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Nature ecology & evolution2020; 4(3); 346-355; doi: 10.1038/s41559-020-1120-y

Dairy pastoralism sustained eastern Eurasian steppe populations for 5,000 years.

Abstract: Dairy pastoralism is integral to contemporary and past lifeways on the eastern Eurasian steppe, facilitating survival in agriculturally challenging environments. While previous research has indicated that ruminant dairy pastoralism was practiced in the region by circa 1300 BC, the origin, extent and diversity of this custom remain poorly understood. Here, we analyse ancient proteins from human dental calculus recovered from geographically diverse locations across Mongolia and spanning 5,000 years. We present the earliest evidence for dairy consumption on the eastern Eurasian steppe by circa 3000 BC and the later emergence of horse milking at circa 1200 BC, concurrent with the first evidence for horse riding. We argue that ruminant dairying contributed to the demographic success of Bronze Age Mongolian populations and that the origins of traditional horse dairy products in eastern Eurasia are closely tied to the regional emergence of mounted herding societies during the late second millennium BC.
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Publication Date: 2020-03-02 PubMed ID: 32127685PubMed Central: PMC7212056DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1120-yGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research illustrates how dairy pastoralism played a crucial role in sustaining populations on the eastern Eurasian steppe for around 5,000 years, highlighting its earliest emergence around 3000 BC and the later development of horse milking around 1200 BC.

Introduction

Dairy pastoralism, on which both heritage and current societies of eastern Eurasian steppe relied, contributed significantly to surviving in environments which were not conducive for agriculture. Previously, research indicated that ruminant dairy pastoralism, which involves keeping and milking animals like cows, sheep and goats, was prevalent in the region from around 1300 BC. However, there’s limited understanding of when and how widely this practice originated, and its diversity.

Methodology

In order to explore the above queries, the research team conducted analysis of ancient proteins. This involved:

  • Collecting ancient proteins from human dental calculus, a form of hardened dental plaque.
  • The samples originated from diverse locations across Mongolia and have a span of approximately 5000 years.

Results

The data analysis unveiled significant findings:

  • The researchers discovered the earliest evidence of dairy consumption on the eastern Eurasian steppe around 3000 BC.
  • The emergence of horse milking in the society surfaced around 1200 BC. This period also marked the first evidence of horse riding.

Conclusions

These findings led the researchers to argue that:

  • Ruminant dairying played a critical role in the demographic success of the Mongolian populations during the Bronze Age.
  • The origins of traditional horse dairy products in eastern Eurasia are intricately linked to the emergence of mounted herding societies during the late second millennium BC. The “mounted” societies are those where horses were used for herding the livestock, including animals that were milked.

Cite This Article

APA
Wilkin S, Ventresca Miller A, Taylor WTT, Miller BK, Hagan RW, Bleasdale M, Scott A, Gankhuyg S, Ramsøe A, Uliziibayar S, Trachsel C, Nanni P, Grossmann J, Orlando L, Horton M, Stockhammer PW, Myagmar E, Boivin N, Warinner C, Hendy J. (2020). Dairy pastoralism sustained eastern Eurasian steppe populations for 5,000 years. Nat Ecol Evol, 4(3), 346-355. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1120-y

Publication

Nature ecology & evolution
ISSN: 2397-334X
NlmUniqueID: 101698577
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 4
Issue: 3
Pages: 346-355

Researcher Affiliations

Wilkin, Shevan
  • Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. wilkin@shh.mpg.de.
Ventresca Miller, Alicia
  • Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
  • Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Taylor, William T T
  • Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
  • Department of Anthropology, Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
Miller, Bryan K
  • Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
  • Faculty of History, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Hagan, Richard W
  • Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
Bleasdale, Madeleine
  • Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
Scott, Ashley
  • Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
Gankhuyg, Sumiya
  • Anthropology and Archaeology Department, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Ramsøe, Abigail
  • BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK.
  • Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK.
Uliziibayar, S
  • Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Trachsel, Christian
  • Functional Genomics Centre, University of Zürich/ETH, Zurich, Switzerland.
Nanni, Paolo
  • Functional Genomics Centre, University of Zürich/ETH, Zurich, Switzerland.
Grossmann, Jonas
  • Functional Genomics Centre, University of Zürich/ETH, Zurich, Switzerland.
Orlando, Ludovic
  • Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
  • Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Horton, Mark
  • Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
  • Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester, UK.
Stockhammer, Philipp W
  • Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
  • Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Myagmar, Erdene
  • Anthropology and Archaeology Department, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Boivin, Nicole
  • Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
  • School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
  • Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
  • Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
Warinner, Christina
  • Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
  • Institute for Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
  • Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Hendy, Jessica
  • Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
  • Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
  • BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK.

MeSH Terms

  • Agriculture / history
  • Animals
  • Cattle
  • Dairying / history
  • Europe
  • History, Ancient
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Population Dynamics
  • Social Conditions

Grant Funding

  • 804884 / European Research Council

Conflict of Interest Statement

. The authors declare no competing interests.

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Citations

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