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Veterinary research communications2026; 50(3); 197; doi: 10.1007/s11259-026-11128-0

Decoding sebaceous gland functions and diseases: insights from domestic animals.

Abstract: Skin sebaceous glands (SGs) synthesize and secrete sebum, a mixture of lipids and cellular debris that defends the external body surface against physicochemical challenges. Recent data define the SG as a dynamic entity with potential functions beyond skin protection, including immunomodulatory actions and the regulation of energy metabolism. We postulate that the SG also has important, unrecognized roles in physiological and pathological processes in domestic animals. Conversely, data derived from domestic animals may have translational relevance for humans. This review article summarizes SG structural and functional features in the most widespread species domesticated for food (cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs), work (horses), and companionship (dogs and cats). Our survey reveals hitherto unrecognized roles of the SG in diverse pathophysiological processes. Among other fascinating facts, we learn that sebum has an exquisite and unique lipid composition in each of the considered species. Furthermore, sebum is essential for e.g., wool production but also a carrier for the most important cat protein causing allergic reactions in humans, and dogs and cats may develop a SG-related skin illness resembling acne that is potentially relevant as a model for the human disease. This critical review provides a foundation for future interdisciplinary studies in a largely neglected area with great potential for advancing animal welfare and human health.
© 2026. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2026-03-13 PubMed ID: 41824006PubMed Central: PMC12987846DOI: 10.1007/s11259-026-11128-0Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This research article reviews the structure, functions, and diseases of sebaceous glands (SGs) in various domestic animals.
  • It highlights both known and newly discovered roles of SGs, emphasizing their importance in animal health and potential implications for human medicine.

Introduction to Sebaceous Glands (SGs)

  • SGs are specialized skin glands that synthesize and secrete sebum, which is a mixture of lipids and cellular debris.
  • Traditionally, SGs are recognized for their role in protecting the skin by forming a physical and chemical barrier against environmental challenges.
  • Recent findings suggest SGs are dynamic organs with additional functions beyond skin defense.

Expanded Functions of Sebaceous Glands

  • SGs may have immunomodulatory roles—helping to regulate immune responses in the skin.
  • They could also contribute to the regulation of energy metabolism within the body.
  • The article hypothesizes further unknown physiological and pathological roles of SGs specifically in domestic animals, such as livestock, working animals, and companion animals.

Species Focus and Comparative Insights

  • The review covers domesticated species:
    • Food production animals: cattle, sheep, goats, pigs
    • Working animals: horses
    • Companion animals: dogs and cats
  • Each species possesses unique SG characteristics, especially in the composition of sebum lipids.
  • Sebum composition varies distinctly, tailored to the biological and environmental needs of each species.

Key Discoveries About Sebum and SG Roles

  • Sebum is essential for wool production in some animals, underscoring its functional importance beyond skin protection.
  • In dogs and cats, sebum contains a major cat protein responsible for allergic reactions in humans, demonstrating a connection between animal SG secretions and human allergies.
  • Dogs and cats can develop SG-related skin diseases that resemble human acne, suggesting these animals could serve as useful models for studying acne pathophysiology.

Implications and Future Directions

  • The review identifies SG functions and diseases as a largely neglected research area in domestic animals.
  • Understanding SG biology better could:
    • Enhance animal welfare by improving diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of skin diseases in livestock and companion animals.
    • Offer translational insights beneficial to human medicine, especially in understanding skin disorders like acne.
  • The article calls for interdisciplinary research to explore SG functions and pathologies further, bridging veterinary and human medical fields.

Cite This Article

APA
Pfannkuche H, Maus J, Engel KM, Schiller J, Schneider MR. (2026). Decoding sebaceous gland functions and diseases: insights from domestic animals. Vet Res Commun, 50(3), 197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-026-11128-0

Publication

Veterinary research communications
ISSN: 1573-7446
NlmUniqueID: 8100520
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 50
Issue: 3
PII: 197

Researcher Affiliations

Pfannkuche, Helga
  • Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 7, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
Maus, Juliane
  • Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 7, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
Engel, Kathrin M
  • Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany.
Schiller, Jürgen
  • Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany.
Schneider, Marlon R
  • Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 7, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. marlon.schneider@vetmed.uni-leipzig.de.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Sebaceous Glands / physiology
  • Sebaceous Glands / anatomy & histology
  • Animals, Domestic / physiology
  • Sebum / physiology
  • Sebum / chemistry
  • Sebum / metabolism
  • Cats
  • Humans
  • Dogs
  • Skin Diseases / veterinary

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declarations. Ethics approval: Not applicable. Consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent to publish: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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