, van Weeren PR, Töyräs J. Arthroscopic optical coherence tomography provides detailed information on articular cartilage lesions in horses.. Vet J 2013 Sep;197(3):589-95.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.05.031pubmed: 23810744google scholar: lookup
  15. Bear DM, Szczodry M, Kramer S, Coyle CH, Smolinski P, Chu CR. Optical coherence tomography detection of subclinical traumatic cartilage injury.. J Orthop Trauma 2010 Sep;24(9):577-82.
    doi: 10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181f17a3b.pmc: PMC2967018pubmed: 20736798google scholar: lookup
  16. Murata D, Ishikawa S, Sunaga T, Saito Y, Sogawa T, Nakayama K, Hobo S, Hatazoe T. Osteochondral regeneration of the femoral medial condyle by using a scaffold-free 3D construct of synovial membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells in horses.. BMC Vet Res 2022 Jan 22;18(1):53.
    doi: 10.1186/S12917-021-03126-Y.pmc: PMC8783486pubmed: 35065631google scholar: lookup
  17. Nebelung S, Marx U, Brill N, Arbab D, Quack V, Jahr H, Tingart M, Zhou B, Stoffel M, Schmitt R, Rath B. Morphometric grading of osteoarthritis by optical coherence tomography--an ex vivo study.. J Orthop Res 2014 Oct;32(10):1381-8.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.22673pubmed: 24992396google scholar: lookup
  18. Cernohorsky P, Kok AC, Bruin DM, Brandt MJ, Faber DJ, Tuijthof GJ, Kerkhoffs GM, Strackee SD, van Leeuwen TG. Comparison of optical coherence tomography and histopathology in quantitative assessment of goat talus articular cartilage.. Acta Orthop 2015 Apr;86(2):257-63.
    doi: 10.3109/17453674.2014.979312.pmc: PMC4404781pubmed: 25350610google scholar: lookup
  19. Chu CR, Izzo NJ, Irrgang JJ, Ferretti M, Studer RK. Clinical diagnosis of potentially treatable early articular cartilage degeneration using optical coherence tomography.. J Biomed Opt 2007 Sep-Oct;12(5):051703.
    doi: 10.1117/1.2789674pubmed: 17994876google scholar: lookup
  20. Chu CR, Williams A, Tolliver D, Kwoh CK, Bruno S 3rd, Irrgang JJ. Clinical optical coherence tomography of early articular cartilage degeneration in patients with degenerative meniscal tears.. Arthritis Rheum 2010 May;62(5):1412-20.
    doi: 10.1002/art.27378pmc: PMC2972585pubmed: 20213801google scholar: lookup
  21. McIlwraith CW, Fortier LA, Frisbie DD, Nixon AJ. Equine Models of Articular Cartilage Repair.. Cartilage 2011 Oct;2(4):317-26.
    doi: 10.1177/1947603511406531.pmc: PMC4297134pubmed: 26069590google scholar: lookup
  22. Goodwin M, Workman J, Thambyah A, Vanholsbeeck F. Impact-induced cartilage damage assessed using polarisation-sensitive optical coherence tomography.. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021 May;117:104326.
    doi: 10.1016/J.JMBBM.2021.104326.pubmed: 33578298google scholar: lookup
  23. Virén T, Huang YP, Saarakkala S, Pulkkinen H, Tiitu V, Linjama A, Kiviranta I, Lammi MJ, Brünott A, Brommer H, Van Weeren R, Brama PA, Zheng YP, Jurvelin JS, Töyräs J. Comparison of ultrasound and optical coherence tomography techniques for evaluation of integrity of spontaneously repaired horse cartilage.. J Med Eng Technol 2012 Apr;36(3):185-92.
    doi: 10.3109/03091902.2012.663054pubmed: 22439802google scholar: lookup
  24. Han CW, Chu CR, Adachi N, Usas A, Fu FH, Huard J, Pan Y. Analysis of rabbit articular cartilage repair after chondrocyte implantation using optical coherence tomography.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003 Feb;11(2):111-21.
    pubmed: 12554127doi: 10.1053/joca.2002.0862google scholar: lookup
  25. Liu B, Harman M, Giattina S, Stamper DL, Demakis C, Chilek M, Raby S, Brezinski ME. Characterizing of tissue microstructure with single-detector polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography.. Appl Opt 2006 Jun 20;45(18):4464-79.
    pubmed: 16778957doi: 10.1364/ao.45.004464google scholar: lookup
  26. Bear DM, Williams A, Chu CT, Coyle CH, Chu CR. Optical coherence tomography grading correlates with MRI T2 mapping and extracellular matrix content.. J Orthop Res 2010 Apr;28(4):546-52.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.20998pmc: PMC5823006pubmed: 19834953google scholar: lookup
  27. Marlovits S, Singer P, Zeller P, Mandl I, Haller J, Trattnig S. Magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue (MOCART) for the evaluation of autologous chondrocyte transplantation: determination of interobserver variability and correlation to clinical outcome after 2 years.. Eur J Radiol 2006 Jan;57(1):16-23.
    pubmed: 16203119doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2005.08.007google scholar: lookup
  28. Blackman AJ, Smith MV, Flanigan DC, Matava MJ, Wright RW, Brophy RH. Correlation between magnetic resonance imaging and clinical outcomes after cartilage repair surgery in the knee: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. Am J Sports Med 2013 Jun;41(6):1426-34.
    doi: 10.1177/0363546513485931pubmed: 23631884google scholar: lookup
  29. Hirose J, Nishioka H, Nakamura E, Oniki Y, Yamashita Y, Mizuta H. T1ρ and T2 mapping of the proximal tibiofibular joint in relation to aging and cartilage degeneration.. Eur J Radiol 2012 Oct;81(10):2776-82.
    doi: 10.1016/J.EJRAD.2011.11.019.pubmed: 22153747google scholar: lookup
  30. Novakofski KD, Pownder SL, Koff MF, Williams RM, Potter HG, Fortier LA. High-Resolution Methods for Diagnosing Cartilage Damage In Vivo.. Cartilage 2016 Jan;7(1):39-51.
    doi: 10.1177/1947603515602307.pmc: PMC4749750pubmed: 26958316google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Yang S, Deng E, Chen L, Pi Y, Wang A, Dai L, Huang H, Duan X, Fu X, Zhang J, Guo Q, Shi W. Autologous osteoperiosteal transplantation achieves comparable repair effect and superior interface integration to autologous osteochondral transplantation in porcine osteochondral defects. J Orthop Translat 2025 Mar;51:59-67.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jot.2024.12.005pubmed: 39980716google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.